C1-C2燃料燃烧机理的框架简化

采用六种直接关系图类（DRG）方法对包含253个物种和1542个反应的AramcoMech 1.3机理进行简化,并通过对所得到的六种简化机理取交集,最终得到包含81个物种和497个反应的框架机理。所得81个物种框架机理的点火延迟时间最大误差与其简化方法得到的框架机理最大误差相比并没有显著增加;这表明从不同简化方法的框架机理结果取交集可以有效去除冗余物种。基于81个物种框架机理模拟的双组分混合燃料的点火延迟时间与详细机理机理结果吻合很好。同时该框架机理在不同反应器中的模拟结果验证了温度、物种浓度分布和火焰等燃烧特性。元素流动分析结果表明,81个物种框架机理精确地再现了详细机理的燃烧反应路径。保留了详细机理的所有重要反应路径和层级结构,能够很好地再现C₁-C₂燃料的各种燃烧特性。因此,基于该81个物种框架机理可作为核心机理用于发展大分子烃类或含氧燃料的燃烧机理。     

庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化和分析

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 对庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理进行了系统简化. 首先采用两步直接关系图法(Directed relation graph method, DRG)和主成分分析(Principle component analysis, PCA)方法对由1087个物种、4592步可逆反应组成的庚酸甲酯燃烧的详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含108个物种, 547步基元反应的框架机理. 在此框架机理基础上, 进一步采用计算奇异值摄动法(Computational singular perturbation, CSP)对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 再选取30个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似(Quasi steady state approximation, QSSA)方法构建了包含78个物种、74步总包反应的全局简化机理. 模拟结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能重现庚酸甲酯高温燃烧时的点火延迟、物种浓度分布和熄火等燃烧特性. 此外, 基于框架机理阐明了庚酸甲酯高温燃烧的反应路径和对点火有重要影响的基元反应. 与详细机理相比, 框架机理保留了良好的精确性和全局性, 可以很好地反映庚酸甲酯的燃烧特性, 有助于对生物柴油的燃烧过程的理解.     

正十二烷高温燃烧机理的构建及模拟

基于燃料燃烧反应机理的计算机自动生成方法,构建了正十二烷高温燃烧的详细反应机理; 分别采用物质产率分析和反应路径流量分析方法对详细机理进行简化,得到包含202个物种、738步反应的半详细机理和53个物种、228步反应的骨架机理; 对正十二烷点火延时、高温裂解以及层流火焰速度的模拟结果表明半详细机理和骨架机理具有很高的模拟精度,在工程计算流体力学仿真设计中有很好的应用前景.最后分析了正十二烷高温燃烧的反应路径,并对点火延时做了敏感度分析,考查了机理中的关键反应.     

正十二烷高温燃烧详细化学动力学机理的系统简化

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 以典型航空燃料的替代组分正十二烷为研究对象, 开展了正十二烷高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化. 首先采用多步直接关系图法(DRG)和基于计算奇异值摄动法(CSP)重要性指标的反应移除方法对由1279个组分, 5056个基元反应组成的正十二烷燃烧详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含59 个组分, 222 个基元反应的框架机理; 进一步采用CSP对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 选出了10个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似方法(QSSA)构建了包含49个组分的全局简化机理. 计算结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能够重现正十二烷详细机理在高温燃烧的点火延迟时间、熄火以及物种浓度分布等方面的模拟结果.     

Self-catalysis: a contamination-free, substrate-free growth mechanism for single-crystal nanowire and nanotube growth by chemical vapor deposition

A unified mechanism for the growth of a wide variety of long, uniform, single-crystal nanowires and whiskers, including III-V and II-VI binary, ternary, and quaternary nanowires and whiskers, without the use of any substrate and catalyst has been presented. While elucidating the mechanism, attempts have been made to provide a kinetic and thermodynamic rationale for the growth. Various features of the growth mechanism, including the formation of liquid droplets and seeds, nucleation, and creation of products, have been discussed. Extensive studies of illustrative examples provide the validity of the proposed mechanism. The influence of various parameters such as growth temperature and chamber pressure on the growth mechanism has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed mechanism, and its superiority to the well-known vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, have been elucidated. Means to improve the mechanism to obtain self-aligned nanowires and whiskers have been suggested. Based on these, it has been demonstrated that the present mechanism is indeed a powerful self-catalytic growth mechanism uniquely suited to the growth of a wide variety of single-crystal nanowires and whiskers. It can be very useful also for the growth of single-crystal nanotubes.     

DFT方法研究酸性沸石上苯与乙烯烷基化反应的机理

采用B3LYP/6-31G*水平计算来研究酸性沸石上苯与乙烯的烷基化反应历程,从生成能和反应活化能角度分析并讨论了苯与乙烯的反应机理.选取4T簇模型模拟分子筛的酸性位,使用密度泛函理论对烷基化反应三种不同的反应机理(两个联合反应机理和一个分步反应机理)进行计算分析.结果表明,在联合反应机理中,乙烯的质子化和苯与乙烯间C-C键的形成同时发生;分步反应机理中,首先形成一个稳定的乙醇盐中间物种,然后与苯分子反应形成乙苯.联合机理速控步骤的活化能约为160kJ/mol,分步机理速控步骤的活化能为190.24kJ/mol,因此,酸性沸石上苯与乙烯烷基化反应机理主要以联合机理为主,但分步机理与其有一定程度的竞争。     

基于DFT密度泛函理论的聚酯热降解反应机理研究

本文应用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究钛系催化剂催化聚酯热降解的反应机理。分别以Ti(OEt)4化合物以及Ti(OEt)3 阳离子化合物为催化剂,探讨了二苯甲酸乙二酯（EDB）解聚反应的Lewis酸催化热降解反应机理（M1机理）和烷氧基配位催化热降解反应机理（M2机理）。结果表明,Lewis酸催化热降解反应机理在两种催化剂下的解聚反应能垒与无催化剂反应非常相似,未表现出明显促进作用;Ti(OEt)3 催化剂在M2机理中明显降低了解聚反应能垒,是聚酯热降解反应的催化活性中心。经轨道相互作用分析发现,阳离子催化剂和反应物EDB之间存在较为明显的轨道相互作用。     

新型Ni催化剂催化乙烯聚合的中性机理

用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP LANL2MB方法 ,研究了Ni 水杨亚胺催化剂催化乙烯聚合的中性反应机理并和阳离子活性中心的催化反应机理进行了比较 .计算结果表明 ,整个中性催化机理类似于阳离子催化机理 ,但是也有不同 .两种机理都是从带空位的活性催化剂开始 ,乙烯以垂直于催化剂平面的方式占据空位 ,为了有利于甲基的迁移 ,乙烯向甲基的方向旋转 90° ,形成四元环过渡态 .插入反应发生后 ,Ni和 β C之间形成一种氢桥键 ,协助新空位的形成 ,实现链的增长 .乙烯与中性活性中心的相互作用远远强于乙烯与阳离子活性中心的相互作用 .中性催化机理较阳离子催化机理容易引发 .阳离子催化的过渡态所需的活化能比中性催化所需的活化能低 ,表明阳离子反应机理比中性反应机理容易进行 ,甲基在中性催化过渡态中的迁移明显不同于在酸性液化过渡态中的迁移 .β agostic相互作用在中性催化反应机理中 ,在主导烷基给合物中Ni所带的电荷方面 ,起着关键性的作用 .     

Synthesis of 1H-indazole: a combination of experimental and theoretical studies

A new practical synthesis of 1H-indazole is presented. A previous mechanism for the cyclization step is proved to be nonfeasible and a hydrogen bond propelled mechanism is proposed. The new mechanism is suitable for similar cyclization, and a new reaction is predicted.     

挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制*

从近20年二次有机气溶胶形成机制的研究成果可发现,挥发性和半挥发性有机物转化为二次有机气溶胶的主要物理化学过程可概述为光化学氧化机制、成核过程、凝结和气/粒分配机制以及非均相反应机制。本文系统总结了这些物理化学反应的发生过程及其影响因素,重点阐述了异戊二烯和甲苯同系物的光氧化机制,总结了二次有机气溶胶气/粒分配的两种理论--吸收机制和吸附机制,评述了发生在颗粒相上的非均相反应对二次有机气溶胶形成的重要作用。最后,对二次有机气溶胶形成机制研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于特征值分析的骨架机理获取方法

基于特征值分析法,建立了一套复杂化学反应动力学模型简化方法,并采用该方法对甲烷空气燃烧的详细化学反应动力学模型进行了简化.从GRI1.2得到了21个组分,83个反应的骨架机理.该机理与详细的GRI1.2机理和DRM19机理在不同化学计量比和不同压力下对比了点火延迟时间,结果表明简化机理能有效地再现详细反应动力学模型的反应机理,并具有更高的计算精度.从GRI3.0简化得到两种骨架机理分别为26个组分、120个反应和30个组分、140个反应.这两个机理都能很好地对火焰传播速度以及主要组分和NO浓度分布进行反应动力学模拟.     

Concomitant C-ring Expansion and D-ring formation in lanosterol biosynthesis from squalene without violation of Markovnikov's rule

A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the C and D rings of lanosterol from squalene on the basis of density functional calculations of a model cyclopentylcarbinyl carbocation. The mechanism involves the ring expansion of the cyclopentylcarbinyl carbocation to the six-membered ring C in concert with the formation of the D ring. The mechanism does not involve a violation of Markovnikov's rule as the earlier proposed mechanism does for the formation of rings C and D.     

Theoretical study on the dehydrogenation reaction of alkanes catalyzed by zeolites containing nonframework gallium species

The dehydrogenation reaction of light alkanes in gallium-containing zeolites was studied by using density functional theory (DFT) and a nonframework gallium species in the dihydridegallium ion form. Two different mechanisms were considered: a 3-step mechanism and a 1-step concerted mechanism. The reactions occurring through the 3-step mechanism showed smaller activation barriers than the ones following the concerted mechanism. However, the energy barrier for the 3-step mechanism seems to be more influenced by the size and type (linear or branched) of the hydrocarbon chain and demands major conformational rearrangement, which could be hampered by the zeolite framework, especially for larger and/or branched hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the concerted mechanism seems to be much less dependent on the substrates geometry. Therefore, the concerted mechanism could be preferential when dealing with larger and/or branched alkanes.     

基于特征值分析的正癸烷骨架和总包简化机理

使用基于特征值分析的骨架简化方法对由118 个组分和527 个反应构成的正癸烷详细机理进行了简化,获得了一个由70 个组分、327 个基元反应组成的骨架机理; 采用基于特征值分析的计算奇异摄动(CSP)简化方法对骨架机理进行进一步简化,得到一个38 组分、34 步的总包简化机理. 通过对简化机理、骨架机理和详细机理的对比发现,简化机理和骨架机理能够很好地再现详细机理的特性,并能够描述正癸烷的主要燃烧特性,为进一步实现耦合化学反应动力学与流体力学的工程计算,提高计算效率提供了可用的燃烧模型.     

适用于HCCI的生物柴油替代混合物简化机理的构建及验证

A simplified mechanism of methyl decanoate and n-heptane blend was developed for a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine built from a previously reported detailed mechanism of a methyl decanoate and n-heptane. The simplified mechanism with 113 species and 306 reactions was developed using path flux and temperature sensitivity analyses. The simplified mechanism was validated against the experimental data of ignition delay time, in-cylinder pressure, and CO emissions. Results show that the simplified mechanism not only coincides with the ignition delay time of the methyl decanoate and n-heptane, but also the CO emissions, and can reproduce the variation of in-cylinder pressure. The simplified mechanism can be further validated by comparison with the detailed mechanism, which shows that the simplified mechanism can coincide with the in-cylinder pressure and temperature, and can reproduce the variation tendency of the core components. Thus, the reduced mechanism is a reasonable one.     

Skeletal and reduced chemical mechanism for hydrogen fluoride chemical laser

The chemical kinetics of supersonic hydrogen fluoride (HF) chemical lasers determines combustion characteristics and output power. However, the inherent complexity of chemical reactions and complex structure still challenge the numerical simulations involving a comprehensive chemical mechanism. Therefore, a high fidelity and low computational consuming model is important for design purpose. This paper presents a strategy to generate a reduced mechanism for HF chemical lasers. Based on a detailed HF chemical mechanism consisting of 16 species and 153 elementary reactions, a specific skeletal mechanism including 11 species and 58 elementary reactions is generated. Finally, we obtain a further reduction mechanism including 11 species and 39 elementary reactions by combining sensitivity analysis and rate of production analysis. The computational cost for simulation of supersonic HF chemical lasers with the reduced mechanism is less than that with the detailed model. The principal contribution of the work is to provide a low computational consuming model.     

Mechanism of benzene hydroxylation by high-valent bare Fe(IV)=O2+: explicit electronic structure analysis

The conversion of benzene to phenol by high-valent bare FeO(2+) was comprehensively explored using a density functional theory method. The conductor-like screen model (COSMO) was used to mimic the role of solvent effect with acetonitrile chosen as the solvent. Two radical mechanisms and one oxygen insertion mechanism were tested for this conversion. The first radical mechanism can also be named as the concerted mechanism in which the hydrogen-atom abstraction process is accomplished via a four-centered transition state. The second radical mechanism is initiated by a direct hydrogen-atom abstraction with a collinear C-H-O transition structure. It is actually the same as the well-accepted rebound mechanism for the C-H bond activation by heme and nonheme iron-oxo catalysts. The third is an oxygen insertion mechanism which is essentially an aromatic electrophilic attack leading to an arenium σ-complex intermediate. The formation of a precomplex with an η(4) coordinate environment in the first radical mechanism is energetically more favorable. However, the relatively lower activation energy barrier of the oxygen insertion mechanism compared to the radical ones makes it highly competitive if the Fe=O(2+) collides with benzene in the proper orientation. The detailed potential energy surfaces also indicate that the second radical mechanism, i.e., the benzene C-H bond activation through the rebound mechanism, is less favorable. This thorough theoretical study, especially the electronic structure analysis, may offer very important clues for understanding and studying C-H bond activation by iron-based catalysts and enzymatic reactions in protein active pockets.     

Cu(II)-nitroxyl radicals as catalytic galactose oxidase mimics

Results from Hammett correlation studies and primary kinetic isotope effects for the CuCl-TEMPO catalysed aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidations are inconsistent with an oxoammonium based mechanism. We postulate a copper-mediated dehydrogenation mechanism, in which TEMPO regenerates the active Cu(II)-species. This mechanism is analogous to that observed for Galactose Oxidase and mimics thereof.     

CH4/空气含氮燃烧的14步简化机理

从含氮的详细机理GRI2-11出发，通过分析确定了主要物质后，利用敏感性分析和自动简化机理的计算程序，构造出一套含氮反应的CH4/空气燃烧14步总包简化机理，该简化机理包括18种组分和14个总包反应，其中，总包反应速率通过准稳态假设由准稳态物质的关系式来确定。利用良搅拌反应器和层流预混火焰的燃烧问题对其进行了检验。通过与详细机理的计算结果比较表明，该简化机理能在大范围热力学参数变化范围内很好地预测燃烧现象以及NO的生成量。     

三种Au(111)催化水煤气变换反应机理的比较

采用密度泛函理论对三种水煤气变换反应(WGSR)机理(氧化还原机理、羧基机理、甲酸基的生成机理)在Au(111)面上的反应历程进行详细讨论.通过对表面吸附物种(H2O、CO、OH、O、H、CO2、COOH、HCOO)的吸附行为进行研究,得到最佳活性吸附中心.对三种机理中的14个基元反应的活化能进行分析,得出WGSR在Au(111)上按照羧基机理和氧化还原机理进行的可能性较大,按照甲酸基的生成机理进行的可能性较小.相比较羧基机理和氧化还原机理,反应更有可能按照羧基机理进行,最佳反应途径为H2O-H→OH+CO→COOH+OH→CO2.