Accurate monoenergetic electron parameters of laser wakefield in a bubble model

A reliable analytical expression for the potential of plasma waves with phase velocities near the speed of light is derived. The presented spheroid cavity model is more consistent than the previous spherical and ellipsoidal model and it explains the mono-energetic electron trajectory more accurately, especially at the relativistic region. As a result, the quasi-mono-energetic electrons output beam interacting with the laser plasma can be more appropriately described with this model.     

Electron trajectory evaluation in laser-plasma interaction for effective output beam

Using the ellipsoidal cavity model, the quasi-monoenergetic electron output beam in laser-plasma interaction is described. By the cavity regime the quality of electron beam is improved in comparison with those generated from other methods such as periodic plasma wave field, spheroidal cavity regime and plasma channel guided acceleration. Trajectory of electron motion is described as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic paths. We find that the self-generated electron bunch has a smaller energy width and more effective gain in energy spectrum. Initial condition for the ellipsoidal cavity is determined by laser-plasma parameters. The electron trajectory is influenced by its position, energy and cavity electrostatic potential.     

Using the Steepened Plasma Profile and Wave Breaking Threshold in Laser‐Plasma Interaction

In this work we evaluate the interaction of high intense laser beam with a steepened density profile. During laser interaction with underdense plasma by freely expanding plasma regime, modification of density profile is possible. In this paper we have investigated the ultra short laser pulse interaction with nonisothermal and collisionless plasma. We consider self–focusing as an effective nonlinear phenomenon that tends to increase when the laser power is more than critical rate. By leading the expanded plasma to a preferred location near to critical density, laser reflection is obtained, so the density profile will be locally steepened. The electromagnetic fields are evaluated in this new profile. We show the amplitude and period of electrical field oscillation are increased by reducing the steepened scale length. Also our numerical results identify that by reducing the steepened scale length, the electrical field is increased to wave breaking threshold limit. This high gradient electrical field causes the effective beam loading during the wave breaking phenomenon. The wave breaking can be the initial point for other acceleration regime as cavity or channel guiding regime. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Pulse chirping effect on controlling the transverse cavity oscillations in nonlinear bubble regime

The propagation of an intense laser pulse in an under-dense plasma induces a plasma wake that is suitable for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. For an ultra-intense laser pulse which has a longitudinal size shorter than the plasma wavelength, λp, instead of a periodic plasma wave, a cavity free from cold plasma electrons, called a bubble, is formed behind the laser pulse. An intense charge separation electric field inside the moving bubble can capture the electrons at the base of the bubble and accelerate them with a narrow energy spread. In the nonlinear bubble regime, due to localized depletion at the front of the pulse during its propagation through the plasma, the phase shift between carrier waves and pulse envelope plays an important role in plasma response. The carrier–envelope phase(CEP) breaks down the symmetric transverse ponderomotive force of the laser pulse that makes the bubble structure unstable. Our studies using a series of two-dimensional(2D) particle-in-cell(PIC) simulations show that the frequency-chirped laser pulses are more effective in controlling the pulse depletion rate and consequently the effect of the CEP in the bubble regime. The results indicate that the utilization of a positively chirped laser pulse leads to an increase in rate of erosion of the leading edge of the pulse that rapidly results in the formation of a steep intensity gradient at the front of the pulse. A more unstable bubble structure, the self-injections in different positions, and high dark current are the results of using a positively chirped laser pulse. For a negatively chirped laser pulse, the pulse depletion process is compensated during the propagation of the pulse in plasma in such a way that results in a more stable bubble shape and therefore, a localized electron bunch is produced during the acceleration process. As a result, by the proper choice of chirping, one can tune the number of self-injected electrons, the size of accelerated bunch and its energy spectrum to the values required for practical applications.     

近共振区超短强激光脉冲激发的等离子体尾波场

用一维相对论粒子模拟研究了相对论超短强激光脉冲在等离子体中传播时激发的尾波场,初步获得了近共振区尾波场的峰值幅度随激光脉冲宽度变化的特点,发现在近共振区等离子体波激发出现增强。通过准静态近似下尾波激发的一维非线性方程数值求解,并与粒子模拟结果比较,得到了该非线性方程的适用范围：当激光脉冲宽度小于等离子体波波长的4倍时,该方程所得结果与粒子模拟结果一致;而当激光脉冲宽度大于该数值时,该方程不再适用。     

双束平行入射电子束引导的自注入电子加速效果的研究

在粒子束引导的等离子尾波场加速机制中,为了加速电子获得最大能量,大量研究集中于改变单束牵引粒子束的线度、形状、电荷性质等参数. 综合考虑已有的实验结果,本文提出了一种相比于单束电子牵引更为有效的加速方式,利用双束平行电子束来加速自注入的电子. 通过2.5维粒子程序模拟,发现在牵引电子束具有相同能量、电量、尺寸的条件下,通过双束平行电子束加速得到的电子具有长程加速、高能和准单能性的特性. 同时在空泡内形成了一束独特的回流电子,进一步使得自注入电子具有更好的准直性. 关键词： 电子束尾波场加速 双束平行电子束 粒子模拟     

强流电子束加速器中气体开关的电磁辐射等效模型

对触发开关和主开关产生电磁辐射的机理进行了详细的分析,将气体开关导电通道等效为电偶极子,理论分析了其辐射电磁波的空间分布,以同轴电缆为实验对象,研究了电磁辐射的干扰。实验测量了触发开关和主开关的电磁辐射信号,结果表明, 运用偶极辐射等效可以很好地描述二者的辐射特性。在强流电子束加速器产生电磁辐射的时刻,同轴电缆中感应出了一定强度的电流,幅值达3 V,已经足以对其他信号的准确测量产生影响。     

第二讲 激光尾波场加速中的准单能电子束的产生

自从激光尾波场加速电子方案提出以来,经过二十多年的理论和实验研究,人们在激光尾波场加速方面已经取得了重大进步,相继在电子束能量、电子单色性等束流性能上取得重大突破.特别是在2004年对电子束的单色性研究取得重大突破,国际上几个著名实验室相继报道了准单能电子束产生的实验观测,掀起了激光尾波场研究的新高潮.对于准单能电子束的产生机制,虽然尚未达成统一认识,但普遍认为空泡加速可能是其中非常重要的机制之一.文章介绍了激光尾波场的基本概念,着重介绍了单能电子束产生的空泡加速模式里的两个关键物理过程：波破和电子的自捕获,同时介绍国际上相关的一些重要实验结果和理论进展.     

Excitation of wake-field waves in plasma by a microtron beam

The experimental study of excitation of wake-field waves in plasma by a sequence of electron bunches of a microtron beam has been carried out. Results of measurement of the spectrum of electrons after their passage through plasma confirm the effect of adding of waves from a sequence of about 100 bunches which leads to the increase in the amplitude from 1 V/cm up to 100 V/cm.     

利用渡越辐射研究超热电子束的传输特性

为了探索超热电子束的传输特性,利用光学CCD相机在靶背法线方向测量了光学渡越辐射积分成像图案。实验在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石激光器上进行,飞秒激光与固体靶作用后,靶表面发光信号由空间分辨装置聚焦成像并引到CCD狭缝上。在厚度为20 μm的Ta靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑呈现较平滑的圆形结构,而且中心亮度高于周围,这包含了非相干与相干渡越辐射的成分,与理论模拟结果接近;在厚度为100 μm的Ta靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑呈现出星状结构,光斑较小,与高能质子发射出现的星状结构极其相似;在复合靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑虽然也呈现大致的圆形结构,但光斑较大,而且极不均匀,中间有很明显的光斑分裂。     

A magnetic-free high resolution parabolic mirror time-of-flight electron energy spectrometer

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利用渡越辐射研究超热电子束的传输特性

 为了探索超热电子束的传输特性,利用光学CCD相机在靶背法线方向测量了光学渡越辐射积分成像图案。实验在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石激光器上进行,飞秒激光与固体靶作用后,靶表面发光信号由空间分辨装置聚焦成像并引到CCD狭缝上。在厚度为20 μm的Ta靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑呈现较平滑的圆形结构,而且中心亮度高于周围,这包含了非相干与相干渡越辐射的成分,与理论模拟结果接近;在厚度为100 μm的Ta靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑呈现出星状结构,光斑较小,与高能质子发射出现的星状结构极其相似;在复合靶背表面观测到渡越辐射光斑虽然也呈现大致的圆形结构,但光斑较大,而且极不均匀,中间有很明显的光斑分裂。     

Determination of electron temperature based on a semicoronal model in Hall accelerator plasma flows

We present the results of a spectroscopic study of a nonequilibrium plasma in a Hall accelerator, in particular for such an important parameter as the electron temperature. For the studied conditions, we used the semicoronal equilibrium model, which relates the intensity ratios for two successive ionization steps for the same element. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 93–96, January–February, 2007.     

All-laser-driven Thomson X-ray sources

We discuss the development of a new generation of accelerator-based hard X-ray sources driven exclusively by laser light. High-intensity laser pulses serve the dual roles: first, accelerating electrons by laser-driven plasma wakefields, and second, generating X-rays by inverse Compton scattering. Such all-laser-driven X-rays have recently been demonstrated to be energetic, tunable, relatively narrow in bandwidth, short pulsed and well collimated. Such characteristics, especially from a compact source, are highly advantageous for numerous advanced X-ray applications – in metrology, biomedicine, materials, ultrafast phenomena, radiology and fundamental physics.     

激光等离子体加速器的兴起与发展

激光等离子体加速器是近几十年来在世界范围内兴起的一种新型粒子加速器,它在科学研究和日常生活中都有着广泛的应用前景。文章分别从激光电子加速与激光离子加速两方面介绍了它的基本原理与实验发展历程。作为一个新生事物,它取得许多振奋人心的结果,同时也面临着一系列挑战。文章最后对激光等离子体加速器的发展和应用进行了归纳和展望。     

工作在可见和紫外波段的自由电子激光器

Madey指出用直线加速器,限制了电子束束流密度,使得自由电子激光器可能达到的短波长极限为1μm左右。本文提出利用自由电子激光器的高次谐波运转,用直线加速器可望获得可见和紫外波段的短波长激光。实现自由电子激光器高次谐波运转的关键是建立高K值的Wiggler磁场。     

双光束对高能电子的捕获特性

为了在实验上增强非线性强场效应的信号强度,基于电子在强激光束上的非弹性散射,提出一种双光束捕获电子的方案,目的是通过延长电子和强场相互作用时间来提高非线性过程发生总概率,实现观测信号的增强。数值模拟结果表明,捕获后的电子和强激光场的相互作用时间可延长10倍以上。     

强激光与等离子体相互作用产生的超强太赫兹辐射

超短强激光脉冲在等离子体中传播时会激发大振幅的等离子体尾波场，它是一种电子等离子体波．由于这是一种静电波，它一般不能转换成电磁辐射．我们发现在不均匀等离子体中激发的尾波场在一定条件下可以通过线性模式转换产生电磁辐射．由于用超短强激光脉冲尾波场可以达到的电场振幅达100GV／m，其振动频率在太赫兹（10^12Hz）附近，用这种方法可以产生电场强度达到GV／m的太赫兹辐射．     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设,建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响,以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析,得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化,并在轴上达到最小值;而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化;空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落,而且对束流有发散作用,特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后,强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端,与弱流加速管相比,强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

气泡室中"胚胎"气泡成长为可见气泡的模型建立及初步的理论计算

建立了气泡室中“胚胎”气泡成长为可见气泡模型.初步计算表明,“胚胎”气泡在成长为可见气泡的过程中,它不仅要从其周围吸收热量,而且还有分子进入到它的里面.理论上可以合理解释能量相同的中子和质子入射到气泡室所产生的径迹上的气泡半径是不同的,中子在气泡室中产生的径迹细长,而质子在气泡室中产生的径迹粗短;可以合理解释在同一径迹上某个区域内可以有半径大小相差不多的气泡存在;也可以合理解释电荷数较多的入射粒子较能量相同但电荷数不同的入射粒子,其在气泡室中径迹上气泡的半径要大;理论上预测入射粒子刚进入气泡室时,其径迹上有大气泡破裂现象发生.通过选择合适的工作物质可以提高气泡室的灵敏度和探测效率.