单板计算机对化学过程的实时检测

单板计算机可按实际需要灵活地借各种传感器或检测仪器对化学过程进行多方面的自动实时检测,由多路模/数(A/D)转换可单机轮流检测温度、压力、流量、酸度、电压、电流等不同的物理量及化学参数的变化。由于检测采点间隔时间可在毫秒至小时级任意选择,既可应用于瞬时快速反应过程,也可应用于长时定时检测,且由于单板机使用汇编语言程序,执行速度快,故在瞬时快速检测中更可显示其优越性能。检测的数据可通过打印机自动记录。附设控制装置,可同时用于自动实时控制。此外,单板机对于使用环境温     

可聚合表活性单体的研究进展

可聚合表活性单体(英文简称,Surfmer)是一种功能性表面活性剂,其特点为分子结构中同时具有亲水和疏水的基团,且含有可聚合的双键。这一结构特点赋予它们独特的物理化学性质———两亲性和可聚合特性。可聚合表活性单体作为新型的聚合单体在工业生产、科学研究等领域有着广泛的应用价值。本文根据可聚合表活性单体离子电荷的不同,综述了六种可聚合表活性单体的合成、性质及应用研究情况,并对可聚合表活性单体的研究趋势和未来前景进行了展望。     

可解释深度学习在光谱和医学影像分析中的应用

深度学习是一种基于神经网络的建模方法,通过不同功能感知层的构建获得优化模型,提取大量数据的内在规律,实现端到端的建模。数据规模的增长和计算能力的提高促进了深度学习在光谱及医学影像分析中的应用,但深度学习模型可解释性的不足是阻碍其应用的关键因素。为克服深度学习可解释性的不足,研究者提出并发展了可解释性方法。根据解释原理的不同,可解释性方法划分为可视化方法、模型蒸馏及可解释模型,其中可视化方法及模型蒸馏属于外部解释算法,在不改变模型结构的前提下解释模型,而可解释模型旨在使模型结构可解释。本文从算法角度介绍了深度学习及三类可解释性方法的原理,综述了近三年深度学习及可解释性方法在光谱及医学影像分析中的应用。多数研究聚焦于可解释性方法的建立,通过外部算法揭示模型的预测机制并解释模型,但构建可解释模型方面的研究相对较少。此外,采用大量标记数据训练模型是目前的主流研究方式,但给数据的采集带来了巨大的负担。基于小规模数据的训练策略、增强模型可解释性的方法及可解释模型的构建仍是未来的发展趋势。     

β-(1→3)-D-葡聚糖可德胶化学改性的研究进展

可德胶是一种天然的直链型微生物发酵多糖,具有独特的凝胶特性,在食品及医药等领域有重要应用.可德胶不溶于水,这限制了其实际应用.因此对可德胶进行化学改性来扩大其应用范围,成为可德胶研究特别是其生物活性研究的重要方向之一.一些常用的多糖化学改性方法如磺酸化、羧甲基化等已被大量运用于可德胶改性上,这不仅极大改善了可德胶的水溶性,同时也赋予了可德胶更多的生物活性.本文综述了近年来国内外可德胶化学改性的研究进展,着重介绍了可德胶主链水解、磺酸化、羧甲基化、疏水改性等化学修饰的方法和发展动向.同时还介绍了"点击化学"这一最新的选择性化学修饰方法在可德胶化学改性中的应用.     

大红花、紫荆花可作指示剂的实验

自然界具有各种颜色的花草,多可在酸、碱溶液中显示不同的颜色变化,敌可当做指示剂用。各地教师同志,可结合当地条件,通过实验,以利教学     

用中药“紫草”作指示剂

自然界具有各种颜色的花草,多可在酸、碱溶液中显示不同的颜色变化,敌可当做指示剂用。各地教师同志,可结合当地条件,通过实验,以利教学     

基于纳米碳填料可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料的制备

碳系材料具有导电性强、稳定性好、价格低廉等优点,被广泛用于制备可拉伸导电复合材料,并且在可拉伸、可穿戴电子设备等领域有巨大的应用潜力,引起了研究者的密切关注。本文介绍了碳系材料的种类,主要有炭黑、碳纳米管和石墨烯等;总结了3种纳米复合材料的主要制备工艺:原位聚合法、熔融共混法和溶液混合法,并介绍了传统印刷技术和新型打印技术。分析了复合材料的导电机理,介绍了渗流阈值理论;并重点探讨了其在可拉伸传感器和可拉伸能量储存设备领域的应用。针对基于纳米碳填料制备的可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料指出目前研究的不足之处:导电填料分散性差、导电网络不稳定和无法大规模生产等,并提出了多种解决方案。对基于纳米碳填料制备的可拉伸导电聚合物复合材料在微型化、可拉伸、可穿戴电子设备领域的应用前景作出了展望。     

离子色谱法测定碘化钾中阴离子杂质的含量

<正>碘化钾是一种重要的化工原料,可广泛应用于医药和化工行业。在医药领域,碘化钾可用于防治缺碘性甲状腺肿[1-2],利用其抗真菌活性,临床可用于治疗孢子丝菌病[3-4]、着色芽生菌病、持久性的结节性红斑和结节性血管炎等[5-6];在化工领域,碘化钾可用于制备碘化物,合成有机染料[7],可用作照相感光乳化剂、碘及某些难溶金属碘化物的助溶剂,也可用于色层分析和点痛分析[8]。     

可穿戴电化学传感器件的研制及其应用

可穿戴电化学传感器件是一种可直接穿戴在身体特定部位、甚至植入用户体内的柔性电化学传感器。其具有简易性、便携性、灵活性等特点,可实时电化学监测与跟踪分析待测物,被广泛用于医疗保健、人体健康和环境监测等领域。该综述概括了可穿戴电化学传感器件的硬件设计与研制,及其在汗液检测、神经化学监测、现场分析检测（POCT）中的应用,总结和展望了可穿戴电化学传感器件的未来发展趋势,以期为可穿戴电化学传感领域的进一步发展提供参考。     

硬软酸碱原理与微量元素的某些生理作用

HSAB原理是目前化学中概括事实颇多、应用范围颇广的一个定性规律。它既可用于有机化学,又可用于无机化学;既可说明化合物的热力学稳定性,又可说明化学活性。按照该原理,所有化合物(如A:B)均可拆为A和:B,前     

Catalysis of novolacs by p-phenolsulfonic acid

The reaction rate of phenol and aqueous formaldehyde in the presence of p-phenolsulfonic acid has been studied. The increase in pH during the reaction, which decreases the reaction rate, can be correlated with the disappearance of polyoxymethylene (formaldehyde), but not as previously supposed solely with the dilution effect of the water formed from the reaction. Gel-permeation chromatography was used to monitor the consumption of phenol and the growth of polymeric species. It has been demonstrated that the formation of a second liquid phase during the novolac process is independent of the amount of catalyst. The liquid two-phase system and its relation to the reaction rate have been examined. The final molecular weight distribution of novolacs is dependent not only on the initial pH of the system, but also on the pH at the onset of devolatilization.     

Oxidation of 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol by dioxygen catalyzed by tetrasodium phthalocyaninatocobalt(II) tetrasulfonate in aqueous micellar media

The oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol by dioxygen has been investigated in aqueous micellar aggregates of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) using tetrasodium phthalocyaninatocobalt(II) tetrasulfonate (CoPcTsNa₄) as catalyst. The CTAB/CoPcTsNa4 system showed enhanced catalytic activity in the oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol compared to that observed in the oxidation reaction in the absence of CTAB. 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4-diphenoquinone were identified as reaction products. The initial rate constants of auto-oxidation reaction was found to increase with increasing the pH range from 7.0 to 13.0. The rate constants k_obs of auto-oxidation reaction showed linear dependence on catalyst concentration. The rate of auto-oxidation reaction was found to fit a Michealis-Menten kinetic model for the saturation of catalyst sites with increasing 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol concentration and dioxygen pressure. Tetrasodium phthalocyaninatocobalt(II) tetrasulfonate in aqueous micellar solution of CTAB was found to be mainly monomeric.     

稀土-沸石-TiO2三元体系光催化材料的性能研究

以钛酸丁酯、稀土硝酸盐、斜发沸石为主要原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了稀土-沸石-TiO2三元体系的光催化剂.使用IR,TG-DSC,XRD,SEM等手段对样品进行了表征; 以甲基橙为目标物,太阳光为光源,用光解率对光催化剂性能进行了评价.实验表明,随着沸石负载TiO2量的增加,光催化剂的3 h光解率也逐渐提高; 反应体系的温度越高,光解率越大; 当溶液pH约等于5时,光解率达到最大.     

Kinetics and mechanism of tetrahydrofuran synthesis via 1,4-butanediol dehydration in high-temperature water

We conducted an experimental investigation into the kinetics and mechanism of tetrahydrofuran synthesis from 1,4-butanediol via dehydration in high-temperature liquid water (HTW) without added catalyst at 200-350 degrees C. The reaction was reversible, with tetrahydrofuran being produced at an equilibrium yield of 84% (at 200 degrees C) to 94% (at 350 degrees C). The addition of CO2 to the reaction mixture increased the reaction rate by a factor of 1.9-2.9, because of the increase in acidity resulting from the formation and dissociation of carbonic acid. This increase was much less than that expected (factor of 37-60) from a previously suggested acid-catalyzed mechanism. This disagreement prompted experiments with added acid (HCl) and base (NaOH) to investigate the influence of pH on the reaction rate. These experiments revealed three distinct regions of pH dependence. At high and low pH, the dehydration rate increased with increasing acidity. At near-neutral pH, however, the rate was essentially insensitive to changes in pH. This behavior is consistent with a mechanism where H2O, in addition to H+, serves as a proton donor. This work indicates that the relatively high native concentration of + (large KW), which has commonly been thought to lead to the occurrence of acid-catalyzed reactions in HTW without added catalyst, does not explain the dehydration of 1,4-butanediol in HTW without catalyst. Rather, H2O serves directly as the proton donor for the reaction.     

纳米TiO_2光催化芳香醛的缩醛反应研究

本文以纳米TiO2为催化剂,UV-LED（=365 nm）为紫外光源,在自制的恒温石英玻璃光催化反应器中成功实现了芳香醛的非均相光催化缩醛反应.以乙醇等作为溶剂和反应物,快速高效和高选择性地合成了苯甲醛二乙基缩醛（BDA）.在光强为0.6 mw/cm2,苯甲醛初始浓度为0.05 mol/L,催化剂TiO2（P25）用量为5.0 g/L,反应时间为15 min的条件下,苯甲醛二乙缩醛的产率可达99.86%.研究表明,氧气的存在是顺利发生光催化缩醛反应的重要条件.反应液pH值、醇溶剂种类及苯环对位取代基等因素都会对光催化缩醛反应速率和产率产生影响.pH值及醇溶剂的pKa越小,缩醛反应速率越快.苯环上对位取代基会抑制缩醛反应的进行,其中供电子取代基相对吸电子取代基更有利于缩醛反应进行.结合实验,提出了光催化缩醛反应的机理.     

铁锌柱撑膨润土催化剂的制备及其对甲基橙废水的光催化降解性能

采用微波辐照促进的溶胶浸渍法制备了铁锌柱撑膨润土催化剂;用制备的催化剂对甲基橙溶液在可见光照射下进行降解,探讨了铁负载量、H2O2质量浓度、溶液初始pH、反应时间和催化剂投加量对甲基橙降解率的影响,并考察了催化剂的重复利用性能.结果表明,在pH为3、H2O2质量浓度100mg/L、催化剂投加量1.5g/L、反应时间为2h条件下,甲基橙降解率可达97%.     

Pt/TiO2光诱导催化重整乙醇制氢

对无氧条件下Pt/TiO2光诱导催化重整乙醇制氢进行了系统的研究，结果表明，乙醇的光催化重整制氢反应受催化剂表面化学状态，反应体系的pH值，浓度的影响较大，而受反应体系温度的影响较小，在运动XRD，XPS，HNMR等技术手段对催化剂和反应产物进行表征，分析的基础上，提出了无氧条件下乙醇光催化重整制氢可能的反应机理。     

氟离子对TiO2/膨润土光催化降解酸性桃红的影响

研究了在紫外光照射下, 添加氟离子对P25(锐钛矿)和TiO2/膨润土光催化降解酸性桃红(SRB)的影响. 紫外可见光谱测定结果表明无氟的反应体系, pH值越小, 光降解速率越快; pH值固定, 添加氟离子越多, 反应速率越快, 在TiO2/膨润土催化剂上, 当氟离子浓度达到一定程度时, 反应速率不再变化. 在P25和TiO2/膨润土催化剂上, 添加氟离子对H2O2的产生量影响不同, 通过电子顺磁共振(EPR)技术探测到了超氧自由基和羟基自由基, 这两个体系添加氟离子对其产生强度影响不同, 这可能是因为TiO2/膨润土催化剂为层状结构, BET 比表面积较大, 经XRD和TEM测试表明其晶粒直径约为57.9 nm. TiO2/膨润土催化剂连续循环使用11次, 光催化活性基本不变, 这个现象说明TiO2/膨润土催化剂既易于从分散体系中分离出来, 而且其稳定性也好, 它是一个有应用前途的催化剂.     

Comparison of TiO2 powder suspensions and TiO2 ceramic membranes supported on glass as photocatalytic systems in the reduction of chromium(VI)

A comparative study of semiconductor particle suspensions and semiconductor membranes as photocatalytic systems is presented. Both suspensions of TiO₂ powder and TiO₂ ceramic membranes supported on glass act as photocatalysts for the reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III). In both cases, the overall kinetic characteristics were the same. The reaction rate increases as pH decreases, and the order of reaction with respect to Cr(VI) is 0.5 at low pH (< 2). For this pH no deactivation of the catalyst is noted. The efficiency of the suspended particles was ca. four times higher than that of the membrane system.     

Energetics of the Acid-Catalyzed o-Cresol-Formaldehyde Reaction

The acid-catalyzed reaction of o-cresol with formaldehyde follows second-order kinetics. The reaction was carried out at 65, 70, 75, and 80°C and at pH values of 1.30, 1.80, 2.00, 2.50, and 3.00, using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The rate was found to increase with decreasing pH. The overall rate constant (k) has been resolved into stepwise rate constants (k₁ and k₂) for the formation of monomethylol and methylene derivatives. Values of Arrhenius parameters and of the entropy of activation for the overall reaction were also calculated. A mechanism consistent with our kinetic data is given.