Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are optical sensors exploiting special electromagnetic waves—surface plasmon-polaritons—to probe interactions between an analyte in solution and a biomolecular recognition element immobilized on the SPR sensor surface. Major application areas include detection of biological analytes and analysis of biomolecular interactions where SPR biosensors provide benefits of label-free real-time analytical technology. This paper reviews fundamentals of SPR affinity biosensors and discusses recent advances in development and applications of SPR biosensors.     

基于铁氰化镍的非标记型核酸适配体电化学传感器检测凝血酶

在玻碳电极（GCE）表面首先用增敏作用的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)夹心于两层电沉积的铁氰化镍（NiHCF）氧化还原电化学探针之间,然后以金纳米粒子为固定核酸适配体的载体,构建了检测凝血酶的非标记型核酸适配体生物传感器。 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对MWCNTs和NiHCF的形貌进行了表征。 利用电化学阻抗谱对传感器的组装过程进行了监测,用循环伏安法（CV）和差分脉冲伏安法（DPV）对传感器的电化学行为进行了研究。 以铁氰化镍为探针的传感器对凝血酶的检测在1.0 ng/L~1.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,检测限为0.2 ng/L(S/N=3)。     

Point‐of‐Care Smartphone‐based Electrochemical Biosensing

Point‐of‐care (PoC) biosensors offer promising solutions to today's adverse and costly healthcare issues by moving diagnostic tools closer to the patient. The ubiquity of smartphones has brought about an emergence of PoC devices, which leverage the smartphone's capabilities, enabling the creation of low‐cost and portable biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors are well suited for PoC testing since the transducers can be miniaturized and inexpensively fabricated. This review paper discusses recent developments in smartphone‐based electrochemical biosensors for PoC diagnostics. These peripherals utilize the various connectivity options (for example proprietary ports, audio headphone‐jack, or wireless radio) to offload functionality to the smartphone. The smartphone‐based implementations of various electrochemical techniques, such as amperometry, potentiometry, and impedance spectroscopy are explored. Major challenges include reducing power, area, and cost of measurement circuitry, while maintaining adequate performance for PoC diagnostic applications.     

免标记光学生物传感器研究进展

免标记光学生物传感器因分析样品无需标记、强特异性、动态测量、无损检测、分析速度快等诸多优点,在化学、药学及生物等诸多领域中得到了快速发展和广泛应用。本文重点介绍了当前发展成熟且具代表性的四种免标记光学生物传感器,即表面等离子体共振传感器、光波导光模光谱传感器、椭圆偏振光学传感器以及反射干涉传感器,对每种传感器的原理结构、方法发展及在生化分析等相关领域中的最新应用进行了总结和论述;在此基础上,对它们各自的性能进行了优劣比较;最后对免标记光学生物传感器的发展前景进行了展望。     

Recent Progress in Biosensors for Detection of Tumor Biomarkers

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with an increasing mortality rate over the past years. The early detection of cancer contributes to early diagnosis and subsequent treatment. How to detect early cancer has become one of the hot research directions of cancer. Tumor biomarkers, biochemical parameters for reflecting cancer occurrence and progression have caused much attention in cancer early detection. Due to high sensitivity, convenience and low cost, biosensors have been largely developed to detect tumor biomarkers. This review describes the application of various biosensors in detecting tumor markers. Firstly, several typical tumor makers, such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), carbohydrate, antigen19-9 (CA19-9) and tumor suppressor p53 (TP53), which may be helpful for early cancer detection in the clinic, are briefly described. Then, various biosensors, mainly focusing on electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors and aptamer sensors, are discussed. Specifically, the operation principles of biosensors, nanomaterials used in biosensors and the application of biosensors in tumor marker detection have been comprehensively reviewed and provided. Lastly, the challenges and prospects for developing effective biosensors for early cancer diagnosis are discussed.     

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for medical applications

With recent advances in nanotechnology, great progress has been made in biosensors based on nanomaterials, but there are still numerous challenges to overcome. We describe nanomaterial-based biosensors for researchers new to the field, paying particular attention to metal nanoparticles and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based label-free approaches. Label-free monitoring of biorecognition events provides a promising platform, which is simple, cost-effective, and requires no external modification to biomolecules. Using examples from recent reports, we illustrate the diversity of biological recognition events and the range of experimental techniques employed for metal-nanoparticle-based and label-free characterization.     

Challenges for impedimetric affinity sensors targeting protein detection

The review provides articles discussing big challenges behind successful design of impedimetric biosensors and the way such challenges were/could be addressed for highly sensitive affinity detection of proteins. In particular, the effect of gold etching by chloride ions or by CN^? ions (released from the redox probe [Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4-), the effect of ionic strength of the assay buffer; the effect of initial interfacial properties (capacitance) and the effect of the high analyte:bioreceptor ratio on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy–based biosensing are discussed. The review provides also short discussion related to other factors, which can significantly affect operational performance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy–based biosensing including novel conductive interfaces, small bioreceptors, strategies for improved selectivity (nonbiofouling interfaces) and sensitivity (use of nanoparticles).     

An introduction to electrochemical DNA biosensors

Electrochemical DNA biosensors exploit the affinity of single-stranded DNA for complementary strands of DNA and are used in the detection of specific sequences of DNA with a view towards developing portable analytical devices. Great progress has been made in this field but there are still numerous challenges to overcome. This review for researchers new to the field describes the components of electrochemical DNA biosensors and the important issues in their design. Methods of transducing DNA binding events are discussed along with future directions for DNA biosensors.     

A label-free and high sensitive aptamer biosensor based on hyperbranched polyester microspheres for thrombin detection

In this paper, we have synthesized hyperbranched polyester microspheres with carboxylic acid functional groups (HBPE-CA) and developed a label-free electrochemical aptamer biosensor using thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) as receptor for the measurement of thrombin in whole blood. The indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface modified with HBPE-CA microspheres was grafted with TBA, which has excellent binding affinity and selectivity for thrombin. Binding of the thrombin at the modified ITO electrode surface greatly restrained access of electrons for a redox probe of [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−. Moreover, the aptamer biosensor could be used for detection of thrombin in whole blood, a wide detection range (10 fM–100 nM) and a detection limit on the order of 0.90 fM were demonstrated. Control experiments were also carried out by using bull serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme in the absence of thrombin. The good stability and repeatability of this aptamer biosensor were also proved. We expect that this demonstration will lead to the development of highly sensitive label-free sensors based on aptamer with lower cost than current technology. The integration of the technologies, which include anticoagulant, sensor and nanoscience, will bring significant input to high-performance biosensors relevant to diagnostics and therapy of interest for human health.     

Electrochemical and piezoelectric DNA biosensors for hybridisation detection

DNA biosensors (or genosensors) are analytical devices that result from the integration of a sequence-specific probe and a signal transducer. Among other techniques, electrochemical and piezoelectric methods have recently emerged as the most attractive due to their simplicity, low instrumentation costs, possibility for real-time and label-free detection and generally high sensitivity.Focusing on the most recent activity of worldwide researchers, the aim of the present review is to give the readers a critical overview of some important aspects that contribute in creating successful genosensing devices. Advantages and disadvantages of different sensing materials, probe immobilisation chemistries, hybridisation conditions, transducing principles and amplification strategies will be discussed in detail. Dedicated sections will also address the issues of probe design and real samples pre-treatment. Special emphasis will be finally given to those protocols that, being implemented into an array format, are already penetrating the molecular diagnostics market.     

MicroRNAs电化学生物传感器在乳腺癌检测中的研究进展

MicroRNAs是一类内源性非编码小RNA分子,可调控靶基因的表达。特异性microRNAs的失调在诸如癌症、心血管疾病、免疫疾病、神经退行性疾病和皮肤疾病等的发展过程中起着关键作用,常作为疾病早期诊断和预后的生物标志物。电化学生物传感器由于其灵敏、快速、成本低等优势,已经成为传统microRNAs检测方法的一种很有前途的替代方法。本文综述了基于microRNA电化学生物传感器检测乳腺癌的研究进展,并对其所构建的电化学生物传感器的检测方法进行了分析探讨。     

Electroanalytical biosensors and their potential for food pathogen and toxin detection

The detection and identification of foodborne pathogens continue to rely on conventional culturing techniques. These are very elaborate, time-consuming, and have to be completed in a microbiology laboratory and are therefore not suitable for on-site monitoring. The need for a more rapid, reliable, specific, and sensitive method of detecting a target analyte, at low cost, is the focus of a great deal of research. Biosensor technology has the potential to speed up the detection, increase specificity and sensitivity, enable high-throughput analysis, and to be used for monitoring of critical control points in food production. This article reviews food pathogen detection methods based on electrochemical biosensors, specifically amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors. The underlying principles and application of these biosensors are discussed with special emphasis on new biorecognition elements, nanomaterials, and lab on a chip technology.     

场效应晶体管生物传感器

综述了场效应晶体管生物传感器的研究进展。介绍了场效应晶体管生物传感器的原理、分类及其生物功能物质的固定化技术,并探讨了其存在的问题和发展趋势。     

亲和型生物传感器在生物医学上的应用进展

近年来,生物传感器与纳米技术、流动注射和微流控等新技术的结合,获得了蓬勃而迅速的发展。 亲和型生物传感器是基于生物分子之间的特异的亲和性,即生物活性物质对底物的亲和与键合而建立起来的一种新型传感装置。 它具有特异性好、灵敏度高、成本低、能在复杂的体系中进行在线连续监测等优点,进而在生物医学领域,对生物医学标记物、核酸、蛋白质、病毒、细菌及毒素的检测、药物作用机理的研究、临床用药筛选等方面有着广泛的应用。 本文从光学、电化学、石英晶体微天平传感、表面等离子体共振等几个方面对近年来亲和型生物传感器,特别是用于检测肿瘤标记物的免疫传感器和基于核酸适体的生物传感器在生物医学领域的测定原理和应用现状进行了评述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Toll-like receptors for pathogen detection in water: challenges and benefits

The need for effective and efficient methods for pathogen detection in water is as serious as ever due to the health risk posed to human population by the consumption of pathogen-contaminated water. One of the important research streams which have been focused on by researchers for development of novel techniques for this purpose is biosensor technologies. Using different bio-recognition elements and transduction methodologies, biosensors have the potential to detect their analyte of interest in a fast and highly specific manner. Different pathogenic agents can be recognised by toll-like receptors (TLRs). The innate immune system of higher organisms employs TLRs for triggering intracellular signalling and induction of the expression of immune response genes. In this report, we explore the challenges associated with employing TLRs for pathogen detection in water samples. Although methods using TLR expressing cells also have been discussed, the focus of this review is on using TLR proteins as the bio-recognition elements in biosensors.     

Label-free Selective Detection of Protein Markers in the Picomolar Range via a Convenient Voltammetric Sensing Strategy

A convenient strategy for the preparation of label-free selective protein biomarker sensors is presented. After formation of a ferrocene terminated monolayer on a gold electrode using thiol chemistry, grafting of an antifouling phenylalanine layer onto the preformed ferrocene monolayer is achieved by diazonium chemistry. This provides a platform for receptor (anti-BSA or anti-CRP) immobilization as well an antifouling interface. Specific target binding leads to attenuation of the voltammetric faradaic signal of the underlying ferrocene group. Thereby, label-free, selective, voltammetric detection is achieved with highly competitive limits of detection in the low (≤4) picomolar range for both BSA and CRP.     

受体生物传感器的研究进展

综述了利用各种生物材料中的膜受体蛋白作为分子识别元件的受体生物传感器研究的最新进展。主要从离体受体传感器、细胞受体传感器和神经组织受体传感器3个方面，讨论了它们的特点和存在的问题，并展望了受体生物传感器未来的发展方向。共引用文献42篇。     

电化学生物传感器在发酵领域中的应用

本文综述了近10年来电化学生物传感器在发酵领域中的研究及应用。首先介绍了电化学生物传感器的基本原理及分类,然后对发酵领域中应用和研究最为广泛的酶电极以及微生物电极传感器进行了分类描述,并重点介绍和归纳了葡萄糖、乳酸、酒精以及甘油生物传感器的研究现状,集中探讨了两类传感器的抗干扰性与选择性等特性。     

纳米材料在电化学生物传感器及生物电分析领域中的应用

纳米尺度上的生物分析化学是当今国际生物分析领域研究的前沿和热点.该文阐述了纳米粒子在电化学免疫传感器及电化学DNA传感器领域的应用,着重介绍了以纳米材料为载体设计新型的具有生物分子识别和电信号增强作用的纳米标记粒子在构建高灵敏电化学生物传感器以及多组分同时检测中的应用.