Nanoscale cavitation instability of the surface melt along the grooves of one-dimensional nanorelief gratings on an aluminum surface

Femtosecond laser nanostructuring at low fluences produces a one-dimensional quasiperiodic grating of grooves on an aluminum surface with a period (≈0.5 μm) that is determined by the length of a surface electromagnetic wave. The structure of the grooves of the surface nanograting is formed by regular nanopeaks following with a period of about 200 nm. Some nanopeaks manifest craters at their tops. It is suggested that nanopeaks are formed due to the frozen nanoscale spallative ablation of a nanolayer of an aluminum melt in quasiperiodic regions corresponding to interference maxima of the laser radiation with the surface electromagnetic wave. The periodicity of the appearance of nanopeaks along grooves is due to the previously predicted mechanism of cavitation deformation of the melt surface in the process of macroscopic spallation ablation. However, in this case, cavitation is coherent (similar to a near-critical spinodal decay) rather than spontaneous.     

Simultaneous generation of a proton beam and terahertz radiation in high-intensity laser and thin-foil interaction

We have observed simultaneously both the fast proton generation and terahertz (THz) radiation in the laser pulse interaction with a 5-μm thick titanium target. In order to control the proton acceleration and THz radiation, we have changed the duration of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) preceding the main pulse generated by the high-intensity Ti:sapphire laser. A fast proton beam with the maximal energy of ∼ 490 keV has been realized by reducing the duration of the ASE. Simultaneously, an intense emission of THz radiation is observed for various ASE durations. We propose the antenna mechanism for the THz radiation, according to which the fast electrons moving along the target surface emit the low-frequency electromagnetic wave. PACS 52.25.Os; 52.38.Kd; 52.50.Jm     

Ultrafast changes in the optical properties of a titanium surface and femtosecond laser writing of one-dimensional quasi-periodic nanogratings of its relief

One-dimensional quasi-periodic nanogratings with spacings in the range from 160 to 600 nm are written on a dry or wet titanium surface exposed to linearly polarized femtosecond IR and UV laser pulses with different surface energy densities. The topological properties of the obtained surface nanostructures are studied by scanning electron microscopy. Despite the observation of many harmonics of the one-dimensional surface relief in its Fourier spectra, a weak decreasing dependence of the first-harmonic wavenumber (nanograting spacing) on the laser fluence is found. Studies of the instantaneous optical characteristics of the material during laser irradiation by measuring the reflection of laser pump pulses and their simulation based on the Drude model taking into account the dominant interband absorption allowed us to estimate the length of the excited surface electromagnetic (plasmon-polariton) wave for different excitation conditions. This wavelength is quantitatively consistent with the corresponding nanograting spacings of the first harmonic of the relief of the dry and wet titanium surfaces. It is shown that the dependence of the first-harmonic nanograting spacing on the laser fluence is determined by a change in the instantaneous optical characteristics of the material and the saturation of the interband absorption along with the increasing role of intraband transitions. Three new methods are proposed for writing separate subwave surface nanogratings or their sets by femtosecond laser pulses using the near-threshold nanostructuring, the forced adjustment of the optical characteristics of the material or selecting the spectral range of laser radiation, and also by selecting an adjacent dielectric.     

电子在激光驻波场中运动产生的太赫兹及X射线辐射研究

采用单电子模型和经典辐射理论分别对低能和高能电子在线偏振激光驻波场中的运动和辐射过程进行了研究. 结果表明: 垂直于激光电场方向入射的低速电子在激光驻波场中随着光强的增大, 逐渐从一维近周期运动演变为二维折叠运动, 并产生强的微米量级波长的太赫兹辐射; 高能电子垂直或者平行于激光电场方向入射到激光驻波场中, 都会产生波长在几个纳米的高频辐射; 低能电子与激光驻波场作用中, 激光强度影响着电子的运动形式、辐射频率以及辐射强度; 高能电子入射时, 激光强度影响了电子高频辐射的强度, 电子初始能量影响着辐射的频率; 电子能量越高, 产生的辐射频率越大. 研究表明可以由激光加速电子的方式得到不同能量的电子束, 并利用电子束在激光驻波场的辐射使之成为太赫兹和X射线波段的小型辐射源. 研究结果可以为实验研究和利用激光驻波场中的电子辐射提供依据.     

纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体射频辐射特性研究

开展了波长为532 nm、脉宽为8 ns的纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体射频电磁辐射特性实验研究,基于锥形天线探测空气等离子体在30-800 MHz频谱范围有较强的射频电磁辐射,是等离子体内电偶极子振荡变速运动造成的.实验结果表明:随激光能量增加,30-200 MHz范围内射频辐射强度逐渐变强,但360-600 MHz频率范围射频辐射强度逐渐变弱.等离子体射频辐射的空间分布依赖于入射激光的偏振方向,当激光偏振方向与天线放置方向一致时,该方向上空气等离子体的射频辐射强度高,谱线较丰富.射频辐射总功率随激光能量先增加后降低,采用等离子体电子密度变化对等离子体频率及等离子体衰减系数影响(制约)关系,对射频辐射总功率随激光能量的变化规律进行了解释.     

Nonlinear diffraction in a quantum-dot system with allowance for the Hubbard interaction

The propagation of monochromatic laser radiation in a volume system of quantum dots (QDs) that are tunnel-coupled along one axis is considered. The electron energy spectrum of the QD system is modeled in the tight-binding approximation with allowance for the Coulomb interaction of electrons in the Hubbard model. The electromagnetic field of laser radiation in a QD system is described quasi-classically by Maxwell equations; as applied to this problem, they are reduced to a non-one-dimensional wave equation for the vector potential. As a result of the analysis of the wave equation in the approximation of varying amplitudes and phases, an effective equation describing the electromagnetic field in a QD system is obtained and numerically solved. The influence of the parameters of the system and the amplitude and frequency of the field of incident laser radiation on the character of its propagation is investigated. Nonmonotonic dependences of the factor characterizing the laser beam diffraction spread on the parameters of the electron energy spectrum of the system are obtained.     

Energy Losses Due to Radiation Reaction for Electrons Accelerated by Interfering Intense Laser Pulses with Tilted Amplitude Fronts

The dynamics of an electron accelerated by laser radiation with the help of a scheme based on the interference of three relativistically intense electromagnetic pulses with titled amplitude fronts is analyzed. It is shown that, starting at the center of the interference pattern, the electron moves along a spiral trajectory with the axis perpendicular to the wave vectors of the laser beams, gaining considerable kinetic energy in the process. The impact of radiation reaction under the arrangement is simulated numerically in the framework of various approaches intended to take into account the energy loss resulting from the effect. The energy loss by the electron is shown to depend strongly on its initial energy and on whether the electron and the laser pulse initially travel in the same or opposite directions. The relation between small energy losses due to radiation reaction and the electron capture by the optical field is established. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

典型甚低频电磁波对辐射带高能电子的散射损失效应

辐射带中高能电子与空间甚低频电磁波由于波粒共振相互作用发生投掷角散射, 进而沉降入稠密大气而损失. 为研究甚低频电磁波对辐射带中高能电子的散射作用机制, 本文基于准线性扩散理论, 利用库仑作用和波粒共振相互作用扩散系数的物理模型, 得到了两组典型甚低频电磁波与高能电子波粒共振相互作用的赤道投掷角弹跳周期平均扩散系数, 并分析了甚低频电磁波共振散射作用与大气库仑散射作用对不同磁壳及不同能量的辐射带电子扩散损失的影响规律. 以磁壳参数L=2.2, 能量E=0.5 MeV的辐射带电子作为算例, 采用有限差分方法数值求解扩散方程, 计算分析了电子单向通量和全向通量随时间的沉降损失演化规律. 研究结果表明: 当电子能量大于0.5 MeV, 磁壳参数大于1.6时, 甚低频电磁波的共振散射作用显著; 随着磁壳参数或电子能量的增大, 斜传播甚低频电磁波引起的高阶共振相互作用越来越大; 电子全向通量近似随时间呈指数函数形式衰减.     

Quantum hyperdiffusion in one-dimensional tight-binding lattices

Transient quantum hyperdiffusion, namely, faster-than-ballistic wave packet spreading for a certain time scale, is found to be a typical feature in tight-binding lattices if a sublattice with on-site potential is embedded in a uniform lattice without on-site potential. The strength of the sublattice on-site potential, which can be periodic, disordered, or quasiperiodic, must be below certain threshold values for quantum hyperdiffusion to occur. This is explained by an energy band mismatch between the sublattice and the rest uniform lattice and by the structure of the underlying eigenstates. Cases with a quasiperiodic sublattice can yield remarkable hyperdiffusion exponents that are beyond three. A phenomenological explanation of hyperdiffusion exponents is also discussed.     

Nonlinear diffraction in inhomogeneous superlattice

We considered the propagation of laser monochromatic radiation in a superlattice that contains regions with an elevated concentration of carriers. The model of the energy spectrum of electrons is chosen in the strong coupling approximation. The electromagnetic field is described quasiclassically with Maxwell equations, which, as applied to the problem under study, are reduced to a non-one-dimensional sine-Gordon wave equation for the vector-potential. We analyzed the wave equation in the approximation of slowly varying amplitudes and phases and obtained and numerically solved an effective equation that describes the electromagnetic field in the superlattice. We studied different regimes of propagation of laser radiation, analyzed diffraction by regions with an elevated electron concentration.     

电磁辐照金属铝膜材料释气效应研究

为研究空间环境中通用航天器表面覆盖的热控层电磁辐照效应,采用粒子模拟(PIC)和蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟相结合方法,建立了真空环境下电磁辐照航天器热控材料模型,模拟了场致电子发射、次级电子倍增、释气雪崩电离的全过程,并讨论了释气密度对热防护材料表面产生释气电离现象的影响。通过对比不同释气密度下该过程产生的电子和离子情况,获得热防护材料表面释气产生雪崩电离的阈值。模拟结果表明,当铝膜表面气体密度较小时,由于材料表面释气碰撞电离概率偏低而不会发生雪崩电离;只有当释气密度超过阈值时,材料表面释气碰撞电离过程加强,材料表面发生雪崩电离生成等离子体,等离子体吸收电磁波能量,其离子和电子总能量提升,可能对金属铝膜材料造成损伤。     

Optimization of two parallel wires of laser plasma filaments for channeling electromagnetic energy

We theoretically investigated the electromagnetic wave (EMW) transmission along two parallel wires of laser plasma filaments produced by the filamentation of ultrafast laser pulses in air. Many factors, such as wire diameter and separation, electron density, and operating frequency are shown to influence the propagation loss. By taking into consideration the radiation and transmission effects of the wires, the calculations of the two parallel filament wires reasonably agrees with that of the standard commercial twin-lead wire. Specifically, the optimum separation of the two wires is determined for a given frequency and an effective electron density of the wires. When compared with free-space propagation, transmission enhancement of tens dB is obtained using optimized wire configurations. Thus, the two plasma wires may be a potential channel for point to point directed delivery of EM energy or communication of pulsed-modulated EM radiation.     

典型雷达装备带内连续波辐射效应试验研究

为掌握雷达装备在带内连续波辐射下的效应规律、揭示带内连续波对雷达的干扰作用机理,以某型频率步进雷达为受试对象,采用全电平辐照法对其进行电磁辐射效应试验研究。带内单频点电磁辐射效应试验结果表明,受试雷达在带内连续波辐射能量作用下,出现测距不准、目标回波电平受到压制等效应。测距误差随辐射干扰功率的增加不规则地变化,而目标回波电平随辐射功率的增加而逐渐减小。带内单频连续波辐射敏感度试验结果表明,受试雷达对带内电磁辐射能量非常敏感。在给定试验条件下,最小只需要0.32 V/m(频差为-0.1 GHz时)的辐射场强就能对受试雷达造成有效干扰。辐射频差超过±0.16 GHz后,临界干扰场强开始急剧增加,受试雷达的连续波电磁辐射效应表现出明显的选频特性。     

Theory of extraordinary transmission of light through quasiperiodic arrays of subwavelength holes

By using a theoretical formalism able to work in both real and k spaces, the physical origin of the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission of light through quasiperiodic arrays of holes is revealed. Long-range order present in a quasiperiodic array selects the wave vector(s) of the surface electromagnetic mode(s) that allows an efficient transmission of light through subwavelength holes.     

Scattering of radiation by a quasiperiodic two-dimensional medium

We study the scattering of radiation by a medium presenting inhomogeneities distributed in a quasiperiodic way. We show the existence of quasiperiodic solutions of the two-dimensional stationary wave equation, under certain conditions on the index of refraction, using a technique based on Dinaburg-Sinai method for one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a quasiperiodic potential. Moreover we show that the energy spctrum contains a nonempty absolutely continuous component, with a subset having high degeneracy, provided the inhomogeneities are small enough.     

激光能量注入控制Ⅳ型激波干扰的数值研究

激光能量注入可以控制Ⅳ型激波干扰,有效地减小钝头体压力载荷。基于有限体积法和分区结构网格划分的高分辨率数值方法,在来流马赫数为3.45的条件下,计算了单脉冲激光能量注入和连续激光能量注入对Ⅳ型激波干扰的影响。研究结果表明:单脉冲激光能量注入后一个较短时期内(50~60μs),钝头体表面压力突然升高,随后压力有一个较为明显的下降过程,然后恢复原状态;当注入的连续激光能量较小时,钝头体表面压力略微增大,随着注入能量增大,钝头体表面压力峰值减小;在注入能量到一定程度时,钝头体表面压力峰值减小已不明显。     

Frequency conversion and amplification by stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR)

The coherent response of a polarizable medium to the radiation stimulated by the interaction of an incident coherent electromagnetic wave with a charged-particle beam, moving with greater than critical speed, results in intense electromagnetic radiation in the form of one or more shock fronts. The shock frequencies are shifted significantly from that of the incident wave and are tunable by parametric variation of the incident beams. The mechanism for this new effect (SESR) differs fundamentally from the laser mechanism. Production of intense quasi-coherent x-ray radiation by SESR obviates the need for x-ray mirrors and is not inhibited by the large spontaneous emission rates at these frequencies. Substantial fraction of the particle-beam energy can be converted into frequency-shifted radiation, with intensity larger than that of the incident wave, because of quadratic dependence on the interaction distance in the medium of the energy radiated into SESR, as compared to the linear dependence of Cerenkov radiative energy. Specific shock frequencies cross from below to above a given resonance frequency of the medium as the relevant two level populations become inverted. This dynamical dependence of the shock frequencies on the level populations provides the basis for new pumping and amplification mechanisms. An example of a possible SESR-based transducing-amplification system is described.     

激光诱导等离子体的气体动力学和燃烧波扩展速度研究

针对激光对熔石英材料产生致燃损伤过程中存在的激光支持燃烧波,考虑激光作用的温度残余、目标形貌的改变、喷溅物质分布、目标表面气流状况的分布等效应,分阶段对激光支持燃烧波的过程进行建模和仿真研究.通过建立二维轴对称气体动力学模型,模拟研究包含逆韧致辐射、热辐射、热传导和对流过程在内的激光能量传输过程.此外,依据激光支持燃烧波在可见光波段具有明显的辐射特征这一特点,利用阴影法测量了激光对熔石英致燃损伤过程中的燃烧波扩展速度,得到了燃烧波演化过程图像.研究结果表明:在平行激光束作用下,燃烧波的传播是稳态的,气体动力学行为比较稳定;在聚焦激光束作用下,燃烧波的传播是非稳态的.模拟结果中得到的激光支持燃烧波扩展速度及气体动力学结构与实验结果和理论推导结果符合得很好,验证了理论模型的正确性.     

脉冲激光烧蚀碲镉汞材料的等离子体发射谱

脉冲激光辐照处于不同背景气压下的Hg0.8Cd0.2Te材料表面,用时间和空间分辨诊断技术探测了激光照射后产生的等离子体发射谱,根据所获得的飞行时间谱测量了等离子体中粒子的出射速度,结果表明粒子速度随着出射距离的增加迅速减小,且背景气压对出射速度有很大的影响,而激光能量对粒子速度的影响不大。另外根据谱线的展宽计算了等离子体中的电子密度,结果表明,电子密度在激光辐照样品后的短时间内迅速减小,且电子密度最大的位置不是出现在靶的表面而是在距表面一定距离处。