Radiation equilibrium temperature field in a gradient index medium with specular surfaces

The radiation equilibrium temperature field in a gradient index semitransparent absorbing-emitting gray medium is analyzed. The medium is bounded by two semitransparent specular surfaces and possesses a refractive index varying spatially or dependent on temperature. By discretizing the medium into many sublayers and adopting a linear refractive index approximation for each sublayer, the curved ray tracing technique is developed to solve the radiation transfer in medium. The temperature field at radiation equilibrium is obtained based on the energy conservation. The influences of refractive index distribution and optical thickness on the temperature field as well as the coupled effect of temperature and refractive index are examined. The results display the significant influences of gradient index on radiation transfer and the temperature distribution.     

锚固体红外温度场与应力场特性研究

为了研究锚固体力-热耦合机制,分别对不同类型的锚固体加载变形破坏过程进行试验研究。应用红外热像技术,获得红外温度场,同时对锚固体进行应力场数值分析。结果显示:中心位置布置单根锚杆的锚固体;应力峰值前,随着荷载的增加,红外温度场呈现整体均匀性升温变化;应力峰值后,在锚杆周围形成一个由多条不同等温线组成的区域,其形状是以锚杆为中心的近似圆形区域,由内向外,温度逐步降低;有锚杆一侧围岩红外温度高于无锚杆一侧,锚杆周围形成一个近似"喇叭"状的等温线图,高温等温线对应高应力区,低温等温线对应低应力区,红外温度场与应力场之间存在空间分布对应关系。     

Radiation Effect on MHD Free Convection Flow of a Gas Past a Semi-infinite Vertical Plate with Variable Viscosity

The radiation effect in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field on steady free convection flow with variable viscosity is investigated. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as the reciprocal of a linear function of temperature. Boundary layer equations are derived. The resulting approximate non-linear ordinary differential equations are solved linearly and nonlinearly by shooting methods. The velocity and temperature profiles are shown, and the skin friction on the plate and heat transfer coefficient are presented and discussed. The results of the present study show that in the presence of magnetic field, as the radiation parameter increases the temperature increases, but the velocity decreases.     

Magnetohydrodynamic effects on natural convection flow of a nanofluid in the presence of heat source due to solar energy

The objective of the present work is to investigate theoretically the MHD convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a porous vertical stretching sheet in the presence of variable stream condition due to solar radiation (incident radiation). The governing equations are derived using the usual boundary-layer and Boussinesq approximations and accounting for the presence of an applied magnetic field and incident radiation flux. The absorbed radiation acts as a distributed source which initiates buoyancy-driven flow and convection in the absorbed layer. The partial differential equations governing the problem under consideration are transformed by a special form of Lie symmetry group transformations viz. one-parameter group of transformation into a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically using Runge Kutta Gill based shooting method. The conclusion is drawn that the flow field and temperature are significantly influenced by radiation, heat source and magnetic field.     

Prigogine theorem of minimum entropy production applied to the average-atom model

Thermodynamics of irreversible processes is applied to study the interaction of matter and a radiation field in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium within the framework of the average-atom model. The rate of entropy production of matter and the radiation field, in contact with a free electron reservoir in local thermodynamic equilibrium, is obtained using conjugates of the state variables. The average-atom one-electron populations are determined by minimizing the rate of entropy production at fixed electronic density, electronic temperature, and radiation field. Numerical results and comparisons with experiment for a photoionized iron plasma are presented and discussed. Our approach, which is based on first principles, can be used in a large variety of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium situations.     

基于红外辐射的爆炸火焰温度补偿测算技术

应用辐射测温法进行爆炸火焰温度测试时,火焰发射率取经验定值的方法与火焰燃烧机理存在较大的偏差,同时测点距离与环境温湿度也会导致不同程度的热辐射衰减,从而影响爆炸火焰温度的测量精度。本文针对上述两个问题,基于大气辐射理论与光学传播规律,提出了辐射路径衰减补偿模型,结合由红外热像仪和比色测温仪测量的爆炸火焰动态发射率,对爆炸场火焰真温进行联合反演,并将测算结果与比色测温仪测得的火焰表面温度进行对比,得到了反演温度误差范围。试验结果表明,利用本文所提出的补偿模型测算得到的爆炸火焰温度,误差由补偿前的55.699%～89.847%降低到11.292%～59.077%,有效提高了外场爆炸瞬态火焰温度的测算精度。     

Effects of radiation in an optically thin gray gas flowing past a vertical infinite plate in the presence of a magnetic field

This paper studies the two dimensional flow of an electrically conducting fluid which is an optically thin gray gas past a stationary vertical infinite plate in the presence of radiation. It is assumed that the temperature of the plate and the suction at the plate are constant. The presence of the induced magnetic field is also taken into account. Numerical solutions for the velocity and the induced magnetic field are derived and the effects of the radiation parameter are discussed.     

旋转弹体表面红外辐射干扰补偿模型

针对地球红外辐射姿态测试方法中弹体表面红外辐射干扰较大的问题,建立旋转弹体自身红外辐射补偿模型,从而提高弹体姿态测量精度。首先,采用瞬态热平衡微分方程推导出旋转弹体表面温度变化曲线,获取弹体自身红外辐射亮度。然后,根据地球红外辐射及其在大气中的传播规律,建立了弹体自身红外辐射补偿数学模型。最终结合红外传感器输出和所推导的补偿模型,估算红外辐射补偿参数。结果表明补偿后姿态角解算误差显著降低,俯仰角和横滚角解算误差最终分别保持在±0.2°和±0.4°以内。本方法对姿态测量误差的减小具有显著效果,补偿方法简单有效,对旋转弹体的红外姿态测试技术的研究具有借鉴意义。     

Approximate analysis for transient heat conduction with radiation in a slab

In an attempt to minimize the numerical computations associated with the solution of transient heat conduction with radiation in a slab, a perturbation type of analysis is being applied to the temperature field and radiation heat flux simultaneously. The resulting partial differential equations for the perturbation functions for the temperature are solved in explicit forms by use of the energy integral methods, while the radiation heat flux is determined by an appropriate scheme of approximating the temperature distribution in the slab. Included in the analysis are the effects of the parameters: the optical thickness, the ratio of conduction transport to radiation and the wall emissivity. It is found that, in a wide range of these governing parameters, the results compare very favorably with those obtained by the numerical solution of the formulated integro-differential equation. With the present analysis, the temperature, conduction and radiation heat fluxes can be predicted without resorting to lengthy numerical analysis.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flow past a plate by the presence of radiation

An analysis of the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of a viscous and electrically conducting fluid past to a plate by the presence of radiation is considered. The fluid is a gray, absorbing-emitting but nonscattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. Analytical solutions for the mean temperature, velocity and the magnetic field have been derived and the effect of the radiation on the temperature is discussed. Received on 20 November 1997     

Coupled Upscaling Approaches For Conduction, Convection, and Radiation in Porous Media: Theoretical Developments

This study deals with macroscopic modeling of heat transfer in porous media subjected to high temperature. The derivation of the macroscopic model, based on thermal non-equilibrium, includes coupling of radiation with the other heat transfer modes. In order to account for non-Beerian homogenized phases, the radiation model is based on the generalized radiation transfer equation and, under some conditions, on the radiative Fourier law. The originality of the present upscaling procedure lies in the application of the volume averaging method to local energy conservation equations in which radiation transfer is included. This coupled homogenization mainly raises three challenges. First, the physical natures of the coupled heat transfer modes are different. We have to deal with the coexistence of both the material system (where heat conduction and/or convection take place) and the non-material radiation field composed of photons. This radiation field is homogenized using a statistical approach leading to the definition of radiation properties characterized by statistical functions continuously defined in the whole volume of the porous medium. The second difficulty concerns the different scales involved in the upscaling procedure. Scale separation, required by the volume averaging method, must be compatible with the characteristic length scale of the statistical approach. The third challenge lies in radiation emission modeling, which depends on the temperature of the material system. For a semi-transparent phase, this temperature is obtained by averaging the local-scale temperature using a radiation intrinsic average while a radiation interface average is used for an opaque phase. This coupled upscaling procedure is applied to different combinations of opaque, transparent, or semi-transparent phases. The resulting macroscopic models involve several effective transport properties which are obtained by solving closure problems derived from the local-scale physics.     

Slab radiation with initial temperature distribution described by an odd function

Functions describing global characteristics of the temperature field for the slab radiation with initial temperature distribution described by an odd function are given in a graphical form. This form enables rapidly and easily to determine main features of the process.     

Forced convective flow and heat transfer over a?porous plate in a?Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium in presence of?radiation

A mathematical model is presented for analyzing the boundary layer forced convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a plate embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. Thermal radiation term is considered in the energy equation. The similarity solutions for the problem are obtained and the reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically. It is noticed that the boundary layer decreases with an increase in the value of inertial parameter and in this case the temperature profile is found to decrease smoothly within the boundary layer. In case of porous plate, fluid velocity increases whereas non-dimensional temperature decreases for increasing values of suction parameter. The rate of heat transfer increases with the increasing values of Prandtl number. The effect of thermal radiation on temperature field is also analyzed.     

地表温度对颗粒跃移轨迹的影响

为了研究由地表温度变化引起的向上的垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,本文给出了考虑近地表温度变化和水平来流风场作用下的沙粒的跃移运动。在定量给出不同时刻的近地表温度和垂向风速的基础上,计算了由于太阳辐射所引起的近地表层垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,发现:垂向风速在午后可达到1.5m/s并使得沙粒跃移轨迹的最大高度和长度分别增加55.56%和73.68%;同时,与不考虑温度效应的情况不同的是,沙粒跃移轨道最大高度将随粒径变化。     

Grey-body surface radiation coupled with conduction and convection for general geometries

This paper presents a numerical technique for the simulation of the effects of grey-diffuse surface radiation on the temperature field of fluid flows using FIDAP, a general purpose incompressible, viscous fluid code. The radiating surface relationships assume a non-participating medium, constant surface temperature and heat fluxes at the discretized elemental level. The technique involves the decoupling of energy and radiation exchange equations. A concept of macrosurfaces, each containing a number of radiating boundary surfaces, is introduced. These boundary macroelements then carry the information from the radiating boundary into the fluid regime. A number of simulations illustrating the algorithm are presented.     

Thermal Stratification Effects on Hiemenz Flow of Nanofluid Over a Porous Wedge Sheet in the Presence of Suction/Injection Due to Solar Energy: Lie Group Transformation

The objective of the present work is to investigate theoretically the Hiemenz flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a porous wedge sheet in the presence of thermal stratification due to solar energy (incident radiation). The wall of the wedge is embedded in a uniform Darcian porous medium to allow for possible fluid wall suction or injection and has a power–law variation of the wall temperature. The partial differential equations governing the problem under consideration are transformed by a special form of Lie symmetry group transformations viz., one-parameter group of transformation into a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically by Runge–Kutta–Gill-based shooting method. The conclusion is drawn that the flow field and temperature are significantly influenced by convective radiation, thermal stratification, buoyancy force, and porosity of the sheet.     

Non-LTE radiation transport in high radiation plasmas

A primary goal of numerical radiation transport is obtaining a self-consistent solution for both the radiation field and plasma properties, which requires consideration of the coupling between the radiation and the plasma. The different characteristics of this coupling for continuum and line radiation have resulted in two separate sub-disciplines of radiation transport with distinct emphases and computational techniques. LTE radiation transfer focuses on energy transport and exchange through broadband radiation, primarily affecting temperature and ionization balance. Non-LTE line transfer focuses on narrowband radiation and the response of individual level populations, primarily affecting spectral properties. Many high energy density applications, particularly those with high-Z materials, incorporate characteristics of both these regimes. Applications where the radiation fields play an important role in the energy balance and include strong line components require a non-LTE broadband treatment of energy transport and exchange.We discuss these issues and present a radiation transport treatment which combines features of both approaches by explicitly incorporating the dependence of material properties on both temperature and radiation fields. The additional terms generated by the radiation dependence do not change the character of the system of equations and can easily be added to a numerical transport implementation. A numerical example from a Z-pinch application demonstrates that this method improves both the stability and convergence of the calculations. The information needed to characterize the material response to radiation is closely related to that used by the linear response matrix (LRM) approach to near-LTE simulation, and we investigate the use of the LRM for these calculations.     

Radiative transfer effects of an axisymmetric particulate jet into a cylindrical pipe

This paper discusses the radiative transfer effects of an axisymmetric gas-particles jet into a cylindrical pipe. The medium is gray and it participates to radiation by emission, absorption and scattering. The two-phase flow problem is solved numerically by the finite volume method. We investigate the radiative transfer through a sensitivity analysis which considers the effects of the particle radiative properties and the particle number density on the temperature field and on the radiative heat fluxes of the two-phase flow domain. Analysis of the temperature profile in the cylinder, without and then with particle radiation effects, shows a decrease in the medium temperatures and thus an important role of the radiative transfer. These results also show that the presence of scattering makes the medium temperature more uniform. Finally, analysis of the particle number density, through the variation of the injection velocity, shows that a decrease in the injection velocity decreases the temperatures of the gas and particles and rapidly equilibrates the gas and particle temperatures.     

大型空间结构的热-结构动力学分析

空间结构在辐射换热条件下的热诱发振动是导致空间结构失效的一种典型模式。弄清热诱发振动的机理是理解热诱发振动失效的基础。本文针对常见的空间薄壁杆件结构，提出了一种能够对复杂结构及加热条件进行比较准确的温度场和热诱发振动分析的有限元方法。首先利用一种Founer-有限元方法，同时考虑杆截面内平均温度和温差，求解了包含辐射非线性的瞬态热传导问题，并推荐了一种有效降低求解规模的减缩近似方法-Lanczos方法。在此基础上，用有限元法求解了杆件结构的热诱发振动问题，并就杆截面内平均温度和温差对结构振动的影响以及最大动静态响应的比值分别进行了讨论．合理地解释了一类常见的热诱发振动现象，本文的数值算例说明了这点。     

Non-axisymmetric Homann MHD stagnation point flow of Al_2O_3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid with shape factor impact

The heat transfer of Homann flow in the stagnation region of the Al₂ O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid is investigated by adopting the Tiwari-Das model over a cylindrical disk.The effects of the nanoparticle shape,the viscous dissipation,and the nonlinear radiation are considered.The governing equations are obtained by using similarity transformations,and the numerical outcomes for the flow and the temperature field are noted by bvp4 c on MATLAB.The numerical solutions of the fl...