共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Ralph H. Young 《Foundations of Physics》1980,10(1-2):33-56
The only observational quantity which quantum mechanics needs to address islocation. The typical primitive observation on a microsystem (e.g., photon) isdetection at alocation (e.g., by a photomultiplier looking at a grating). To analyze an experiment, (a) form a conceptual ensemble of replicas of it, (b) assign a wave function (in position representation) to its initial condition, (c) evolve the wave function by the Schrödinger equation (known, once and for all, as a function of the system's composition), (d) compute the probability for particle detection at various times and places. The initial wave function is chosen on the basis of experience with such treatments. Key experiments are thus treated: (i) time-of-flight, (ii) Stern-Gerlach, (iii) Franck-Hertz, (iv) photon recoil, (v) photoionization. Quantum states, dynamical variables, and measurements, and the usual postulates about them, are superfluous. The explicit treatments are nonrelativistic; the existence of relativistic generalizations is left open. 相似文献
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Hans Laue 《Foundations of Physics》1981,11(1-2):37-46
The formula for the differential scattering cross section in quantum mechanics is derived without the usual assumption that the square of the -function is a position probability density for particles. It is argued that position, like time, may be basically a macroscopic parameter rather than a random variable for microparticles.This research was partly supported by a grant from the NSERC. 相似文献
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By using a continuum of oscillators as a reservoir, we present a classical and a quantum-mechanical treatment for the Higgs model in the presence of dissipation. In this base, a fully canonical approach is used to quantize the damped particle on a spherical surface under the action of a conservative central force, the conjugate momentum is defined and the Hamiltonian is derived. The equations of motion for the canonical variables and in turn the Langevin equation are obtained. It is shown that the dynamics of the dissipative Higgs model is not only determined by a projected susceptibility tensor that obeys the Kramers–Kronig relations and a noise operator but also the curvature of the spherical space. Due to the gnomonic projection from the spherical space to the tangent plane, the projected susceptibility displays anisotropic character in the tangent plane. To illuminate the effect of dissipation on the Higgs model, the transition rate between energy levels of the particle on the sphere is calculated. It is seen that appreciable probabilities for transition are possible only if the transition and reservoir’s oscillators frequencies to be nearly on resonance. 相似文献
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We present a strain analysis of an edge dislocation core, and a
detailed discussion of the Foreman dislocation model. In order to
examine the model, the quantitative measurement of strain field
around an edge dislocation in aluminum is performed, and
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase
analysis are employed to map the strain field of the edge
dislocation core in aluminum. The strain measurements are compared
with the Foreman dislocation model, showing that they are in good
agreement with each other when 0.7 ≤ a ≤ 1.5. 相似文献
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Stanley P. Gudder 《Reports on Mathematical Physics》1973,4(3):193-202
The concepts of physical space, localizability, position and symmetry are incorporated in the quantum logic approach to axiomatic quantum mechanics. The corresponding structure then reduces to the usual von Neumann Hilbert space model for quantum mechanics. 相似文献
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It is demonstrated that one can measure the distribution of the transverse position of an atom crossing one or more optical cavities by monitoring the phase of the standing wave fields in the cavities. For the atom-field interaction the Kapitza-Dirac regime is assumed; it is shown that in this regime the method represents a quantum nondemolition measurement of the atomic position. On the other hand it can be applied to prepare narrow distributions of the transverse atomic position. In order to show this, a numerical simulation is performed, which illustrates the collapse of a broad initial Gaussian wavepacket, which can be coherent or incoherent, to a distribution with narrow peaks. Preparing the cavity fields in a squeezed state, one can greatly enhance the impact of the cavity field measurements on the atomic density matrix. 相似文献
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This article presents experimental verification of an interpolation algorithm that was previously proposed in Jaffe [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 3168-3175 (1999)]. The goal of the algorithm is to improve estimates of both target position and target strength by minimizing a least-squares residual between noise-corrupted target measurement data and the output of a model of the sonar's amplitude response to a target at a set of known locations. Although this positional estimator was shown to be a maximum likelihood estimator, in principle, experimental verification was desired because of interest in understanding its true performance. Here, the accuracy of the algorithm is investigated by analyzing the correspondence between a target's true position and the algorithm's estimate. True target position was measured by precise translation of a small test target (bead) or from the analysis of images of fish from a coregistered optical imaging system. Results with the stationary spherical test bead in a high signal-to-noise environment indicate that a large increase in resolution is possible, while results with commercial aquarium fish indicate a smaller increase is obtainable. However, in both experiments the algorithm provides improved estimates of target position over those obtained by simply accepting the angular positions of the sonar beam with maximum output as target position. In addition, increased accuracy in target strength estimation is possible by considering the effects of the sonar beam patterns relative to the interpolated position. A benefit of the algorithm is that it can be applied "ex post facto" to existing data sets from commercial multibeam sonar systems when only the beam intensities have been stored after suitable calibration. 相似文献
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Wen XG 《Physical review letters》2003,90(1):016803
We find all the exact eigenstates and eigenvalues of a spin-1/2 model on square lattice: H=16g Sum S(y)(i)S(x)(i + empty set x)S(y)(i + empty set x + empty set y)S(x)(i + empty set y). We show that the ground states for g < 0 and g > 0 have different quantum orders described by Z2A and Z2B projective symmetry groups. The phase transition at g = 0 represents a new kind of phase transition that changes quantum orders but not symmetry. Both the Z2A and Z2B states contain Z2 lattice gauge theories at low energies. They have robust topologically degenerate ground states and gapless edge excitations. 相似文献
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Within an axially symmetric two-center shell model single-particle levels with Ω=1/2 are analyzed with respect to their level-spacing distributions and avoided level crossings as functions of the shape parameters. Only for shapes sufficiently far from any additional symmetry, ideal Wigner distributions are found as signature for quantum chaos. 相似文献
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S. Gudder 《Foundations of Physics Letters》1992,5(1):1-13
We present a realistic model in which spin measurements are represented by functions. By employing a simple amplitude density, we derive the usual spin distributions for the spin-1/2 case. Higher order spin measurements are represented by sums of spin-1/2 measurements. We treat the spin-1 and spin-3/2 cases explicitly and show that the model applies to spins of any order. 相似文献
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Beverly K Berger 《Annals of Physics》1974,83(2):458-490
Quantization in the spatially inhomogeneous, anisotropic, Gowdy three-torus solution of Einstein's equations leads to the production of gravitons from empty space. The creation of pairs of gravitons occurs only in wave modes with wavelength exceeding the horizon size at an initial time. The final number of created gravitons in any mode is proportional to the number of causally unconnected regions at the initial time over the wavelength of that mode. At large times, graviton number is well defined since the solution is in WKB form. The creation process produces the anisotropic collisionless radiation identical to that discussed by Doroshkevich, Zel'dovich, and Novikov which characterizes the large time classical solution. Near the singularity, the model behaves like an empty Bianchi Type I universe at each point in space (local Kasner). The canonical methods of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner yield a reduced Hamiltonian from which the classical equations of motion are obtained. The quantization of the rapidly varying gravitational field component resembles the procedures used by Parker or Zel'dovich et al. to study particle creation in curved spacetime. 相似文献
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We study the correlations in the one-dimensional extended quantum compass model in a
transverse magnetic field. By exactly solving the Hamiltonian, we find that the quantum
correlation of the ground state of one-dimensional quantum compass model is vanishing. We
show that quantum discord can not only locate the quantum critical points, but also
discern the orders of phase transitions. Furthermore, entanglement quantified by
concurrence is also compared. 相似文献
16.
M. García-Sucre 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》1985,24(5):441-455
A classification of particles in two classes is proposed in the framework of a model of space-time previously introduced. One of them is constituted by particles being represented by sets of sets of preparticles. The other kind is constituted by particles represented by cuts or discontinuities in a space-time. We prove here that particles of the first and second kind follow the Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, respectively.A short communication was presented at the Sanibel Symposium (Part III): On Fundamentals of Quantum Statistics and Quantum Theory, Palm Coast, Florida, March 17–20, 1980 相似文献
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The phase diagram of the Bose-Hubbard model in the presence of off-diagonal disorder is determined using quantum Monte Carlo simulations. A sequence of quantum glass phases intervene at the interface between the Mott insulating and the superfluid phases of the clean system. In addition to the standard Bose glass phase, the coexistence of gapless and gapped regions close to the Mott insulating phase leads to a novel Mott glass regime which is incompressible yet gapless. Numerical evidence for the properties of these phases is given in terms of global (compressibility, superfluid stiffness) and local (compressibility, momentum distribution) observables. 相似文献
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The interaction between itinerant and Mott localized electronic states in strongly correlated materials is studied within dynamical mean field theory in combination with the numerical renormalization group method. A novel nonmagnetic zero temperature quantum phase transition is found in the bad-metallic orbital-selective Mott phase of the two-band Hubbard model, for values of the Hund's exchange which are relevant to typical transition metal oxides. 相似文献