Surface Dynamics of A Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst for n‐Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride: An In Situ Raman and Reactivity Study of the Effect of the P/V Atomic Ratio

This work focused on investigating the effect of the P/V atomic ratio in vanadyl pyrophosphate, catalyst for n‐butane oxidation to maleic anhydride, on the nature of the catalytically active phase. Structural transformations occurring on the catalyst surface were investigated by means of in situ Raman spectroscopy in a non‐reactive atmosphere, as well as by means of steady‐state and non‐steady‐state reactivity tests, in response to changes in the reaction temperature. It was found that the nature of the catalyst surface is affected by the P/V atomic ratio even in the case of small changes in this parameter. With the catalyst having P/V equal to the stoichiometric value, a surface layer made of α_I‐VOPO₄ developed in the temperature interval 340–400 °C in the presence of air; this catalyst gave a very low selectivity to maleic anhydride in the intermediate T range (340–400 °C). However, at 400–440 °C δ‐VOPO₄ overlayers formed; at these conditions, the catalyst was moderately active but selective to maleic anhydride. With the catalyst containing a slight excess of P, the ratio offering the optimal catalytic performance, δ‐VOPO₄ was the prevailing species over the entire temperature range investigated (340–440 °C). Analogies and differences between the two samples were also confirmed by reactivity tests carried out after in situ removal and reintegration of P. These facts explain why the industrial catalyst for n‐butane oxidation holds a slight excess of P; they also explain discrepancies registered in the literature about the nature of the active layer in vanadyl pyrophosphate.     

钼钒酸铋体系催化剂上丙烷的选择氧化反应

钼钒酸铋体系催化剂上丙烷的选择氧化反应李静，宋伟，窦伯生（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所长春１３００２２）关键词丙烷，选择氧化，钼钒酸铋，助剂，丙烯醛合理利用天然气及石油裂解气为人们所关注。由于烷烃较相应烯烃反应活性低，使其在工业上的应用远不及烯烃，相...     

超临界流体干燥方法在丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐

分别用超临界流体干燥方法和传统方法制备了用于丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐的VPO催化剂. 用超临界流体干燥方法制备的催化剂VPOⅡ的比表面积高达38.8 m2/g,而用传统方法制备的催化剂VPOⅠ的比表面积只有10.7 m2/g. XRD分析表明,除催化剂VPOⅡ中的VOPO4相含量比催化剂VPOⅠ稍多外,这两种催化剂的主要结构均为(VO)2P2O7相. 在有氧和无氧条件下进行的丁烷氧化制顺酐的催化反应结果表明,用超临界流体干燥方法制备的催化剂不仅具有较高的顺酐收率,而且含有更多的可在无氧条件下参与选择性氧化反应的晶格氧(催化剂VPOⅡ的可利用选择性晶格氧量比催化剂VPOⅠ增加了1.5倍). 用超临界流体干燥方法可以改善催化剂性能的原因可能与催化剂具有较大的比表面积和较多的V5+有关.     

Effect of Cr and Co Promoters Addition on Vanadium Phosphate Catalysts for Mild Oxidation of n-Butane

In this study, Cr and Co promoted, as well as unpromoted vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalysts were synthesized by the reaction of V2O5 and o-H3PO4 in organic medium followed by calcination in n-butane/air environment at 673 K. The physico-chemical properties and the catalytic behavior were affected by the addition of Cr and Co dopants. H2-TPR was used to investigate the nature of oxidants in the unpromoted and promoted catalysts. The results showed that both the Cr and Co promoters remarkably lowered the temperature of the reduction peak associated with V5 . The amount of oxygen species originated from the active phase, V4 , removed was significantly increased for Co and Cr-promoted catalysts. Both Cr and Co dopants improve strongly the n-butane conversion without sacrificing the MA selectivity. A good correlation was observed between the amount of oxygen species removed from V4 phase and the activity for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride. This suggested that V4 -O was the center for the activation of n-butane.     

Selective Oxidation of n-Butane over VPO Catalyst Modified by Different Additives

A series of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalyst （VPO） modified by different additives have been prepared with the aim to study the performance for selective conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride（MA）. The addition of various promoters improved the catalytic performance remarkably on both activity and selectivity. The correlation of activity and selectivity of the catalysts with their structure has been discussed. The increase in BET surface areas and surface redox sites leads to an enhanced activity. However, good selectivity can only be obtained on those surfaces with suitable surface acid sites.     

用于丁烷选择氧化制顺酐的铈锆复合钒磷氧催化剂的研究

 在钒磷氧（VPO）催化剂中添加适量铈锆复合氧化物，得到了一\r\n种新型的铈锆复合钒磷氧催化剂．该催化剂对丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐反\r\n应的催化性能比纯VPO催化剂有了显著提高．在丁烷／空气共进料反应\r\n条件下，其顺酐收率比纯VPO催化剂提高了一倍；在无氧反应条件下，\r\n其可参与选择性氧化制顺酐的晶格氧量为纯VPO催化剂的2．2倍．BET比\r\n表面积测试、X射线衍射、钒平均价态测定和程序升温实验等表征结果\r\n表明，混合在催化剂活性相中的少量铈锆复合氧化物参与了VPO体系的\r\n氧化还原过程，并起到了以下两方面的作用：（1）促进了（VO）2P2O\r\n7相的形成，稳定了钒的平均价态，有利于最终形成晶相结构良好和反\r\n应性能稳定的VPO催化剂；（2）显著提高了VPO催化剂的氧化还原性能\r\n，大大增加了催化剂的可逆储氧量．     

掺Ni钒磷氧化物催化剂的合成和表征

以VOPO4.2H2O为原料制备了钒磷氧化物催化剂,考察了镍掺杂(1%,2%和5%)对该催化剂的影响.低掺杂量的Ni明显提高了活性晶格氧物种O-的数量,降低了V5 和V4 相的还原峰温.粉末X射线衍射、程序升温还原和化学分析结果表明,高掺杂量的Ni促使V5 物相生成并抑制V4 物相出现.高含量与V5 相关的氧物种会降低正丁烷的转化率,但会提高马来酸酐的选择性.     

丁烷氧化制顺酐固定床反应器人为非定态操作性能的研究

丁烷选择氧化制顺酐是迄今唯一已经工业化的低碳烷选择氧化反应,模拟研究和在实验室微型反应器上的研究结果证实,在适宜的操作条件下,通过固定床反应器人为非定态操作能够改善反应的时均性能,提高顺酐的选择性和收率。本文在小试规模（装填３０ｇ原粒度工业催化剂）的单管固定床反应器实验装置上,开展了丁烷选择氧化反应人为非定态操作性能的研究,在适宜的操作条件下,进料组成周期性变化虽然提高了顺酐的选择性,但降低了丁烷的转化率,同时改变反应温度和进料组成能够显著提高顺酐的时均收率。     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐Ce基复合氧化物VPO催化剂研制

在用共沉淀方法制备的Ｃｅ－Ｆｅ复合氧化物中,加入ＶＰＯ化剂制备复合ＶＰＯ催化剂;井测试结构、氧化还原性能以及催化性能。实验结果表明,Ｃｅ－Ｆｅ复合氧化物的组成和数量均对复合ＶＰＯ催化剂的结构产生较大的影响,Ｃｅ－Ｆｅ复合氧化物的加入,提高了复合ＶＰＯ催化剂表面低温氧物种的活性,降低了品格氧物种的ＴＰＲ出峰温度,无论在有无气相氧条件下,复合ＶＰＯ催化剂的晶格氧均有良好的反应催化性能。     

修正面积归一法分析正丁烷氧化制顺丁烯二酸酐反应尾气

采用GC7890B型气相色谱仪,甲烷为FID和TCD的联系气,运用修正面积归一法分析正丁烷氧化制顺丁烯二酸酐反应尾气成分,计算丁烷转化率、顺丁烯二酸酐收率及选择性。结果表明,与常规水吸收法相比,修正面积归一法具有分析速度快,操作简单,自动化程度高的优点,解决了现有顺丁烯二酸酐尾气必须通过冷凝、溶解、滴定分析的难题,缩短了分析时间,降低了劳动强度。     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的性能

 考察了前驱体制备过程中水合肼／五氧化二钒摩尔比（以下简记\r\n为n（N2H4）／n（V2O5））对催化剂性能的影响．由较高的n（N2H4）\r\n／n（V2O5）比制得的催化剂，其（VO）2P2O7相含量较多，正丁烷转化\r\n率较高．随着n（N2H4）／n（V2O5）比的减小，δ－VOPO4相的含量逐\r\n渐增多，正丁烷转化率随之升高；而顺酐选择性开始时升高，达到最大\r\n值后逐渐降低．在n（N2H4）／n（V2O5）＝0．34时制备的催化剂最佳\r\n，在丁烷浓度为4．0％、空速为500h－1及反应温度为420℃的反应条件\r\n下，顺酐收率可达49．74％．本文中细粒床催化剂有较大的操作弹性．     

Novel VPO Catalysts for n-Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride:The Effects of Combined Moderators,Preparation Procedure and MCM-41 Supports

VPO catalysts are widely used in selective oxidation of n-butane into maleic anhydride (MA)^[1-2]. In the recent years, there is an obvious trend worldwide that the selectivity of a target product is more emphasized than the overall conversion, to decrease the undesired by-products. In this study, different approaches have been tried to generate more environmentally friendly VPO catalysts, with high MA selectivity and improved n-butane conversion. The moderated catalyst was prepared in aqueous phase^[3]. For comparison, the moderators were also introduced by impregnating the VPO precursor synthesized in organic medium. The supported VPO systems on the MCM-41 mesopore materials were prepared by employing the reaction of V₂O₅ with isobutanol in the presence of MCM-41 fine powder with different Si/Al ratios. The catalysts were evaluated at 385-425℃ and characterized by XRD, XPS and TPR etc.     

金催化顺丁烯二酸酐的选择加氢反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列担载纳米金催化剂,用以催化顺丁烯二酸酐(简称顺酐,MA)的选择加氢反应．模板剂的引入改变了催化剂载体的结构,从而提高了其催化活性和对加氢产物丁二酸酐(SA)以及丁二酸二乙酯(DFAS)的选择性．同时考察了反应温度、溶剂、催化剂制备方法对顺酐选择加氢反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性能．实验结果表明,以焙烧处理除去模板剂十八胺的Au／SiO2-O(C)为催化剂时,顺酐选择加氢制取丁二酸酐和一步加氢酯化制取丁二酸二乙酯的效果最佳,其转化率以及产物选择性均大于99．5％．     

Mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical treatment of bismuthdoped vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride

Three Bi-doped vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts were prepared via dihydrate route （VPD method）, which consisted of different preparation methods including mechanosynthesis, mechanochemical treatment, and the conventional reflux method. The catalysts produced by the above three methods were characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and temperature programmed reduction （TPR）. Catalytic evaluation for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride （MA） was also carried out. The XRD patterns of all the Bi-doped catalysts showed the main peaks of pyrophosphate phase. Lower intensity peaks were observed for the mechanochemically treated Bi-doped catalyst （VPDBiMill） with two additional small peaks corresponding to the presence of a small amount of V5＋ phase. The TPR profiles showed that the highest amount of active oxygen species, i.e, V4＋–O- pair, responsible for n-butane activation, was removed from VPDBiMill. Furthermore, from the catalytic test results, the graph of selectivity to MA as a function of the conversion of n-butane demonstrated that VPDBiMill was the most selective catalyst. This suggests that the mechanochemical treatment of vanadium phosphate catalyst （VPDBiMill） is a potential method to improve the catalytic properties for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.     

Effect of direct ultrasound synthesis via a sesquihydrate route on bismuth-promoted vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts

A series of 1, 3, and 5% Bi-doped vanadium phosphate catalyst catalysts were prepared via sesquihydrate route using direct ultrasound method and were denoted as VPSB1, VPSB3, and VPSB5, respectively. These catalysts were synthesized solely using a direct ultrasound technique and calcined in a n-butane/air mixture. This study showed that catalyst synthesis time can be drastically reduced to only 2 hr compared to conventional 32–48 hr. All Bi-doped catalysts exhibited a well-crystallized (VO)₂P₂O₇ phase. In addition, two V⁵⁺ phases, that is, β-VOPO₄ and α_II-VOPO₄, were observed leading to an increase in the average oxidation state of vanadium. All catalysts showed V2p_3/2 at approx. 517 eV, giving the vanadium oxidation state at approx. 4.3–4.6. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed the secondary structure consisting of thin and small plate-like crystal clusters due to the cavitation effect of ultrasound waves. VPSB5 showed the highest amount of oxygen species removed associated with the V⁵⁺ and V⁴⁺ species in temperature-programmed reduction in H₂ analyses. TheX-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement showed the occurrence of vanadium oxide reductions in hydrogen gas flow, indicating the presence of V⁴⁺ and V⁵⁺ species. Higher average valence states of V⁵⁺, indicating more V⁵⁺ phases, were present. The addition of bismuth has increased the activity and selectivity to maleic anhydride.     

丙烯选择氧化制丙烯酸杂多酸催化剂的探索

丙烯选择氧化制丙烯酸是丙烯有效利用的途径之一 .目前工业上采用两步法生产 ,即丙烯先被氧化为丙烯醛 ,丙烯醛再被氧化为丙烯酸 .两步法中所使用的催化剂多为复合氧化物[1 ] .杂多酸催化剂由于富含晶格氧 ,有可能使丙烯一步被氧化为丙烯酸 [2 ] .其中具有 Keggin结构的杂多酸易于制备 ,化学稳定性及热稳定性好 ,被广泛用作多相选择氧化反应的催化剂 .我们选取 Keggin结构的杂多酸催化剂 ,调变其阴阳离子组成 ,用于丙烯一步氧化制丙烯酸 ,并对反应条件进行了考察 .1实验部分1 .1催化剂制备含铜、铬的杂多酸催化剂的制备方法见文献[3] .将三…     

Effect of Different Dopant in the Mo-V-Te-O Catalyst on the Performance of Selective Oxidation Propane to Acrolein

Several Mo-V-Te-O mixed metal oxides catalysts with different dopant were prepared and used for catalytic oxidation propane to acrolein. It was revealed that the addition of P could greatly improve the performance of the Mo-V-Te-O catalyst. The catalysts were examined by XRD and H2-TPR. The XRD characteristic of the Mo-V-Te-P-O showed that the addition of P could aggrandize the (V0.07Mo0.93)5O14 phase. H2-TPR illuminated that the MoV0.3Te0.23P0.15On catalyst took on the best redox ability.     

三缺位Keggin型磷钨杂多酸盐高选择性催化氧化环己烯

利用三缺位Keggin型杂多酸[A-α-PW9O34]9-和[(FeШ(OH2)2)3(A-α-PW9O34)2]9-的四丁基铵盐做为催化剂,H2O2做为氧化剂催化环己烯氧化反应. 考察了反应时间、H2O2与环己烯的摩尔比,催化剂的用量等因素对反应结果的影响. 结果表明：在1, 2-二氯乙烷为10 mL,H2O2 (30 %)与环己烯的摩尔比为2,反应温度为35 oC,反应时间为6 h,[(C4H9)4N]9[A-α-PW9O34]为催化剂的条件下,环己烯氧化反应的转化率为55 %,主要产物是环氧环己烷,其选择性 ≥ 99 %;而以[(C4H9)4N]9[(FeШ(OH2)2)3(A-α-PW9O34)2]为催化剂时环己烯氧化反应的转化率17 %,主要产物是2-环己烯-1-酮,选择性 ≥ 99 %.     

A Highly Efficient Bismuth Nitrate/Keto-ABNO Catalyst System for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds under Mild Conditions

An efficient and practical catalytic system for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones using catalytic amounts of Bi(NO₃)₃ and Keto-ABNO (9-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3-one N-oxyl) with air as the environmentally benign oxidant was developed. Various primary and secondary alcohols were smoothly oxidized to the corresponding products under mild conditions, and satisfactory yields were achieved. Moreover, this methodology avoids the use of a ligand and base. The gram-scale reaction was demonstrated for the oxidation of 1-phenyl ethanol, and the product of acetophenone was obtained at an isolated yield of about 94%.