Isomerization of eugenol to isoeugenol

The isomerization of eugenol to isoeugenol was investigated by employing catalysis by KOH in amyl alcohol or glycerol, or by RhCl₃. A number of factors which affect the reaction (solvent, temperature, molar ratios, presence of water) were examined.

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(KOH ) (RhCl₃). , (, , , ).

     

Hydrogen spillover effects in the reduction of iron oxide

Freshly formed metal accelerates the rate of reduction of ferric oxide in the presence of water vapour. This effect is explained on the basis of the spillover of hydrogen from the metal sites to the oxide phase through portholes of water.

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. .

     

Influence of water activity on the rate of dihydrogen oxidation by metal complexes in aqueous solutions of electrolytes

Strong interaction of Pt with a TiO₂ support (reductive high-temperature treatment) is shown to increase the catalytic activity due to a decrease in CO coverage of the active Pt surface.

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, TiO₂- ( ) .

     

Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data. XII

Shape and position parameters and are proposed for the characterization of TG curves and are defined by Eqs (6), (7) and (8), respectively. These parameters being reduced to the standard conditionsn=0 andq=1/6 K sec^–1, the nomogram given in Fig. 1 can be constructed by means fo Eqs (9), (11) and (12). An iteration method is proposed, allowing derivation of the kinetic parametersn, E andZ of simple thermal decomposition reactions, from the parameters n,E andZ, by using the empirica formulae (9), (10), (11) and (12) and the nomogram. Table 3 contains data necessary to construct this nomogram.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gestalts- und Positionsparameter , und werden zur Charakterisierung von TG-Kurven vorgeschlagen, bzw. durch die Gleichungen (6), (7) und (8) definiert. Durch Reduktion dieser Parameter auf die Standardbedingungenn=0 undq=1/6 K sec^–1 mit Hilfe der Gleichungen (9), (11) und (12) kann das Nomogramm in Abb. 1 konstruiert werden. Eine Iterationsmethode wird vorgeschlagen, welche die Ableitung der kinetischen Parameter,n, E undZ einfacher thermischer Zersetzungsreaktionen aus den Parametern and unter Anwendung der empirischen Formeln (9), (10), (11) und (12) sowie des Nomogramms ermöglicht. Tabelle 3 enthält die zur Konstruktion des Nomogramms nötigen Angaben.

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Résumé Pour caractériser les courbes TG, on propose les paramètres de forme et de position , et définis par les équations (6), (7) et (8). En réduisant ces paramètres aux conditions standardsn=0 etq=1/6 K sec^–1, à l'aide des équations (9), (11) et (12), le nomogramme donné dans la figure 1 peut être construit. On propose une méthode d'itération pour déduire les paramètres cinétiquesn, E etZ à partir des paramètres , et dans le cas des réactions simples de décomposition thermique, en utilisant les formules empiriques (9), (10), (11) et (12) ainsi que le nomogramme. Le tableau 3 contient les données nécessaires pour construire ce nomogramme.

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G , , (6), (7) (8). « » =0 q=1/6 ^–1 , . 1, (9), (11) (12). , , E Z , (9), (10), (11) (12) . 3 , .

     

Uncatalyzed and catalyzed bromate driven oscillations in salicylic and 5-sulfosalicylic acid

Kinetics of the reactions of WCl₆ with Ph₄Sn, Ph₃SnCl and Ph₂SnCl₂ have been studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Approximate values of the corresponding rate constants in benzene have been obtained.

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WCl₆ Ph₄Sn, Ph₃SnCl Ph₂SnCl₂, , - . .

     

Acetylene adsorption on a clean iridium surface

The interaction of C₂H₂ with a polycrystalline iridium surface at 140 KT500 K has been studied by AES, XPS and UPS. A model of the bonding between C₂H₂ and Ir by the 1 orbitals of the hydrocarbon is proposed. The more pronounced energy splitting between the orbitals of acetylene during adsorption compared to that in the gas phase is ascribed to deformation of the acetylene molecule.

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C₂H₂ . 140 KT500 K AES, XPS UPS. C₂H₂ Ir 1- . - , , .

     

Simultaneous measurement of thermal properties in ferroelectric crystals

Simultaneous measurement of the influence of the electric field on specific heat, thermal conductivity and pyroelectric coefficient is described as a summary of previous papers. From these coefficients, which are determined by means of a flux calorimeter, the behaviour of other properties, such as thermal diffusivity and electrocaloric coefficient, is deduced.The data are compared with the findings obtained by other authors with traditional methods.

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Zusammenfassung In Zusammenfassung vorhergehender Arbeiten wurde die simultane Messung des Einflusses von elektrischen Feldern auf spezifische Wärme, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten beschrieben. Auf Grundlage dieser Konstanten, die mittels eines Fluxkalorimeters bestimmt wurden, konnte das Verhalten anderer Eigenschaften wie z. B. thermische Diffusionskonstante und elektrokalorischer Koeffizient abgeleitet werden. Die Daten wurden mit durch herkömmliche Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnissen anderer Autoren verglichen.

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, . , , , . , .

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This work has been supported by the Spanish C.A.I.C. y T.     

Marked differences between acetonitrile/water and methanol/water mobile phase systems on the thermodynamic behavior of benzodiazepines in reversed phase liquid chromatography

Summary Two different methods were used to determine the separation factor at different temperatures and the Gibbs-Helmholtz parameters ((H), (S)) of two adjacent benzodiazepines on a chromatogram were obtained from plots of ln versus 1/T. We first studied each factor (fraction of water in the ACN/water mixture and column temperatureT), which controls the retention mechanism, and then we examined the simultaneous variation of all these factors. The changes in (H) and (S) in relation to a volume fraction of water in an ACN/water mixture were examined. In the ACN/water system, (H) was fairly constant in the acetonitrile region of 0.52 and appears to be a roughly linear function of for 0.52. In this system (S) is approximately a parabolic function of with an optimum at 0.52. The retention mechanism of ten benzodiazepines was found to be significantly different in the methanol/water and ACN/water mixtures. The separation optimization of these ten benzodiazepines was then considered. A fraction of water of 0.43 in the ACN/water mixture and a column temperature of 44°C gave the most efficient separation conditions in the ACN/water mixture.     

Studies of the kinetics and mechanism of glucose hydrogenation over ruthenium catalysts

Glucose hydrogenation has been studied in weakly alkaline water-ethanol media over 5% Ru/Al₂O₃. The solvent is shown to affect the activity and selectivity.

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- 5% Ru/Al₂O₃. .

     

Oxidative elongation of lower paraffins

It is shown that the oxidative condensation of ethane on CoMo/-Al₂O₃ catalysts is in principle possible. The conceivable paths of this reaction are analyzed.

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- .

     

Isokinetic relationships (IKRs) in organometallic and coordination chemistry: Reactions of Ru5C(CO)14{P(OPh)3} and other complexes

The linear compensation plot of H versus S for associative substitution reactions of Ru5C(CO)14 {P(OPh3)} with seven P-donor nucleophiles suggests that an isokinetic temperature, Tiso, of 253±10K exists. A detailed statistical analysis by the Linert-Exner method shows that the data are consistent with there being a genuine isokinetic temperature at 245K at which reactions with six out of the seven nucleophiles proceed at the same rate. This can be shown more easily, graphically more vividly, and with quantitatively the same or better results, by a simplified version of an earlier method due to Krug, Greiger et al. in which H values are found to depend linearly on corresponding values of G calculated at a suitably chosen temperature. This isokinetic behaviour is closely related to that shown by the linear free energy analysis of the rates in terms of the electronic and steric properties of the nucleophiles. The temperature dependence of the sensitivity of the rates to these electronic and steric properties suggests that the major factors involved are entropic rather than enthalpic, reactions with larger nucleophiles actually being favoured by enthalpic factors. Steric profiles obtained at different temperatures all pass through a common point with an isokinetic cone angle of 153°. A few examples of other reactions of organometallic or coordination compounds that show linear compensation plots of H versus S are also analysed by the Linert- Exner and Krug-Greiger methods. Some do show unambiguous isokinetic behaviour but others do not, even though the compensation plots appear to be linear.     

Darstellung,Thermisches Verhalten und Gitterparameter von Erbiumfluorooxalattetrahydrat ErFC2O4 · 4H2O

Zusammenfassung Erbiumfluorhydrat ErF₃ · 1.1 H₂O bildet in Oxalsäurelösungen Erbiumfluorooxalattetrahydrat ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O. Das ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O ist grobkristallin, unlöslich in verdünnten Säuren und Laugen und löslich in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure. Beim thermogravimetrischen Abbau bildet es die Verbindungen ErFC₂O₄ · 2 H₂O, ErFC₂O₄ · · H₂O, ErFC₂O₄, ErOF und ErO_1.5. Die Kristallstruktur des ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O ist orthorhombisch mit den Gitterkonstantena=11.217±0.007 Å,b-13.046±0.008 Å,c=9.191±0.005 Å undZ=6.

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Erbium fluoride hydrate ErF₃ · 1.1 H₂O forms in solutions of oxalic acid erbium fluorooxalate tetrahydrate ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O. The ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O is coarse-crystalline, insoluble in diluted acids and bases and soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. During thermal decomposition ErFC₂O₄ · 2 H₂O, ErFC₂O₄ · H₂O, ErFC₂O₄, ErOF and ErO_1.5 are formed. The crystal structure of ErFC₂O₄ · 4H₂O is orthorhombic, with lattice constantsa=11.217±0.007 Å,b=13.046±0.008, Å c=9.191±±0.005Å andZ=6.

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Résumé Le fluorure d'erbium hydraté (ErF₃ · 1.1 H₂O) forme dans l'acide oxalique fluorooxalate d'erbium tétrahydraté (ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O), un précipité consistant à gros cristaux insoluble dans les acides et bases dilués, mais soluble dans l'acide sulfurique concentré. Au cours de sa décomposition thermique on obtient ErFC₂O₄ · 2 H₂O; ErFC₂O₄ · H₂O; ErFC₂O₄, ErOF et ErO_1.5. ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O a une structure cristalline ortorhombique avec les paramètres suivants:a=11.217±0.007 Å,b=13.046±0.008 Å,c-9.191 ±0.005 Å,Z=6.

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ErF₃ · 1.1 H₂O, ErFC₂O₄ · 4H₂O. ErFC₂O₄ · 4H₂O, - , , . : ErFC₂O₄ · 2H₂O. ErFC₂O₄ · H₂O, ErFC₂O₄, ErOF ErO_1·5. ErFC₂O₄ · 4 H₂O a=11,217±0,007 Å,b=13,046±0,008 Å,c=9,191± 0,005 Å Z=6.

     

TPD study of catalyst surface acidity

Acidity of catalyst surfaces of different nature such as -Al₂O₃, natural zeolite-clinoptilolite, and synthetic zeolite zeokar by adsorption of ammonia over a wide temperature range has been studied. Ammonia is adsorbed on the catalysts with different strengths, as evidenced by the presence of different types of acid sites.

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(-Al₂O₃, - , () . , , .

     

Reaction mechanism and principles of choosing catalysts for selective oxidation at C?H bonds

Reaction mechanism for selective oxidation of organic compounds at C–H bonds is discussed. The criteria of selecting catalysts for these reactions have been formulated; 1) fast heterolytic activation of C–H bonds; 2) relatively slow primary activation of oxygen; 3) fast diffusion of oxygen vacancies; 4) fast electron transfer from the adsorbed substrate to catalyst.

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C–H . : 1) C–H ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

     

Photochemical reactions of anthraquinone with hydrocarbons in the presence and absence of oxygen: Trapping of radical intermediates

Radical intermediates formed at 25°C in the presence and absence of oxygen during the photolysis of anthraquinone in aromatic, cyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents were trapped by 2,6-dichloronitrosobenzene, 2,6-dibromonitrosobenzene and 2,4,6-tribromonitrosobenzene. The resulting nitroxide radicals have been characterized in situ by ESR spectra.

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: 2,6-, 2,6- 2,4,6-— , , 25°C. .

     

Preparation and characterization of Ru?Pb supported catalysts

Decomposition of Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ during oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde was observed. Depending on the surface composition of the initial catalyst, the decomposition leads to less active but highly selective MnMoTeO₆ or to MnMoO₄ which is not selective in toluene oxidation.

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Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ . , MnMoTeO₆, MnMoO₆.

     

Thermal studies of lead(II) salts,VI

The kinetics and mechanisms of the thermal decomposition of lead(II) carbonate and lead(II) hydroxide carbonate have been studied over a range of temperatures and partial pressures of carbon dioxide using both isothermal and programmed heating. All stages in each decomposition are diffusion controlled and Arrhenius parameters have been determined. These values for loss of carbon dioxide are all extremely high for a diffusion process, but show a compensation effect, following the equation: logA=–5.02+0.067E The compensation effect is discussed and comparisons with other systems showing such effects are made.

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Zusammenfassung Kinetik und Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung von Blei(II)carbonat und Blei(II)hydroxycarbonat wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und CO₂-Partialdrücken sowohl isotherm als auch unter den Bedingungen der programmierten Aufheizung untersucht. Bei allen Zersetzungsschritten ist die Diffusion der geschwindingkeitsbestimmende Schritt; die Arrhenius-Parameter wurden bestimmt. Für einen Diffusionsprozess sind diese Werte extrem hoch, sie zeigen aber einen durch die Gleichung logA=–5.02+0.067E zu beschreibenden Kompensationseffekt, der diskutiert wird. Durch Vergleich mit anderen Systemen wird gezeigt, wie solche Effekte zustande kommen.

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- - , . - - . , , - : log=– 5.02 + 0.067. K .

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We wish to record our thanks to Dr. A. K. Galwey for his interest and the considerable time he has spent discussing the general and particular problems of the compensation effect.     

The autocatalytic character of the reaction methanol to hydrocarbons over amorphous silica-alumina catalysts

Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons was studied on an amorphous silica-alumina over the 330–420°C temperature range and contact times up to 8 h. The reaction was confirmed as autocatalytic from the results of varying both contact time and temperature.

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330–420°C 8 . , , , .

     

X-ray diffraction studies of the state of components in Pt?Ce/Al2O3 catalysts

X-ray diffraction studies of supported Ce/Al₂O₃ and Pt–Ce/Al₂O₃ catalysts have shown that besides a bulk phase CeO₂ a product of the interaction with the support cerium aluminate having a perovskite structure, is usually formed. Platinum in unreduced modified samples forms an oxide and is statistically distributed in the perovskite phase of cerium aluminate. After reduction, only half of the metal is in the metallic state with a particle size of 10 Å.

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, CeO₂, - . . 10 Å.

     

Oxidative coupling of 5-membered heterocycles catalyzed by a Pd(II)-heteropolyacid system in dimethylformamide

Oxidative coupling of thiophene and 2-methylfuran to the corresponding dihetaryls in DMFA medium occurs in the presence of the homogeneous catalytic system Pd(II)-molybdovanodophosphoric heteropolyacid (HPA). The data obtained show that HPA may act as a reversible oxidant in polar aprotic media.

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, Pd(II)- 2- . , .