利用镀膜样品进行冲击波温度测量的问题和思考

针对当前进行金属冲击波温度测量中普遍使用的“金属基板／间隙／镀膜样品／透明窗口”的实验装置结构（“四层介质模型”）,详细分析了金属基板与镀样品之间的间隙对辐射法测温的影响。给出了镀膜样品与窗口之间的界面（记为“样品／窗口”界面）上的温度的解析解,并且对该界面温度的势弛豫特性进行了详细讨论。研究表明：由于冲击波穿过金属板与镀样品之间的间隙时,在金属基板与镀膜样品界面上形成了一高温界面层,使“样品／窗     

基于面积折减等效模型的光电倍增管水下内爆机理研究

光电倍增管(photomultiplier tube，PMT)是中微子探测器的核心部件，是由玻璃材料制成的内部真空的薄壳结构，排列在深水中工作，若一个PMT被压溃会产生内爆冲击波，会引起周围PMT发生殉爆。针对PMT内爆，建立了PMT内爆数值计算简化模型，并将计算与试验结果进行对比，验证简化模型的合理性。在此基础上，提出了基于面积折减等效模型的PMT内爆计算方法，通过等效模型分析了防护装置破口面积对PMT内爆的影响，得出随着防护装置破口面积的减小，水流碰撞发生PMT内爆的时刻相应提前，内爆产生的冲击波脉宽基本保持不变，冲击波压力峰值明显减小。该研究有利于找到有效的PMT内爆防护方法。     

水中脉冲放电的压力特性研究

同时利用高速摄影仪和压力传感器研究水中高压脉冲放电的压力特性。实验发现 ,当电容器的电容为 4 .1F ,充电电压为 10kV ,电极间隙为 7mm时 ,水中冲击波的波速为 1 5km s。通过压力传感器测得放电所产生的冲击波和气泡首次回胀时产生的冲击波在离通道 0 3m处的峰值压力分别为 1 5 5MPa和 0 5 5MPa ,模拟计算所得的峰值压力分别为 1 0MPa和 0 3 8MPa ,两者基本相符。另外 ,还根据高速摄影仪所拍摄到的等离子体通道直径的扫描照片 ,计算了在放电 3 0 s后通道内的压力为约 4 9MPa ,通道半径和壁速分别为 4mm和180m s。     

用水下卡片间隙试验法测定炸药冲击波感度

将炸药的水下爆炸能量测试方法与冲击波感度测试方法（小隔板法）相结合,研究了一种测试炸药冲击波感度的方法水下卡片间隙试验法,并用该方法得到了6种炸药冲击波感度的相对排序（从高到低）:炸药泰安、黑索金、8701、钝化黑索金、梯恩梯、膨化硝酸铵的冲击波感度依次降低,该试验结果与文献值、传统隔板试验结果一致,表明水下卡片间隙试验法的测试结果是可信的,水下卡片间隙试验法用于测定炸药冲击波感度是可行的,在一定程度上可代替传统的隔板试验法,此方法还可用于研究炸药装药密度对其冲击波感度的影响。     

基于PVDF复合压电效应的低强度冲击波柔性测量

为探索低强度冲击波的柔性测量技术,对PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride)压力传感器开展冲击波加载和灵敏度标定实验,评估其低强度冲击波压力测量的可靠性。基于微结构设计改进薄膜传感器,获得适用于低强度冲击波压力测量的高灵敏柔性传感器,结果表明:单一压电工作模式的薄膜传感器测量低强度冲击波时有效输出电荷量和信噪比较低,测量结果容易受压电膜力电响应非线性、结构表面变形振动以及封装因素的影响,灵敏度系数不稳定、个体差异性大。采用周向固支的微结构设计能够将作用于薄膜传感器表面幅值较低的冲击波转换为幅值较高的面内拉应力,产生的复合压电效应可大幅提高传感器名义灵敏度系数、降低个体差异性。研制的柔性传感器在0.2～0.7 MPa压力范围内名义灵敏度约900～1 350 pC/N,相对测量误差不大于±13%。     

金属样品与窗口之间的缝隙对冲击波温度测量的影响

利用块状铁样品测得了pH=184GPa,pH=193GPa两个冲击压力下的样品/窗口界面温度,分别按照Gallagher等人最新发表的蓝宝石在高压下的热传导率和按照汤文辉的理论计算的蓝宝石在高压下的热传导率数据及三层介质热传导模型的结果计算了铁在这两个压力下的温度,并与Bass及汤文辉等人发表的数据及McQueen的理论计算值进行了比较。本文用三层介质模型得到t→∞时的（实际只要t在约30-50ns以后）结果与已经发表和理想界面模型实验数据符合较好,这说明金属样品与窗口之间的缝隙对冲击波温度测量没有影响。     

氖中强冲击波结构及亮度温度

通过一维辐射流体动力学数值模拟，研究了氖中强冲击波的辐射特性、波阵面亮度温度及辐射场谱分布。模型考虑了一维不定常流体动力学方程与辐射输运方程的耦合，计算结果与实验数据符合良好。当冲击波速度大于３０ｋｍ／ｓ时，波阵面之前形成了加热层。加热层对于辐射的屏蔽作用是从长波部分开始的。当冲击波速度小于５０ｋｍ／ｓ时，对于可见光及紫外光的屏蔽作用不明显。但当冲击波速度大于５０ｋｍ／ｓ时，加热层对可见光已有了屏蔽作用，使亮度温度降低。     

Al/PTFE活性材料冲击载荷作用下响应特性研究

为了研究铝（Al）/聚四氟乙烯（polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE）活性材料冲击载荷作用下响应特性,制备了具有反应活性的Al/PTFE块体材料,设计了拉氏实验,采用不同厚度的铝隔板控制入射冲击波幅值,利用锰铜压阻计测量了冲击波在材料中传播过程压力演化过程。同时,基于AUTODYN有限元软件,采用Lee-Tarver三项式点火模型对Al/PTFE活性材料拉氏实验进行数值模拟,并探讨了冲击波在500 mm长的Al/PTFE活性材料中长距离传播行为。研究结果表明,冲击波压力在Al/PTFE活性材料内短距离传播过程中存在明显的衰减,但是,当冲击波传播到远距离时,冲击波压力幅值和冲击波速度趋于稳定,分别为1.3 GPa和2 180 m/s;同时,距离铝隔板越远的材料,其反应度越低并最终趋于0.17。正是由于材料化学反应释能,导致了冲击波压力传播过程最终趋于稳定状态。     

真空辐射加热基片的温度分布

真空辐射加热下基片表面温度分布的均匀性是薄膜制备中的关键问题之一．采用数值计算和比色红外测温两种方法,研究了作者自行研制的真空辐射加热器(IMCAS-VRH)的性能．利用IMCAS—VRH加热直径6in的单晶硅基片,当电功率为3860W时,基片表面平均温度为1093K,整个基片上的温度变化的测量值约为6 K．基片表面温度分布的计算结果与测量数据符合得很好,进一步的计算分析表明钼丝对辐射的遮挡效应、隔热屏和基片热传导等对基片温度分布均匀性有重要影响．     

基于激波管评价的单兵头面部装备冲击波防护性能研究

为了优化单兵头面部防护装备结构,提升防护性能,首先开展了基于实爆场和激波管环境的裸头模抗爆炸冲击波对比测试。在此基础上,利用激波管对佩戴不同结构、不同防护等级的头盔-头模系统分别进行了正向及侧向爆炸冲击波防护性能测试,并对头盔-头模系统前部、前额部、顶部、后部、耳部以及眼部等重点区域的冲击波超压峰值和持续作用时间进行对比分析。实验结果表明,基于激波管的抗爆炸冲击波测试方法可替代外场实爆进行考核。受到冲击波正向作用时:两半盔头模顶部测点所测冲击波超压峰值约为喷管出口的 1/6,是裸头模和一体盔头模的 1/3;冲击波在两半盔顶部分体结构处分流卸压并形成叠加反射,导致作用时间延长（从 5.5～8.5 ms）,但超压峰值降低明显;对后部测点而言,冲击波的绕行和叠加使一体盔头模所测冲击波超压峰值（365 kPa）略高于两半盔头模（303 kPa）,约为裸头模（148 kPa）的 2.5 倍。通过提高单兵头面部防护装备结构密闭性（如佩戴眼镜、耳罩或者防护面罩）,可有效阻止冲击波进入头盔-头模系统内部,减弱叠加汇聚效应,提高单兵头面部装备防护性能。     

单色高温计测量火焰动态温度的可行性实验研究

一种测量固体表面温度的单色高温计经改进后,用于火焰动态温度测量,本文设计了三组实验对其可行性进行研究,即:黑火药与铝热剂的分层火焰温度测量实验、单色高温计与热电偶的测温对比实验和激波管内氢氧爆炸火焰动态温度测量实验。结果表明,当目标尺寸远大于单色高温计红外视场时,所测火焰温度可视为单色高温计光轴上的最高温度;采用单色高温计和热电偶同时测量发光火焰的温度,测量结果相差不到6.2%;单色高温计所测氢氧爆炸火焰的动态温度曲线,较好地反映了爆炸火焰的动态传播规律;经改进的单色高温计可以用于爆炸火球等发光火焰的动态温度测量。     

爆炸场瞬态高温测试的实验研究

针对爆炸场瞬态高温测量需求,从辐射测温原理出发,建立红外比色测温系统。通过黑体炉实验标定出Si/Ge双通道比色测温仪的波长、带宽、光电转换系数等工作参数和测温范围,并将比色测温仪高温测温量程扩展至3 500℃。利用大能量电火花放电产生的爆炸场标定了测温仪的响应时间,结果显示测温仪响应时间不超过10μs。确定了标准测温仪和超限测温仪的温度计算公式,并将比色测温仪应用于TNT柱状炸药和云爆剂（FAE）爆炸场温度测试,可以为爆炸反应过程诊断和爆炸温度毁伤效应评估提供依据。     

A Methodology for Temperature Correction When Using Two-Color Pyrometers - Compensation for Surface Topography and Material

In this investigation, the applicability of the two-color pyrometer technique for temperature measurements in dry hard turning of AISI 52100 steel was studied, where both machined surfaces as well as cutting tools were considered. The impacts of differing hard turned surface topography on the two-color pyrometer readings was studied by conducting temperature measurements on reference samples created using cutting tools with different degrees of tool flank wear. In order to conduct measurements in a controlled environment, a specially designed furnace was developed in which the samples were heated step-wise up to 1,000 °C in a protective atmosphere. At each testing temperature, the temperatures measured by the two-color pyrometer were compared with temperatures recorded by thermocouples. For all materials and surfaces as studied here, the two-color pyrometer generally recorded significantly lower temperatures than the thermocouples; for the hard turned surfaces, depending on the surface topography, the temperatures were as much as ~20 % lower and for the CBN cutting tools, ~13 % lower. To be able to use the two-color pyrometer technique for temperature measurements in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel, a linear approximation function was determined resulting in three unique equations, one for each of the studied materials and surfaces. By using the developed approximation function, the measured cutting temperatures can be adjusted to compensate for differing materials or surface topographies for comparable machining conditions. Even though the proposed equations are unique for the hard turning conditions as studied here, the proposed methodology can be applied to determine the temperature compensation required for other surface topographies, as well as other materials.     

An experimental study of temperature structure of shock relaxation in air-dusty explosive media

A transient optical-electrical two-color pyrometer combined with optical-fibers was utilized to measure the temperature of shock relaxation in air-dusty explosive media in tiny transparent tubes. The external and internal diameters of the tubes are 3.0 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. The explosives coated on the inner wall of the tubes are RDX/Al 91/9 with a loading density of 9 kg/m³ initiated by an electric spark. The temperature profiles versus time at various stages during the ignition-to-detonation transition processes of the media are given and discussed in detail. It is shown that there is a special temperature structure of the shock relaxation in multiphase reactive media different from that of a detonation in condensed high explosives. This article was processed by the author using Springer-Verlage TEX PJour2g macro package version 1.     

用光电技术测定爆轰参数

本文介绍了一种用光电技术同时测定爆速和爆温、爆压和爆温的方法。用光电比色技术测定炸药爆轰温度的同时,用两个爆轰面上爆轰的时间差计算爆轰波速度;或用透明介质中冲击波速度来反算炸药中的爆轰压力。方法原理可靠,技术简便。     

Influence of probe sampling on reacting species measurement in diluted combustion

In-flame measurements of temperature and major species are realized with intrusive probes in a laboratory scale furnace working in diluted combustion. The shape and the position of the reaction zone are experimentally identified from the distribution of temperature and carbon monoxide in a particular symmetry plane. For this purpose, two probes were designed: the sampling probe, to measure species content of the gas sample and the suction pyrometer, for the temperature. The first is completely cooled to quench the reaction, but the second is just partly cooled for handling. However, as both probes take gas sample, the species content is available in either case. Consequently the suction pyrometer can be used to measure simultaneously temperature and species, reducing by half the length of the experimental campaign.Comparing species contents on a non-reactive mixture, it has been observed that the spatial averaging is the same with both probes. The perturbation of the flow is assessed thanks to a CFD modeling of the furnace including the probe. Even if it is significant – the differences between the computed values and the measurements are about 3–4 times the measurement error – the position and the value of the maximum is well captured as well as the opening of the jet.However, the species contents measured within a reactive mixture differ significantly. For a stable regime, the levels and the distribution of CO are similar with both probes, but the gradients at the border of the reaction zone are sharper with the suction pyrometer. For another regime, for which the reaction zone is lifted and less stable, the fields of species are completely different following the probe used. A chemical kinetic modeling has shown that the reaction inside the non-cooled part of the suction pyrometer is promoted when it is placed in particular region.The use of the suction pyrometer as sampling probe inside a reaction zone should therefore be avoided even in diluted combustion. The error made on the fields of species cannot be quantified to be taken into account a posteriori, because in certain conditions the results are completely unrealistic.     

The isotope effect of gaseous hydrogen under shock compression

The shock compression method has been used to measure the Hugoniot data and shock temperature for gaseous hydrogen samples, covering the pressure range of 55-140 MPa and the temperature range of 3400-4500 K and with the initial conditions of P ₀ = 0.6 MPa, 1.2 MPa and T ₀ at room temperature. Spectral radiance histories emitted from shocked D ₂ and H ₂ + D ₂ (equimolar mixture) are monitored by a pyrometer system with seven wavelength channels. Theoretical calculations based on the Saha model with Debye-Hückel correction for the shock compression behavior of shocked gaseous samples are in good agreement with the measured Hugoniot data, but show slightly higher values for the shock temperature when comparing with experiments. An isotope effect relevant to these shocked hydrogen species has been found in the linear shock velocity vs particle velocity relation, in which the correlation factor between these hydrogen isotopes or hydrogen mixtures is simply of initial density dependence.Received: 8 December 2002, Accepted: 8 May 2003, Published online: 2 September 2003PACS: 62.50 + p, 31.30.GS, 51.90. + r     

汽油云雾中不同氧气、氮气含量对爆轰温度的影响

本文描述了一种利用多通道高温计测量汽油云雾爆轰瞬态温度的方法,这种方法既适合云雾爆轰辐射充满光纤接收角,又适用辐射部分进入光纤接收角,我们在激波管内,以光纤传输光能,用多通道高温计测量了汽油云雾中氧气、氮气对爆轰温度的影响。研究表明:对于富含汽油的混合物,增加氧含量可使爆轰温度增加;增加氮含量可导致爆轰温度下降,它和利用传感器测量结果吻合。     

Development of high-temperature microsample testing

Microsample tensile testing has been established as a means of evaluating the room temperature mechanical properties of specimens with gage sections that are tens to hundreds of microns thick and several hundred microns wide. The desire to characterize the mechanical response of materials at elevated temperatures has motivated the development of high-temperature microsample testing that is reported here. The design of specially insulated grips allows the microsamples to be resistively heated using approximately 2 V DC and currents ranging between 2 to 6 A. An optical pyrometer with nominal spot size of 290 μm and 12 μm diameter type K thermocouples was employed to measure and verify the temperature of the microsamples. The ability of the pyrometer to accurately measure temperature on microsamples of different thicknesses and with slightly different emissivities was established over a temperature range from 400°C to 1100°C. The temperature gradient along the length and thickness of the microsample was measured, and the temperature difference measured in the gage section used for strain measurements was found to be less than 6.5°C. Examples of elevated temperature tensile and creep tests are presented.     

甲烷气体的冲击化学反应流研究

用二级轻气炮加载技术将W89Mo9Ni1Fe1飞片加速到约5.0km/s,撞击封装有接近常态的甲烷气体的LY12铝靶。利用六通道高温计和示波器记录到冲击压缩的甲烷气体的光辐射历史曲线,并获得甲烷气体的冲击波速度与温度。利用一维Euler方程与化学反应方程的全流场耦合,采用甲烷体系的13组元40反应步的化学反应模型,并用3阶WENO数值格式对空间进行离散。为避免刚性过强,化学反应源项用点隐方法处理。由此得到了甲烷的冲击反应流场和波后热力学参数。通过比较,数值结果与实验结果符合较好。最后,解释了甲烷用作电探针保护气体的物理机制。