Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity of some ebselen analogues

Simple synthetic routes for several analogues of the anti-inflammatory organoselenium drug, ebselen, are described. The compounds are characterized by (1)H, (13)C, and (77)Se NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral techniques and, in some cases, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like antioxidant activity has been studied by using H(2)O(2), tBuOOH, and Cum-OOH as substrates, and thiophenol (PhSH, 4-Me-C(6)H(4)SH) and glutathione (GSH) as cosubstrates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on these systems to understand the effects of various substituents on the (77)Se NMR chemical shifts; these results have been compared with the experimental data. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the presence of a phenyl substituent on the nitrogen atom is important for the antioxidant activity of ebselen. While ebselen and its analogues are poor catalysts in aromatic thiol assays, these compounds exhibit high GPx activity when GSH is used as the cosubstrate. The poor catalytic activity of ebselen analogues in the presence of aromatic thiols such as PhSH and 4-Me-C(6)H(4)SH can be ascribed to the undesired thiol exchange reaction that takes place at the selenium center due to SeO nonbonding interactions. To understand the effects of different peroxides on the catalytic activities, we have determined the initial rates at various concentrations of GSH and peroxides. These data suggest that the nature of peroxide has little effect on the catalytic efficiencies, although the initial reaction rates observed with hydrogen peroxide were found to be higher than that with tBuOOH and Cum-OOH. In contrast to the effect of peroxides, the nature of thiols appears to have a dramatic effect on the catalytic activity of ebselen and its related derivatives.     

Synthesis, structure, and glutathione peroxidase-like activity of amino acid containing ebselen analogues and diaryl diselenides

The synthesis of some ebselen analogues and diaryl diselenides, which have amino acid functions as an intramolecularly coordinating group (Se···O) has been achieved by the DCC coupling procedure. The reaction of 2,2'-diselanediylbis(5-tert-butylisophthalic acid) or the activated ester tetrakis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 2,2'-diselanediylbis(5-tert-butylisophthalate) with different C-protected amino acids (Gly, L-Phe, L-Ala, and L-Trp) afforded the corresponding ebselen analogues. The used precursor diselenides have been found to undergo facile intramolecular cyclization during the amide bond formation reaction. In contrast, the DCC coupling of 2,2'-diselanediyldibenzoic acid with C-protected amino acids (Gly, L/D-Ala and L-Phe) affords the corresponding amide derivatives and not the ebselen analogues. Some of the representative compounds have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activities of the ebselen analogues and the diaryl diselenides have been evaluated by using the coupled reductase assay method. Intramolecularly stabilized ebselen analogues show slightly higher maximal velocity (V(max)) than ebselen. However, they do not show any GPx-like activity at low GSH concentrations at which ebselen and related diselenides are active. This could be attributed to the peroxide-mediated intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding selenenyl sulfide and diaryl diselenide intermediates generated during the catalytic cycle. Interestingly, the diaryl diselenides with alanine (L,L or D,D) amide moieties showed excellent catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)) with low K(M) values in comparison to the other compounds.     

Antioxidant activity of the anti-inflammatory compound ebselen: a reversible cyclization pathway via selenenic and seleninic acid intermediates

A revised mechanism that accounts for the glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like catalytic activity of the organoselenium compound ebselen is described. It is shown that the reaction of ebselen with H(2)O(2) yields seleninic acid as the only oxidized product. The X-ray crystal structure of the seleninic acid shows that the selenium atom is involved in a noncovalent interaction with the carbonyl oxygen atom. In the presence of excess thiol, the Se--N bond in ebselen is readily cleaved by the thiol to produce the corresponding selenenyl sulfide. The selenenyl sulfide thus produced undergoes a disproportionation in the presence of H(2)O(2) to produce the diselenide, which upon reaction with H(2)O(2), produces a mixture of selenenic and seleninic acids. The addition of thiol to the mixture containing selenenic and seleninic acids leads to the formation of the selenenyl sulfide. When the concentration of the thiol is relatively low in the reaction mixture, the selenenic acid undergoes a rapid cyclization to produce ebselen. The seleninic acid, on the other hand, reacts with the diselenide to produce ebselen as the final product. DFT calculations show that the cyclization of selenenic acids to the corresponding selenenyl amides is more favored than that of sulfenic acids to the corresponding sulfenyl amides. This indicates that the regeneration of ebselen under a variety of conditions protects the selenium moiety from irreversible inactivation, which may be responsible for the biological activities of ebselen.     

Unusually Short Chalcogen Bonds Involving Organoselenium: Insights into the Se–N Bond Cleavage Mechanism of the Antioxidant Ebselen and Analogues

Structural studies on the polymorphs of the organoselenium antioxidant ebselen and its derivative show the potential of organic selenium to form unusually short Se???O chalcogen bonds that lead to conserved supramolecular recognition units. Se???O interactions observed in these polymorphs are the shortest such chalcogen bonds known for organoselenium compounds. The FTIR spectral evolution characteristics of this interaction from solution state to solid crystalline state further validates the robustness of this class of supramolecular recognition units. The strength and electronic nature of the Se???O chalcogen bonds were explored using high‐resolution X‐ray charge density analysis and atons‐in‐molecules (AIM) theoretical analysis. A charge density study unravels the strong electrostatic nature of Se???O chalcogen bonding and soft‐metal‐like behavior of organoselenium. An analysis of the charge density around Se?N and Se?C covalent bonds in conjunction with the Se???O chalcogen bonding modes in ebselen and its analogues provides insights into the mechanism of drug action in this class of organoselenium antioxidants. The potential role of the intermolecular Se???O chalcogen bonding in forming the intermediate supramolecular assembly that leads to the bond cleavage mechanism has been proposed in terms of electron density topological parameters in a series of molecular complexes of ebselen with reactive oxygen species (ROS).     

Multifunctional Antioxidants: Regenerable Radical‐Trapping and Hydroperoxide‐Decomposing Ebselenols

Regenerable, multifunctional ebselenol antioxidants were prepared that could quench peroxyl radicals more efficiently than α‐tocopherol. These compounds act as better mimics of the glutathione peroxidase enzymes than ebselen. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in human mononuclear cells was considerably decreased upon exposure to the organoselenium compounds. At a concentration of 25 μm , the ebselenol derivatives showed minimal toxicity in pre‐osteoblast MC3T3 cells.     

Synthesis of Cyclic Selenenate/Seleninate Esters Stabilized by ortho‐Nitro Coordination: Their Glutathione Peroxidase‐Like Activities

The syntheses of selenenate/seleninate esters and related derivatives by aromatic nucleophilic substitution (S_NAr) reactions of 2‐bromo‐3‐nitrobenzylalcohol ( 13 ) and 2‐bromo‐3‐nitrobenzaldehyde ( 17 ) with Na₂Se₂/nBuSeNa are described. The reaction of 13 with Na₂Se₂ at room temperature afforded 7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenole(3 H) ( 15 ) instead of the desired diaryl diselenide 14 . Oxidation of selenenate ester 15 with hydrogen peroxide afforded the corresponding selenium(IV) derivative, 7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenole(3 H) selenium oxide ( 18 ). 2‐(Butylselanyl)‐3‐nitrobenzaldehyde ( 19 ) was synthesized by treating compound 17 with in situ generated nBuSeNa. The bromination reaction of selenide 19 did not afford the expected arylselenenyl bromide 20 , instead, it resulted in the formation of the unexpected 7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenol(3 H)‐3‐ol ( 21 ) and 3,3′‐oxybis(7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenole(3 H)) ( 22 ), respectively. The facile formation of heterocycles 21 and 22 is rationalized in terms of the aromatic ring strain in selenenyl bromide 20 . The presence of intramolecular secondary Se⋅⋅⋅O interactions in esters 15 , 18 , 21 , 22 , and selenenic anhydride 29 has been confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies as well as computational studies. The presence of an intramolecular Se⋅⋅⋅O interaction in esters 4b , 8 , 15 , 18 , 21 , and 22 has been further proved by natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations. Glutathione peroxidase‐like (GPx) antioxidant activities of 15 , 18 , 21 , 22 , and related heterocycles such as 7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenol(2 H)‐3‐one selenium oxide ( 4b ), 7‐nitro‐1,2‐benzisoselenol(2 H)‐3‐one ( 8 ), and 29 have been determined by the coupled reductase assay.     

Synthesis and antioxidant activity of [60]fullerene-BHT conjugates

Fullerene derivatives incorporating one or two 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to C(60). The O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of these compounds were estimated by studying, by means of EPR spectroscopy, the equilibration of each of these phenols and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) with the corresponding phenoxyl radicals. The antioxidant activity of the investigated phenols was also determined by measuring the rate constants for their reaction with peroxyl radicals in controlled autoxidation experiments and compared to that recorded under identical experimental settings for [60]fullerene itself and unlinked BHT. The results indicate that linking of the BHT structure to C(60) does not substantially alter the thermochemistry and kinetics of its reaction with peroxyl radicals, but such adducts may behave as interesting bimodal radical scavengers. The inherent rate constant for trapping of peroxyl radicals by C(60) per se (k(inh)=3.1+/-1.1 x 10(2) m(-1) s(-1)) indicates that, contrary to previous reports, [60]fullerene is an extremely weak chain-breaking antioxidant.     

取代基对依布硒啉电子结构及光谱性质影响的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法在6-311++G**水平对依布硒啉及其6个衍生物进行结构优化,并分析了取代基对分子几何构型、电荷分布、前线轨道能级分布的影响.在相同计算水平上采用含时密度泛函理论方法进行了电子光谱研究,讨论了取代基对电子光谱的影响.计算结果表明,标题化合物分子为非平面结构,苯并异硒唑酮环与苯环之间存在一...     

谷胱甘肽和Ebselen对胰岛素硝化的抑制及其相互作用机理的研究

生物体内NO和超氧阴离子快速反应生成的过氧亚硝酸根离子(ONOO^-，peroxynitrite)是一种强细胞毒性物质，它诱导蛋白质酪氨酸残基硝化是其损伤生物系统的重要途径之一。为了探讨谷胱甘肽和ebselen对胰岛素硝化的抑制及其相互作用机理，采用UV-Vis、HPLC和ESI-MS等方法，研究了ONOO^-对胰岛素的硝化作用、小分子抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和ebselen对ONOO^-硝化胰岛素的影响以及它们之间的相互作用。结果表明单独的GSH和ebselen对ONOO^--引发的胰岛素硝化均有明显的抑制，而作为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的底物GSH 与GPx的模型化合物ebselen之间存在相互拮抗作用，经过对其产物分析，确定其机理是GSH和ebselen能够直接反应生成一种加合物，从而抑制了GSH和ebselen各自的抗硝化能力。     

Highly Efficient Glutathione Peroxidase and Peroxiredoxin Mimetics Protect Mammalian Cells against Oxidative Damage

Novel isoselenazoles with high glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx) activities provide remarkable cytoprotection to human cells, mainly by exhibiting antioxidant activities in the presence of cellular thiols. The cytotoxicity of the isoselenazoles is found to be significantly lower than that of ebselen, which is being clinically evaluated by several groups for the treatment of reperfusion injuries and stroke, hearing loss, and bipolar disorder. The compounds reported in this paper have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents for disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species.     

Efficient synthesis and antioxidant activity of coelenterazine analogues

A convenient and highly convergent method for the synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based coelenterazine analogues is reported. The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core was constructed through a condensation between 2-aminopyridine analogues and arylglyoxals. Additionally, a new approach to the synthesis of benzylglyoxals was introduced. The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines display moderate antioxidant activities at a low micromolar level in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).     

以喹啉酮为核心高选择快速检测谷胱甘肽的荧光探针

为了选择性检测小分子生物硫醇,以具有优良荧光性能的喹啉酮为荧光团,依据依布硒啉中Se—N键易与硫醇分子反应的性质,将喹啉酮组块(E)-3-(5-巯基-1,3,4-恶二唑-2-基)-N-(4-甲基-2-氧代-1,2-二氢喹啉-7-基)丙烯酰胺(MQ5)与依布硒啉2-(4-溴苯基)苯并[d][1,2]硒唑-3(2H)-酮(SQ6)对接,设计合成了一种新型荧光探针(E)-N-(4-甲基-2-氧代-1,2-二氢喹啉-7-基)-3-(5-((4-(3-氧代苯并[d][1,2]硒烯唑-2 (3H)-基)苯基)硫基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)丙烯酰胺(MNQ)。 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)和荧光光谱等测试手段对其进行了结构表征,探究了其荧光性能。 结果表明,MNQ对谷胱甘肽(GSH)有明显的荧光猝灭,在其他氨基酸等干扰时,探针具有良好的抗干扰能力,可作为识别检测GSH的荧光猝灭型探针。 检测限为2.99×10^-8 mol/L,响应时间在35 s可完成,有望作为检测谷胱甘肽的荧光探针。     

Effect of peptide-based captopril analogues on angiotensin converting enzyme activity and peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) regulates the blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II and bradykinin to bradykinin 1-7. These two reactions elevate the blood pressure as angiotensin II and bradykinin are vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory hormones, respectively. Therefore, inhibition of ACE is an important strategy for the treatment of hypertension. The natural substrates of ACE, i.e., angiotensin II and bradykinin, contain a Pro-Phe motif near the site of hydrolysis. Therefore, there may be a Pro-Phe binding pocket at the active site of ACE, which may facilitate the substrate binding. In view of this, we have synthesized a series of thiol- and selenol-containing dipeptides and captopril analogues and studied their ACE inhibition activities. This study reveals that both the selenol or thiol moiety and proline residues are essential for ACE inhibition. Although the introduction of a Phe residue to captopril and its selenium analogue considerably reduces the inhibitory effect, there appears to be a Phe binding pocket at the active site of ACE.     

Synthesis of cell-permeable stapled BH3 peptide-based Mcl-1 inhibitors containing simple aryl and vinylaryl cross-linkers

We report the synthesis of a series of distance-matching aryl and vinylaryl cross-linkers for constructing stapled peptides containing cysteines at i,i+7 positions. Langevin dynamics simulation studies helped to classify these cross-linkers into two categories: the rigid cross-linkers with narrower S–S distance distribution and the flexible cross-linkers with wider S–S distance distribution. The stapled Noxa BH3 peptides with the flexible distance-matching cross-linkers gave the highest degree of helicity as well as the most potent inhibitory activity against Mcl-1. However, the stapled peptides with the highest hydrophobicity showed the most efficient cellular uptake. Together, this work illustrates the divergent nature of binding affinity and cellular uptake, and the vital importance of choosing appropriate cross-linkers in constructing stapled peptides with the drug-like properties.     

Aromatic Ring Strain in Arylselenenyl Bromides: Role in Facile Synthesis of Selenenate Esters via Intramolecular Cyclization

The synthesis and reactivity of 2,6‐disubstituted arylselenium compounds derived from 2‐bromo‐5‐tert‐butylisophthalic acid ( 43 ) are described. The syntheses of bis(5‐tert‐butylisophthalic acid dimethyl ester)diselenide ( 46 ) and bis(5‐tert‐butylisophthalic acid diisopropyl ester)diselenide ( 47 ) have been achieved by the reaction of the corresponding ester precursors with disodium diselenide. Reduction of diselenide 46 with lithium aluminum hydride affords 2,2′‐bis(5‐tert‐butylbenzene‐1,3‐dimethanol)diselenide ( 53 ). Diselenides 46 and 47 exhibit intramolecular Se???O interaction. Compound 53 does not show any intramolecular Se???O interaction. The anomalous Se???O nonbonded coordination observed in the single‐crystal X‐ray structures of compounds 46 , 47 and 53 is compared and contrasted. The corresponding selenenyl bromides 54 and 55 , derived from the reaction of diselenides 46 and 47 with bromine, are quite stable in the solid state. However, they undergo hydrolysis and subsequent intramolecular cyclization upon heating or after having been kept in solution over a period of time to give the corresponding selenenate esters 56 and 57 . The X‐ray crystallographic study and density functional theory calculations on 54 at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory indicate a significant distortion in planarity of the aromatic ring. Glutathione peroxidase‐like activities of diselenides 46 and 47 and their selenenate esters 56 and 57 have been studied both by thiophenol and bioassay methods. The very low glutathione peroxidase‐like activity of the diselenides ( 46 and 47 ) and their selenenate esters ( 56 and 57 ) in the thiophenol assay is attributed to the presence of the relatively strong Se???O intramolecular interaction in the selenenyl sulfide intermediates. The interaction retards the catalytic activity through both thiol exchange and an intramolecular cyclization reaction.     

Synthesis and antioxidant efficiency of a new copolymer containing phosphorylated myo-inositol

New data are constantly gathered to show the role of oxidative stress and the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. InsP6 is able to coordinate iron metal in order to prevent iron-catalyzed free radical formation. The aim of the present paper is to describe a new synthetic strategy in order to prepare a polymeric structure containing chemical functions able to coordinate iron ions. Here, we report the synthesis of a copolymer containing phosphorylated myo-inositol groups and we evaluate its antioxidant efficiency. Such a system was synthesized by binding chemical groups susceptible of radical polymerization to myo-inositol. The synthesized monomer was copolymerized with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) (molar ratio 1:3) and submitted to exhaustive phosphorylation. The reaction was proved by an assay specific for phosphate groups. Finally, we evaluated the copolymer's ability in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomal membranes. This study showed that the designed macromolecular system is particularly effective as antioxidant.     

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel curcumin analogues

Five novel curcumin analogues bearing different substituents at 4-position of phenyl group were synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by NMR and HRMS spectrum. Their cytotoxic activities against six tumor cell lines were tested by the standard MTT assay in vitro. The results indicated that four analogues （1A-1C, 1E） with solubilizing moieties showed selective potent cytotoxicity against HepG2, HeLa and CT26 cell lines, and analogue 1A and 1C exhibited more potent cytotoxicity than curcumin against CT26 cell line. It was suggested that introduction of appropriate substituents to 4-position of phenyl group might be a potential option for structural modification of curcumin.