Formation of expanded smooth quasi-Bessel beam range due to the transformation of the Gaussian beam in absorbing axicon

The quasi-Bessel beam range produced by an absorbing axicon is investigated. It is shown that when an incident Gaussian beam is used, the absorbing axicon stretches (with respect to transparent axicon case) the uniform on-axis light intensity distribution length, as well as expanding the quasi-Bessel beam range. In addition, the peak of axial light distribution is shifted from the axicon tip. As a result any spatial modulation formed due to the bluntness of the tip is reduced close to the on-axis intensity peak, which becomes more smooth and uniform.     

Controlling the parameters of photon nanojets of composite microspheres

We consider the spatial and amplitude characteristics of PNJ forming in the neighborhood of the shadow surface of micron-sized composite particles consisting of a nucleus and a shell with various refraction indices when laser radiation scatters on them. We study the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of a photon flux and its peak intensity depending on the microparticle shell thickness. We show that a certain choice of the refraction index of the shell relative to the nucleus in two-layer composite spherical microparticles can significantly lengthen the forming PNJ or increase their peak intensity. The width of the photon flux during this changes insignificantly.     

Strong electromagnetic field localization near the surface of hemicylindrical particles

We theoretically study the forward and backward plane wave illuminations of hemicylindrical dielectric particles with different radii and refractive indices. Near field effects providing strong field enhancement and narrow beam width are obtained from hemicylindrical particles, which can be associated with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and photonic nano-jets (PNJs). It should be noted that existence of PNJ and WGM effects depending on forward/backward light illuminations is studied for the first time in all-dielectric hemicylindrical particles. Compared to dielectric cylinders, hemicylindrical aided PNJs show relatively small influences of WGM regime, when exists, to PNJ behavior. Under the backward excitation, on the other hand, typical nano-jet is produced. The designed hemicylindrical structure could be implemented in high-resolution optical imaging and sensing applications.     

产生多个高光强梯度局域空心光束的理论与实验

在实验中用贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加得到多个具有高强度梯度的局域空心光束(BB)。用衍射理论分析了贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加的光场,借助软件对两光场相干叠加的光强分布进行了模拟,结果表明在球面波的焦点附近能够形成多个高强度梯度的BB。实验中贝塞尔光束和球面波分别用轴棱锥和透镜对平行光聚焦获得,使两光场在同一传播轴上相干叠加,在球面波焦点附近观察到多个BB。通过对比可知,贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加所得BB比用两束贝塞尔光束干涉产生的BB在暗域处具有更大的光强梯度,更有利于稳定的粒子囚禁。     

基于圆锥透镜生成双级无衍射光束的理论分析

为进一步完善多级无衍射光束的传输与转换理论,基于轴锥镜法和菲涅耳衍射理论对双级无衍射光束的光场分布做了详细理论分析,采用数值模拟软件对双级无衍射光束的空间光强分布与轴上光强分布进行仿真;基于锥镜加工工艺对锥镜顶点和一、二级锥镜临界点呈双曲线分布的双级轴棱锥透镜的光场分布进行研究,分析了双级无衍射光场的场强大小和影响光场振荡周期的因素。结果表明:理想双级轴棱锥透镜生成的无衍射光场由4个区域组成,在干涉重合区其光强为一、二级轴棱锥衍射场的耦合叠加,其余区域仍保持单级无衍射光场分布特性;锥镜顶点和一、二级锥镜临界点呈双曲线分布的双级轴棱锥透镜的光场分布受双曲线特征参数影响较大。其特殊的光场分布为多级无衍射光束拓展至大尺寸空间测量以及粒子微操作等提供了新的可能。     

椭圆高斯光束产生近似无衍射Bessel-Gauss光

研究了轴棱锥聚焦像散椭圆高斯光束的光场分布特性,根据菲涅耳衍射积分理论导出了椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥衍射后的光场分布,通过数值积分给出椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥聚焦后的近轴光场强度分布情况,将其与圆高斯光束产生的近似Bessel-Gauss场进行比较,发现椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥聚焦后的光束在一定的传播距离内也具有无衍射特性,且轴上光强分布与圆高斯光束产生的Bessel-Gauss光束的轴上光强分布具有相似的形式,而这种无衍射光场的强度在垂直于光轴的平面上不再是柱对称分布。根据近轴球面波产生近似Bessel光束的最大无衍射距离公式计算了椭圆Bessel-Gauss光束在子午面和弧矢面上的最大无衍射距离,整个光束的无衍射距离由入射到轴棱锥上的椭圆光斑短轴方向的尺寸决定。     

产生不同类型局域空心光束的可拆式组合轴棱锥

提出一种产生尺寸可调局域空心光束的新型光学元件——可拆式组合轴棱锥,这种新型光学元件是在传统轴棱锥的中部沿其轴线方向贯通开设一圆孔,在圆孔内嵌设一第二轴棱锥组成。通过更换不同底角的第二轴棱锥(或第一轴棱锥),可形成不同尺寸的单个局域空心光束或周期性局域空心光束。从几何光学出发分析了产生局域空心光束的原理,计算了局域空心光束的相关参量。由衍射积分理论分析和模拟了新型光学元件的光强分布特性。几何光学和衍射理论所得分析结果基本吻合。     

Extending the depth of focus with high NA lens axicon

Based on vectorial Debye theory, tight focusing of x-polarized beam with high NA lens axicon is studied. The high NA lens axicon utilizes spherical aberration to duplicate the performance of an axicon and to create an extended focal line. The intensity distribution in the focal region is illustrated by numerical calculations. We show that the high NA lens axicon system can generates a sub wavelength beam (0.826λ) with depth of focus around 10λ.     

自成像局域空心光束产生的新方法及粒子俘获

本文提出了产生自成像局域空心光束(self-imaged bottle beams)的一种光学元件------液体轴棱锥.从衍射理论结合几何光学对经过轴棱锥后的光场进行了分析, 得出注入液体折射率小于轴棱锥材料折射率时可产生自成像局域空心光束.并通过软件MathCAD模拟, 得到一个完整周期光束的变换过程和局域空心光束的演变过程.研究发现液体轴棱锥产生的自成像局域 空心光束具有周期及相干长度可调的特点.分析了如何利用自成像局域空心光束对粒子进行俘获, 讨论了用自成像局域空心光束进行多层面粒子俘获的优势.     

DESIGN OF DIFFRACTIVE-PHASE AXICON ILLUMINATED BY A GAUSSIAN-PROFILE BEAM

The diffractive-phase axicon can convert the Gaussian-profile beam into axial uniform intensity distribution with long focal depth and high lateral resolution. Two types of phase-retardation functions for the nonuniform-illuminating axicon are derived in terms of the ray tracing and the geometrical law of energy conservation. Based on the general theory of the amplitude-phase retrieval in optical system and the iteration algorithm, the optimization design of the phase distribution of the diffractive-phase axicon can be achieved. The simulation celculations show that the new approach may successfully offer the design of the desired diffractive-phase axicon with long focal depth and high lateral resolution. A comparison of the performances of the holographic axicon with the phase-retardation functions from the geometrical optics prediction and the diffractive-phase axicon designed by the new approach is also presented.     

Tight focusing of double ring shaped radially polarized beam with high NA lens axicon

A method is presented for generation of a sub wavelength (0.45λ) longitudinally polarized beam, which propagates without divergence over lengths of about 8λ in free space. This is achieved by tight focusing of double ring shaped radially polarized beam with a high NA lens axicon that utilizes spherical aberration to duplicate the performance of an axicon and to create an extended focal line. The intensity distributions were calculated based on the vector diffraction theory and it was observed that in the case of high numerical aperture (NA) lens axicon, the distribution of the total intensity near the focus had little effect on the degree of truncation of the incident beam by the pupil.     

部分相干光束照射的透镜轴棱锥获得均匀焦线

从部分相干光的交叉谱密度函数传输公式出发,推导了高斯谢尔模型(GSM)光束被球差透镜衍射后轴上光强分布的解析公式,并进行了数值模拟和物理分析。结果表明,具有一定束腰宽度和空间相干度的GSM光束经过负球差透镜聚焦后,可以获得轴上光强的均匀分布。通过改变GSM光束的束腰宽度和空间相干度来实现轴上光强均匀分布的方法很简单,转换效率高。     

Intensity distribution around the focal regions of real axicons

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution of a laser beam, after its propagation through a real axicon. We show that, while an ideal axicon generates Bessel-like radial intensity profile and smooth on-axis intensity around the focal region, in practice, the bluntness of the tip of the axicon causes significant deviations from these profiles. In particular, strong oscillations occur on the on-axis intensity. The input beam size also plays a strong role; for small beams the axicon acts more like a conventional lens, while for the large ones, it exhibits two focal regions. We also propose scheme for apodization. In all cases, the experiments match closely with the calculations. Our results show that axicons cannot be assumed to always generate smooth on-axis intensities and the structures coming from the real profiles should be taken into account for most applications.     

采用非线性相位拟合法设计长焦深透镜

针对惯性约束聚变(ICF)激光等离子体诊断系统应用的需求,提出一种采用非线性相位拟合法设计单透镜代替理想对数轴锥镜的方法。对所要得到的球面透镜与理想对数轴锥镜的相位进行拟合,求解得出所需要的球面透镜参量。设计了用于激光等离子体诊断系统的长焦深透镜,并对透镜的焦深、轴向光场均匀性、横向均匀性、焦斑旁瓣等指标进行分析。数值分析结果表明,长焦深透镜具有与理想对数轴锥镜相同的相位分布,焦深、轴向光场均匀性、横向均匀性、焦斑旁瓣均符合设计要求,验证了非线性相位拟合法的正确性。     

新型锥透镜产生局域空心光束

首次提出产生局域空心光束(Bottle beam)的另一类新型锥透镜模型.讨论了凹凸两种模型,分别是在传统轴棱锥的底部磨削和胶合圆台结构形成.研究结果表明平面波正入射新型凹锥透镜可产生单个Bottle beam,正入射新型凸锥透镜可形成具有周期性的Bottle beam.通过几何光学分析了产生Bottle beam的原理,计算了Bottle beam的相关参数.由衍射积分理论分析和模拟了新型锥透镜后的光强分布特性,所得分析结果与几何光学分析基本符合. 关键词： 新型锥透镜 Bottle beam 轴棱锥 Bessel光     

Design and fabrication of a double-axicon for generation of tailorable self-imaged three-dimensional intensity voids

We propose a new design for fabrication of a highly power-efficient double axicon to generate self-imaged three-dimensional intensity voids along the propagation of a beam. The conventional conical structure of an axicon is modified and shaped like an axiconlike structure with a double-gradient surface profile. The gradient conical surfaces generate Bessel beams with varying radial wave vectors that are superimposed and interfere to generate a sequence of three-dimensional intensity voids. The proposed element was fabricated using electron-beam lithography, and experimental verification of the design is reported.     

近似声斗篷的多层介质覆盖水中弹性球壳的声散射

对水中弹性球壳的低频覆盖层消声效果和消声机理进行研究。声斗篷(Acoustic cloak)是各向异性的超常材料,根据有效介质近似理论(Effective MediumApproximationTheory),采用各向同性多层介质近似各向异性材料的声斗篷,推导出覆盖多层介质水中弹性球壳散射声场的解析表达式,计算了弹性球壳覆盖多层介质前后的散射形态函数、谐振模态以及声场分布,分析了覆盖前后球壳的声散射特性和声传播机理。研究表明,覆盖层内的声波在多层介质之间的声传播方向发生改变,声场形成弯曲变形,声能流绕过目标,这不仅极大的降低了低频散射强度,而且使到达弹性体表面的声场强度非常小,散射频响中除了0阶子波产生的第一个谐振峰外,无法激发弹性球壳的其它谐振模态,有效的抑制弹性球壳的谐振散射。      

球形粒子在Bessel波束照射下的轴向辐射力计算和分析

通过声散射理论,将水中粒子的Bessel波束声散射场的分波序列(PWS)表达公式加以推广,进而推导出声辐射力的表达公式,获得了液体球及弹性球在Bessel波束下声辐射力的变化规律。通过观察不同散射角形态函数,可发现声辐射力的产生与粒子背向散射抑制程度有关。对于液体球粒子,球壳厚度及材料介质对粒子声辐射力有着重要的影响,同时Bessel波束波锥角越大,产生负声辐射力的可能性越大。对于弹性球和弹性单层壳粒子,声辐射力的产生与其本身的共振特征存在很大的关系。同时,通过改变球壳内介质及壳层厚度的方法,可增加产生的负声辐射力的频率范围及幅值强度.      

Micro-ablation on silicon by femtosecond laser pulses focused with an axicon assisted with a lens

Micro-ablation of crystalline silicon was performed by irradiating a silicon substrate with femtosecond laser pulses of wavelengths 786 nm or 393 nm focused using a conical axicon assisted with a convex lens. Focusing the laser beam close to the tip of the axicon by means of the lens significantly improved the efficiency of concentration of laser pulse energy at the central spot of the resulting Bessel-Gaussian intensity distribution. As a result, micron-sized holes were formed with the diameter determined by the ablation threshold in the calculated fluence profile. It is possible to predict hole size from the laser pulse energy and the wavelength. Crystalline particles, a few tens of nanometers in size, were formed near the ablated zone.     

梯度轴棱锥产生单个Bottle beam

首次提出一种新的梯度轴棱锥模型,这种梯度轴棱锥在传统的轴棱锥基础上,将轴棱锥顶点的锥角设计成具有一定的梯度.平面波入射到这种梯度轴棱锥,其衍射场会形成两个区域的Bessel光,并且在这两个Bessel光之间形成一个Bottle beam（局域空心光束）.由于Bottle beam具有三维封闭的空心区域和极高的强度梯度,可用作激光导管、光镊和光学扳手等,在生命科学和纳米科技中有重要应用.从几何光学角度分析了梯度轴棱锥形成单个Bottle beam的原理,由衍射及相干理论,分析和模拟了纵向剖面光强分布和横截面光强分布.研究结果对梯度轴棱锥的设计和应用具有指导意义. 关键词： 梯度轴棱锥 Bottle beam 轴棱锥 Bessel光