Electrochemical performance of nano-sized ZnO-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel as 5 V materials at elevated temperatures

ZnO-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powders with excellent electrochemical cyclability and structural stability have been synthesized. The electrochemical performance and structural stability of ZnO-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrodes in the 5 V region at elevated temperature has been studied as function of the level of ZnO coating. The 1.5 wt% ZnO-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 137 mAh g⁻¹ with excellent cyclability at elevated temperature even at 55 °C. The reason for the excellent cycling performance of ZnO-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrode is largely attributed to ZnO playing an important role of HF getting in the electrolyte.     

Improved electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode of lithium ion battery by Co and Cr co-doping

Three samples, LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄, and LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄, were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscope, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, four-probe resistance, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and charge–discharge test. It is found that the co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄ exhibits an improved performance compared with the Co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄ and the undoped sample LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, especially at elevated temperature. At 25 °C, the discharge capacity of LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄ is 130 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 C and 103 mAh g^?1 at 10 C. At an elevated temperature (55 °C), its 1 C discharge capacity is 136 mAh g^?1 and maintains 95.6 % of its initial capacity after 100 cycles. Compared with the reported results of LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄ and LiNi_0.475Mn_1.475Co_0.05O₄, the co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄, with least content of Co, 0.05, possesses not only the high C-rate capacity but also the structural stability. The mechanism on the electrochemical performance improvement of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ by the co-doping was discussed.     

BiFeO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-coated spinel LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> with improved electrochemical performance as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode material is a promising candidate for next-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. In this work, BiFeO₃-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials were prepared via a wet chemical method and the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were studied. The coating of BiFeO₃ has no significant impact on the crystal structure of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄. All BiFeO₃-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials exhibit cubic spinel structure with space group of Fd3m. Thin BiFeO₃ layers were successfully coated on the surface of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles. The coating of 1.0 wt% BiFeO₃ on the surface of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ exhibits a considerable enhancement in specific capacity, cyclic stability, and rate performance. The initial discharge capacity of 118.5 mAh g^?1 is obtained for 1.0 wt% BiFeO₃-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with very high capacity retention of 89.11% at 0.1 C after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, 1.0 wt% BiFeO₃-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrode shows excellent rate performance with discharge capacities of 117.5, 110.2, 85.8, and 74.8 mAh g^?1 at 1, 2, 5, and 10 C, respectively, which is higher than that of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (97.3, 90, 77.5, and 60.9 mAh g^?1, respectively). The surface coating of BiFeO₃ effectively decreases charge transfer resistance and inhibits side reactions between active materials and electrolyte and thus induces the improved electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials.     

Co-precipitation spray-drying synthesis and electrochemical performance of stabilized LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode materials

In this paper, the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by a co-precipitation spray-drying and calcining process. The use of a spray-drying process to form particles, followed by a calcination treatment at the optimized temperature of 750 °C to produce spherical LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles with a cubic crystal structure, a specific surface area of 60.1 m² g^?1, a tap density of 1.15 g mL^?1, and a specific capacity of 132.9 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 C. The carbon nanofragment (CNF) additives, introduced into the spheres during the co-precipitation spray-drying period, greatly enhance the rate performance and cycling stability of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄. The sample with 1.0 wt.% CNF calcined at 750 °C exhibits a maximum capacity of 131.7 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 C and a capacity retention of 98.9% after 100 cycles. In addition, compared to the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material without CNF, the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with CNF demonstrates a high-rate capacity retention that increases from 69.1% to 95.2% after 100 cycles at 10 C, indicating an excellent rate capability. The usage of CNF and the synthetic method provide a promising choice for the synthesis of a stabilized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode material.

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Graphical Abstract Micro/nanostructured LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₄ cathode materials with enhanced electrochemical performances for high voltage lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by a co-precipitation spray-drying and calcining routine and using carbon nanofragments (CNFs) as additive.

     

Thermal processes in the systems with Li-battery cathode materials and LiPF6 -based organic solutions

Thermodynamic instability of positive electrodes (cathodes) in Li-ion batteries in humid air and battery solutions results in capacity fading and batteries degradation, especially at elevated temperatures. In this work, we studied thermal interactions between cathode materials Li₂MnO₃, xLi₂MnO₃ ^.(1???x)Li(MnNiCo)O₂,LiNi_0.33Mn_0.33Co_0.33O₂, LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂, LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ LiMn_1.5Ni_0.5O₄, LiMn(or Fe)PO₄, and battery solutions containing ethylene carbonate (EC) or propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and LiPF₆ salt in the temperature range of 40–400 °C. It was found that these materials are stable chemically and well performing in LiPF₆-based solutions up to 60 °C. The thermal decomposition of the electrolyte solutions starts >180 °C. The macro-structural transformations of cathode materials upon exothermic reactions were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray difraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies have shown that the exothermic reactions in the temperature range of 60–140 °C lead to partial decomposition of both the cathode material and electrolyte solution. The systems thus formed consisted of partially decomposed solutions and partially chemically delithiated cathode materials covered by reactions products. Thermal reactions terminate and this system reaches equilibrium at about 120 °C. It remains stable up to the beginning of the solution decomposition at about 180 °C. The increased content of surface Li₂CO₃ is found to significantly affect the thermal processes at high temperature range due to extensive exothermic decomposition at low temperatures.     

Electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 doped with la and its compatiblity with new electrolyte system

Cathode materials LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and LiNi_{0.5 ? x/2}La _x Mn_{1.5 ? x/2}O₄ (x = 0.04, 0.1, 0.14) were successfully prepared by the sol-gel self-combustion reaction (SCR) method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that, a few of doping La ions did not change the structure of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material. The scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed that the sample heated at 800°C for 12 h and then annealed at 600°C for 10 h exhibited excellent geometry appearance. A novel electrolyte system, 0.7 mol L^?1 lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB)-propylene carbonate (PC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1, v/v), was used in the cycle performance test of the cell. The results showed that the cell with this novel electrolyte system performed better than the one with traditional electrolyte system, 1.0 mol L^?1 LiPF₆-ethylene carbonate (EC)/DMC (1: 1, v/v). And the electrochemical properties tests showed that LiNi_0.45La_0.1Mn_1.45O₄/Li cell performed better than LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/Li cell at cycle performance, median voltage, and efficiency.     

Electrochemical properties of nano-crystalline LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> synthesized by polymer-pyrolysis method

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powders were prepared through polymer-pyrolysis method. XRD and TEM analysis indicated that the pure spinel structure was formed at around 450 °C due to the very homogeneous intermixing of cations at the atomic scale in the starting precursor in this method, while the well-defined octahedral crystals appeared at a relatively high calcination temperature of 900 °C with a uniform particle size of about 100 nm. When cycled between 3.5 and 4.9 V at a current density of 50 mA/g, the as prepared LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ delivered an initial discharge capacity of 112.9 mAh/g and demonstrated an excellent cyclability with 97.3% capacity retentive after 50 cycles.     

Vinyl-functionalized imidazolium ionic liquids as new electrolyte additives for high-voltage Li-ion batteries

Four functionalized ionic liquids based on imidazolium cations with vinyl or alllyl group and TFSI^? anion were synthesized as electrolyte additives for high-voltage Li-ion battery to stabilize carbonate-based electrolytes on the surface of 5 V class cathode materials. The electrochemical behaviors and surface morphology of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode had been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Cycle life and rate performance of the Li/LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cells containing 1.2 M LiPF₆ in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate can be improved by adding 1-allyl-3-vinyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide ([AVIm][TFSI]). The addition of 3 wt.% [AVIm][TFSI] results in high discharge capacity of above 130 mAh g^?1. Surface analysis of the cathode material (XPS and SEM) suggested that a stable and compact polymer film was formed on the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode by electroinitiated polymerization of imidazolium cation with vinyl and allyl group.     

High performance LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials synthesized by a combinational annealing method

High performance LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ was prepared by a combinational annealing method. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared, and cell measurements. With increasing the annealing time at 600 °C, LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ showed a decreased lattice parameter and an enhanced Ni-ordering. The electrochemical property of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ was optimized by controlling the annealing time. It was found that after annealing at 600 °C for 8 h, LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ can discharge up to 138 mA h g⁻¹ with a superior cycling performance at the rate of 5/7 C. High-rate test indicated that LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ exhibited excellent electrochemical performance when charged and discharged at 1.2 C and 2.5 C, respectively. The findings reported in this work are expected to pave the way for the practical application of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄.     

三(三甲基硅烷)类添加剂助力5 V镍锰酸锂电池实用化

基于LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的5 V电池尚未实现实际应用,解决这一问题的关键在于电解液调控和电极界面优化。我们系统性研究了三（三甲基硅烷）硼酸酯（TMSB）和三（三甲基硅烷）亚磷酸酯（TMSPi）作为常规碳酸乙烯酯（EC）-LiPF₆基电解液添加剂在LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄电池体系中的应用。结合理论计算、物理化学表征以及电化学手段分析了三（三甲基硅烷）类添加剂在高压电解液中的作用机制。研究发现,TMSB和TMSPi均可以通过优化电极/电解液界面来提高LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄循环稳定性和库仑效率。TMSB中缺电子B可与阴离子相互作用,稳定PF₆^-,抑制LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄正极阻抗的持续增加。TMSPi具有更高的最高占据分子轨道（HOMO）能级,可在更低电位下钝化高压正极,提高LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄放电电压平台和放电容量。此外,TMSPi还可通过亲核反应参与石墨界面组分优化,改善负极循环性能。石墨LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄软包电池在含1% TMSPi电解液中1C循环100次后的容量保持率为88.9%,优于基础电解液（60.5%）和含1% TMSB的电解液（77.4%）。     

5 V正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的自蔓延燃烧合成及性能

通过自蔓延燃烧方法合成了性能优良的高电位5V锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热分析(DSC/TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对前驱物及样品的结构和物化性质等进行了分析和表征,考察了材料的电化学性能。结果表明,所制备样品具有单一的尖晶石相结构,具有4.7V充放电平台;在3.5V到5.2V之间进行充放电性能测试具有131mAh·g-1以上的可逆容量;在2C倍率下循环100次后的容量保持率为96%以上。     

Improvement of the electrochemical properties of a LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode material formed by a new solid-state synthesis method

In order to avoid the shortcomings of large particle size and poor uniformity of material synthesized by the traditional solid-state method, this paper utilizes a simple improvement of calcination process (i.e., calcination–milling–recalcination) based on the traditional solid-state synthesis to successfully prepare a large number of well-distributed, micrometer-sized, spherical secondary LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles. Each particle is composed of nano- and/or sub-micrometer-sized grains. Results of the electrochemical performance tests show that the material exhibits a remarkable cycle performance and rate capability compared with that obtained from traditional synthesis method; the spherical LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ particles can deliver a large capacity of 135.8 mAh g^?1 at a 1 C discharge rate with a high retention of 77 % after 741 cycles and a good capacity of 105.9 mAh g^?1 at 10 C. Cyclic voltammetry measurements confirm that the significantly improved electrochemical properties are due to enhanced electronic conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion coefficient resulting from the optimized morphology and particle size. This improved method is more suitable for mass production.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode material for Li-ion batteries by the polymer-pyrolysis method

A submicron LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode was synthesized via the pyrolysis of polyacrylate salts as precursor polymerized by reaction of the metal salts with acrylate acid. The structure and morphology of the resulting compound was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results reveal that the prepared LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode material has a pure cubic spinel structure and submicron-sized morphology even if calcined at 900 °C and quenched to room temperature. The LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrodes exhibited promising high-rate characteristics and delivered stable discharge capacity (90 mAh/g) with excellent retention capacity at the current density of 50 mA/g between 3.5 and 4.9 V. The capacity of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrodes remains stable even after 30 cycles at low or high current density. This polymer-pyrolysis method is simple and particularly suitable for preparation of the spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode material compared to the conventional synthesis techniques.     

Synthesis and characterization of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries by polyacrylic acid-assisted sol–gel method

Nanocrystalline LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode materials are synthesized by sol–gel method using polyacrylic acid as a chelating agent. The effects of the calcination temperature and calcination time on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performances of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ electrode materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and charge–discharge cycling test, respectively. All experiments show that the microscopic structural features and the morphology properties are deeply related with the electrochemical performance. The results show that the nanocrystalline LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ with a particle size of 80 nm sintered at 700 °C for 2 h presents good α-NaFeO₂ layer structure and the best electrochemical performance. When it is discharged between 4.4 and 2.8 V at 20 mAg^?1, the initial specific capacity of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ obtained at 700 °C for 2 h is 169.2 mAhg^?1. The investigated electrode materials retain 151 mAhg^?1 after 30 cycles when cycled at 20 mAg^?1.     

新型复合共沉淀法制备高能量/高功率型锂离子二次电池用5V正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4及其电化学性能

在传统的固相法的基础上开发了新型复合共沉淀法制备LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料.新型复合共沉淀法采用(NH4)2CO3和(NH4)2C2O4共同作为沉淀剂,通过控制共沉淀反应条件,得到了具有均匀球形形貌的沉淀物颗粒.再通过与饱和氢氧化锂溶液的水热反应及高温反应,最终制备出具有球形次级形貌和纯相尖晶石结构的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料.电化学测试表明,制备的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4具有优异的电化学性能,其初始容量达到了141.4mAh·g-1.在0.3C、1C和3C倍率下经过200次循环后的容量分别为136.0 mAh·g-1(96.3%)、128.6 mAh·g-1(94.4%)和113.9 mAh·g-1(91.1%).通过高温反应及特殊的冷却处理,LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4在4.0 V低压区平台的容量损失得到了有效抑制.更重要的是,通过控制合成过程中的关键步骤,可实现半定量化控制材料结构中的原子有序排布程度,进而得到具有高能量密度和高功率密度的两种LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料,其能量密度和功率密度分别达到了648.6 mWh·g-1和7000 mW·g-1以上.     

Studies on Co-oxidation resistances of electrolytes based on sulfolane and lithium bis(oxalato)borate

How to exert the high-voltage performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and break through the bottleneck effect of corresponding electrolyte have become key points in advanced lithium-ion battery. Lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) and sulfolane (SL) are chosen as additives to investigate their effects on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery with LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode. The quantum chemistry calculation theory shows that oxidation potential of SL–BOB^– is dramatically increased, consistent with the experimental result in CV measurement. Meanwhile, results of CV and charge–discharge cycling indicate that LiBOB and SL would be involved in the initial oxidation reaction to form an effective solid electrolyte interface film on surfaces of the cathode electrode thus enhance the cycling performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/Li cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data proves that SL is beneficial to resistance decrease. All these data will become important corroborations that the combined electrolyte LiBOB and SL have good oxidation resistances.     

Enhancements of rate capability and cyclic performance of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by trace Ru-doping

The rate capability and cyclic performance of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ under high current density have been significantly improved by doping a small amount of ruthenium (Ru). Specifically, Li_1.1Ni_0.35Ru_0.05Mn_1.5O₄ and LiNi_0.4Ru_0.05Mn_1.5O₄ synthesized by solid state reaction can respectively deliver a discharge capacity of 108 and 117 mAh g^?1 at 10 C rate between 3 and 5 V. At 10 C charge/discharge rate, Li_1.1Ni_0.35Ru_0.05Mn_1.5O₄ and LiNi_0.4Ru_0.05Mn_1.5O₄ can respectively maintain 91% and 84% of their initial capacity after 500 cycles, demonstrating that Ru-doping could be a way to enhance the electrochemical performance of spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄.     

锰源对燃烧法制备5V级正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的影响

以硝酸锰和醋酸锰,采用蔗糖燃烧法制备锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4通过XRD、SEM、粒径分布测试、循环伏安、恒流充放电测试以及交流阻抗等方法,研究了醋酸锰和硝酸锰对产物的结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能的影响。XRD测试结果表明样品的结构都为立方尖晶石型,属于Fd3m空间群。不同的锰源对材料的粒径及粒径分布有很大的影响。以醋酸锰为原料制得的材料的粒径较小并且分布更均匀,有利于锂离子的脱出和嵌入从而提高电化学性能。以醋酸锰为锰源制得的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4在3.6~5.2 V的充放电电压范围内的电化学性能更好,1C(1C=140.0 mA.g-1)倍率的首次放电容量为144.5 mAh.g-1,循环100周后容量保持率为96%,在3C,5C,10C以及20C的放电容量分别为136.3,132.0,124.7以及96.6 mAh.g-1。     

Li3PO4‐Coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4: A Stable High‐Voltage Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is regarded as a promising cathode material to increase the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries due to the high discharge voltage (ca. 4.7 V). However, the interface between the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode and the electrolyte is a great concern because of the decomposition of the electrolyte on the cathode surface at high operational potentials. To build a stable and functional protecting layer of Li₃PO₄ on LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ to avoid direct contact between the active materials and the electrolyte is the emphasis of this study. Li₃PO₄‐coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is prepared by a solid‐state reaction and noncoated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is prepared by the same method as a control. The materials are fully characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, and high‐resolution TEM. TEM shows that the Li₃PO₄ layer (<6 nm) is successfully coated on the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ primary particles. XRD and FT‐IR reveal that the synthesized Li₃PO₄‐coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ has a cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd$\bar 3$ m, whereas noncoated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ shows a cubic spinel structure with a space group of P4₃32. The electrochemical performance of the prepared materials is characterized in half and full cells. Li₃PO₄‐coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ shows dramatically enhanced cycling performance compared with noncoated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄.     

Synergistic Dual-Additive Electrolyte Enables Practical Lithium-Metal Batteries

A rechargeable Li metal anode coupled with a high-voltage cathode is a promising approach to high-energy-density batteries exceeding 300 Wh kg⁻¹. Reported here is an advanced dual-additive electrolyte containing a unique solvation structure and it comprises a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane additive and LiNO₃ in a carbonate-based electrolyte. This system generates a robust outer Li₂O solid electrolyte interface and F- and B-containing conformal cathode electrolyte interphase. The resulting stable ion transport kinetics enables excellent cycling of Li/LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ for 140 cycles with 80 % capacity retention under highly challenging conditions (≈295.1 Wh kg⁻¹ at cell-level). The electrolyte also exhibits high cycling stability for a 4.6 V LiCoO₂ (160 cycles with 89.8 % capacity retention) cathode and 4.95 V LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode.