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1.
The electrical conductance behavior of hexaamminemetal nitrates of Cr(III), Co(II–III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) in liquid ammonia has been measured at temperatures varying from –40 to –75°C. Both univalent and divalent dissociations have been considered. The two outer-sphere association constantsK 1 andK 2, which control the properties in the concentration range employed, have been determined together with 0 in a way described earlier by Fuoss. The thermodynamic quantities Ho and So of the univalent dissociation, evaluated from the temperature dependence of the association constants, are remarkably independent of the nature and charge of the metal ion. Walden products of the cations are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Summary The complexation of Pb(II) by N-(2-acetamido) imino diacetate (ADA) has been studied polarographically (dc and ac polarographic techniques). Ac polarographic studies have been particularly helpful in deciding the reversibility of the reduction of both simple and complexed metal ions and for confirmation of the overall stability constants. A weighted least squares numerical technique has been applied for the calculation of the overall stability constants using both dc and ac techniques. The reduction of Pb(II) in N-(2-acetamido) iminodiacetate solutions has been found to be reversible and diffusion controlled, involving a two electron transfer process. Potential vs. concentration data at =0.1 mol dm–3 (KNO3) are interpreted on the basis of the formation of two complex species PbADA and Pb(ADA)2– in thepH range 6.85–8.50. The logarithms of the stability constants (calculated from ac measurements) of these complexes are 8.73±0.12, 10.86±0.18 at 25°C, 8.31±0.28, 10.31±0.09 at 35°C and 7.61±0.20, 10.10±0.11 at 45°C, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters G, H and S have been calculated at 35°C.
Polarographische Untersuchung von Zusammensetzung und Stabilitätskonstanten von Pb(II) N-(2-Acetamido)iminodiacetat-Komplexen
Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Komplexierung von Pb(II) mit N-(2-Acetamido)iminodiacetat (ADA) polarographisch mittels DC- und AC-Techniken untersucht. Insbesonders AC-Polarographie ergab eine klare Entscheidung bezüglich der Reversibilität der Reduktion von einfachen und komplexierten Metallionen und für die Bestätigung der Stabilitätskonstanten. Zur Bestimmung der Gesamtstabilitätskonstanten wurde eine gewichtete mittlere Fehlerquadrat-Methode auf Basis von DC- und AC-Messungen herangezogen. Die Reduktion von Pb(II) in N-(2-Acetamido)iminodiacetat-Lösung stellte sich als ein reversibler und diffusionskontrollierter Zweielektronen-Transferprozess heraus. Die Abhängigkeit des Potentials von der Konzentration bei =0.1 mol dm–3 (KNO3) läßt sich mit der Bildung von zwei Komplex-Spezies PbADA und Pb(ADA)2– impH-Bereich 6.85–8.50 erklären. Die Logarithmen der Stabilitätskonstanten dieser Komplexe (aus AC-Messungen) sind 8.73±0.12 und 10.86±0.18 bei 25°C, 8.3 ±0.28 und 10.31±0.09 bei 35°C bzw. 7.61±0.20 und 10.10±0.11 bei 45°C. Die thermodynamischen Parameter G, H und S wurden für eine Temperatur von 35°C berechnet.
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3.
The effects of the organic pigments C.I.P. RED 177 and C.I.P. Yellow 83 as nucleating agents on the crystallization of polypropylene were studied by DSC. The anthraquinone pigment exerted a significant effect, resulting in structural modifications with lower melting point, and particularly the -modification. The DSC curves exhibit four transition regions, with the following temperature intervals: I. 415–417 K, II. 423–425 K, III. 430–432 K and IV. 438–439 K. For evaluation of the -nucleation effect of pigments, the ratio (H 1+H 2)/(H 3+H 4) was suggested.  相似文献   

4.
The present work aims chiefly to study the thermal behaviour of complex compounds with general formula: [M(HL)xH2O](A)yH2O (where HL=C13H11N4O2=6-(2-pyridylazo)-3-acetamidophenol (PAAP), M=Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Fe(III) x=1, 3; y=2, 5) while A=CH3COO (Ac), Cl2. The second formula is [M(H2L)xH2O]Cl2yH2O, (where H 2 L=C13H12N4O2 (PAAP), M=Ni(II), Co(II) x=3; y=4, 6). The compounds were identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra and TG/DTG,DTA methods. It was found that during the thermal decomposition of complex compounds water molecules of crystallization are released in the first step. In the next step the pyrolysis of organic ligand takes place. Metal oxide remained as a solid product of the thermal decomposition. Mass spectroscopy has been used for the determination of the thermal decomposition on the intermediate products. It was found that the thermal stability of the studied compounds increases as the ionic radii decreases. The activation energy E, the entropy change S *, the enthalpy H * change and Gibbs free energy change G * were calculated from TG curve.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

5.
Summary The vibrational spectra of solutions have been analyzed to assess both qualitatively and quantitatively the changes in enthalpy and entropy for ion pair formation in solutions of LiNCS, Mg(NCS)2, and LiN3 in liquid ammonia, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide and acetonitrile. Contrary to predictions both the H ass and S ass terms are all positive in the cases examined, indicating that the driving force in the ion association process derives from solvent-solute restructuring, and not the energy of the interaction between the cation and anion. This characteristic of contact ion pair formation is likely to be found to be applicable over a wide range of solvents. The following specific values of the thermodynamic parameters at 298 K have been obtained: LiNCS/DMF, G=–1.3 (1) kJ mol–1, H ass =+1.8 (5) kJ mol, S ass =+10 (2) J mol–1 K–1; LiNCS/DMSO, G=+0.9 (2) kJ mol–1, H ass =+0.3 (3) kJ mol–1; Mg(NCS)2/DMF, G ass =–4.0 (3) kJ mol–1, H ass =+15 (4) kJ mol–1, S=+64 (17) kJ mol–1; LiN3/DMSO, G ass =–2.5 (3) kJ mol–1, H ass =+4.9 (9) kJ mol–1, S ass =+25 (10) J K–1 mol–1.Submitted to celebrate the 70th Birthday of Professor Viktor Gutmann, and in recognition of his considerable contributions towards the better understanding of Chemistry in the Solution Phase  相似文献   

6.
Formation constants for the tribromide and pentabromide anions were measured by a vapor partitioning method from 5 to 80°C. The molal thermodynamic parameters for these respective species at 25°C are: K 3 –16.73, H o =–5.90 kJ-mol –1 , Cp o =–29 J-K –1 -mol –1 , and S o =3.6 J-K –1 -mol –1 ; K 5 =37.7, H o =–13.0 kJ-mol –1 , S o =–13.6 J-K –1 -mol –1 , with Cp o assumed zero. These results are used to reevaluate published emf results for the bromine/bromide couple.  相似文献   

7.
Zusammenfassung Die Gleichgewichtsselektivitätskoeffizienten wurden als Funktion der Temperatur für den Austausch von n-Alkylsulfaten ROSO3(Na) mit der Chloridform des stark basischen Anionenaustauscherharzes AG-IX8 bestimmt. Selektivitätskoeffizienten und thermodynamische Größen (G, H, S) wurden für die Austausche in den homologen Reihen der Anionen ROSO3 und RSO3 verglichen. Die Austauschentropien nahmen mit zunehmender Kettenlänge für beide Ionenfamilien in ähnlicher Weise zu; das Bestehen eines allgemeinen hydrophoben Selektivitätseffektes — wirksam für alle gelösten Ionen, die gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffketten enthalten — wurde festgestellt.
Anion exchange selectivity sequences in homologous series of hydrophobic ions
The equilibrium selectivity coefficients as a function of temperature were determined for the exchange of n-alkylsulfates ROSO3(Na) with the chloride form of the strongly basic anion exchange resin AG-IX8. Selectivity coefficients and thermodynamic quantities (G, H, S) were compared for the exchanges involving the homologous series of ROSO3 and RSO3 anions. The entropies of exchange increased with increasing chain length in a similar fashion for both families of ions and the existence of a general hydrophobic selectivity effect active for all ionic solutes containing saturated hydrocarbon chains was established.


Mit 3 Abbildungen

Herrn Professor Dr.H. Nowotny gewidmet.  相似文献   

8.
The melting process of NC is studied by using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) technique, the microscope carrier method for measuring the melting point and the simultaneous device of the solid reaction cell in situ/RSFT-IR. The results show that the endothermic process in the MDSC curve is reversible. It is caused by the phase change from solid to liquid of the mixture of initial NC, decomposition partly into condensed phase products. The values of the melting point, melting enthalpy (Hm), melting entropy (Sm), the enthalpy of decomposition (Hdec) and the heat-temperature quotient (Sdec) obtained by the MDSC curve of NC at a heating rate of 10 K min–1 are 476.84 K, 205.6 J g–1, 0.4312 J g–1 K–1, –2475.0 J g–1 and –5.242 Jg–1K–1, respectively. The MDSC results of NC with different nitrogen contents show that with increasing the nitrogen content in NC, the absolute values of Hm, Sm, Hdec and Sdec increase.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

9.
The sorption of 60Co, 65Zn, 75Se, 103Pd, 110Ag and 203Hg radionuclides by polyurethane foam (PUF) was investigated and optimized with respect to the selection of appropriate sorptive medium, metal, thiocyanate ions (except for 110Ag) and PUF concentration and equilibration time. The influence of common anions and cations on the sorption of each metal was examined. The sorption data subjected to different sorption isotherms have shown that the sorption of all the radionuclides followed Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The sorption capacity intensity and energy were evaluated for each element studied. The variation of sorption with temperature was monitored for all radionuclides except zinc and selenium. The values of H, S and G were estimated and found to be negative indicating exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption. It was found that PUF is an effective and economical sorbent for traces of metal ions which can be used for the separation/preconcentration of these ions from their very dilute solutions and has useful applications in radioanalytical and environmental chemistry and in radioactive and industrial liquid waste management.  相似文献   

10.
The acid-catalysed hydrolysis of [Co(trpn)(CO3)]+ and [Co(trpn)(HCO3)]2+ ions (trpn = 3,3,3-triaminotripropylamine) have been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous 1.0m HClO4/NaClO4. For the carbonato complex, [HClO4] = 0.02–0.25m and T = 20–35°C; for the bicarbonato complex, [HClO4] = 0.025–0.30m and T = 25°C. Both complexes hydrolyse to form the same cis-diaqua species. The rate law for the hydrolysis is d(ln[CoIII])/dt = k0+k1[H3O+]. The values of the rate constants (25°C), H (kJmol–1) and S (Jmol–1K–1)are:[Co(trpn)(CO3)]+,k0 = (1.7±0.6)× 10–4s–1, H 0 = 57±21, S 0 = –126±75; k1 = (1.0 ±0.1)×10–2m–1s–1, HDagger;1 = 62±8, S1 = –75 ±21, and for [Co(trpn)(HCO3)]2+, k0 = (2.9±0.7)× 10–4s–1, and k1 = (7.8±1.0)×10–2m–1s–1. The carbonato complex exhibits a deuterium isotope effect with k1D/k1H = 1.9, consistent with a rapid pre-equilibrium protonation, followed by rate-controlling ring-opening. The rate constants k0 and k1 (25°C and = 1.0m) for the ring-opening decarboxylation of the two systems studied lie within the experimental error. The results are compared with o ther related systems and the factors which influence the ring-opening decarboxylation (steric hindrance, ring strain, electron-donor ability of the amines) are discussed. The k1 path is interpreted in terms of concerted ring-opening and bond-making in the highly unstable aquabicarbonato intermediate.  相似文献   

11.
Potentiometric and conductometric studies on the zinc, cadmium, lead—methylene bis thio acetic acid system in aqueous media reveal the formation of 1:1 and 1:2 (M:L) complexes in thepH range 3.4–5.1. Their stability constants have been determined at 20°, 30° and 40 °C by applyingCalvin andMelchior's extension ofBjerrum's method. The overall changes in thermodynamic function H, G and S accompanying complexation have been evaluated at 30 °C.
Elektrochemische Untersuchungen über Zusammensetzung, Stabilität und Thermodynamik von Zn(II)-, Cd(II)- und Pb(II)-Komplexen mit Methylen-bisthioessigsäure
Zusammenfassung Potentiometrische und konduktometrische Untersuchungen an Zink-, Cadmium- und Blei-Methylen-bis-thioessigsäure-Systemen in wäßrigem Medium zeigten die Bildung von 1:1 und 1:2 (M:L)-Komplexen impH-Bereich 3,4–5,1. Die Stabilitätskonstanten wurden bei 20°, 30° und 40 °C mittels derCalvin-Melchior-Methode (erweiterteBjerrum-Methode) bestimmt. Die thermodynamischen Parameter H, G und S der Komplexierung wurden für 30 °C ermittelt.
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12.
The stability of metal aquo ions with respect to redox reactions is determined by the ionization energies of the atoms and the Gibbs energies of hydration for the ions(–hG0). We present critically selected values of –hG0 for 55 metal ions, determined from electrochemical, thermochemical, and spectra data. We consider the factors determining the values of –hG0 (charges, ionic radii, electronic structure, and relativistic effects). For isoelectronic ions, we observe correlations between the ratios of the Gibbs energies of hydration for these ions with different charges and the ratios of their ionic radii. Based on the use of these correlations, we find –hG0 for a number of aquo ions not observed experimentally and we estimate the unknown oxidation-reduction potentials for the pairs of ions M3+/M2+. We formulate the principles for stabilization of unstable oxidation states of the metals by including the corresponding ions in complexes with certain classes of ligands.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1–11, January–February, 1994.  相似文献   

13.
The structures and energies of axial and equatorial conformers and rotamers of 4-substituted tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides (tetrahydrothiopyran-1,1-dioxides, thiacyclohexane-1,1-dioxides, thiane-1,1-dioxides, and 1,1-dioxothianes; CH3, CH2OH, CHO, COCH3, CN, F, Cl, Br, and OCOCH3) were calculated using the hybrid density functionals B3LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91, as well as MP2 and the 6-31G(d), 6-31G(2d), 6-31G(3d), 6-31G(d,p), and 6-31+G(d) basis sets. MP2/6-31+G(d)/ /HF/6-31+G(d) [–G° = 1.73 kcal/mol], B3P86/6-31G(d) [–G° = 1.75 kcal/mol], and B3PW91/6-31G(d) [–G° = 1.85 kcal/mol] gave conformational free energy (G°) values at 180 K for 4-methyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide which were similar to the reported experimental values for methylcyclohexane (–G° = 1.80 kcal/mol), 4-methyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyran (–G° = 1.80 kcal/mol), and other 4-methyl-substituted heterocycles. All levels of theory showed that the conformational preferences of the 4-methanoyl (4-formyl), 4-ethanoyl (4-acetyl), and 4-cyano substituents were small. The HF calculations gave conformational free energy (G°) values for 4-chlorotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1dioxide which were closer to the experimental value than the MP2 and density functional methods. The best agreement with available experimental data for 4-bromotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide was obtained from the HF/6-31G(2d), HF/6-31G(3d), and B3LYP/6-31G(2d) calculations, and, for 4-acetoxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide, from the HF/6–31G(3d) calculations. The conformational free energies (G°) and relative energies (E) of the conformers and rotamers have been compared with the correspondingly substituted cyclohexanes and tetrahydro-2H-thiopyrans and are discussed in terms of dipole–dipole (electrostatic) interactions and repulsive nonbonded interactions (steric) in the most stable axial and equatorial conformers. The axial S=O bond lengths are shorter than the equatorial S=O bond lengths and the C2–C3 bond lengths in the substituents with carbon-bonded to the ring are shorter than the C3–C4 and C4–C-5 bond lengths. In contrast, the C2–C3 bond lengths in the 4-halogen and 4-acetoxy substituents are longer than the C3–C4 and C4–C-5 bond lengths.  相似文献   

14.
The frequency spectra of electrochemical impedance Z, photocurrent i, and photopotential E are obtained for a passive Fe electrode in 0.2 M KOH in a frequency range 1.3 to 8300 Hz. The validity of relationship E/i = –Z is proved experimentally. The oxide film impedance Z F is calculated from the frequency spectrum of E with expression Z F = –E/g. The generation current g is found from the photocurrent frequency spectrum. The frequency impedance spectrum Z F/S of the oxide/solution interface is determined with equation Z F/S = ZZ FR el, where R el is the solution resistance.  相似文献   

15.
Quantum yields () for the generation of singlet oxygen sensitized by Pd(II) complexes of water-soluble porphyrins: meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine [PdTMPyP]4+ ( = 0.9), meso-tetrakis(4-N,N,N-trimethylaminophenyl)porphine [PdTTMAPP]4+ ( = 0.8), meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine [PdTCPP]4– ( = 0.7), and meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine [PdTSPP]4– ( = 0.5) were determined using a chemical method. It was found that the dimerization and aggregation of metalloporphyrins greatly influence the value. The quantum yields evaluated for the formation of singlet oxygen sensitized by metalloporphyrin monomeric and dimeric forms are , M 0.9 and , D 0.2, respectively, and do not depend on the porphyrin nature.  相似文献   

16.
The preparation of the nickel(II) complex of the diazacyclam ligand 1,3,6,10,12,15-hexaazatricyclo [13.3.1.16,10]eicosane (2) by the reaction of the nickel(II) complex of N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane with formaldehyde in MeOH solution is described. The crystal structure of [NiL](ClO4)2 has been determined. The nickel atom is four coordinate and planar with Ni-N bond lengths of 1.969(4) and 1.928(3)Å in a centrosymmetric structure. The basic diazacyclam ring system has a trans III configuration with the two additional six-membered rings fused in a chair conformation.The kinetics of the metal exchange:for the nickel complexes (1) and (2) have been studied in detail. Under the experimental conditions employed, with copper(II) in at least a tenfold excess, the reaction is independent of the copper(II) concentration. The copper(II) effectively scavenges the free ligand as the nickel(II) complex dissociates. For the nickel complex (1) k = 2 × 10–4 s–1 at 60°C and H = 126 ± 5 kJmol–1 and S298 = 61 ± 15 JK–1mol–1. For the complex (2), k = 1.8 × 10–4 s–1 at 60°C and H = 99 ± 6 kJmol–1 and S298 = –21 ± 10 JK–1 mol–1.  相似文献   

17.
Two heterometallic trinuclear complexes {[Cu(oxbp)]2Co(H2O)2}1.5DMF0.5H2O (complex 1) and {[Cu(oxbm)]2Co(H2O)2}2DMF (complex 2) were obtained from the self-organization of two new dissymmetrical oxamidato-bridged copper(II) building blocks [Cu(oxbp)] and [Cu(oxbm)][H3oxbp=N-benzoato-N'-(3-aminopropyl)oxamido, H3oxbm=N-benzoato-N'-(2-amino-2-methylethyl)oxamido, DMF=dimethylformamide]. The crystal structure of complex 1 has been determined. Complex 1 crystallize in triclinic system, space group P-1, a=8.0609(16) Å, b=10.661(2) Å, c=22.279(5) Å, =85.32(3), =86.64(3), =70.90(3), and Z=1. The crystal structure of complex 1 consists of neutral trinuclear complex units, and hydrogen bond involved DMF and water molecules. Through the hydrogen bonds, weak coordination and CuCu weak interactions, complex 1 features a 2-D supramolecular structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements (5–100 K) indicate that the central Co(II) and terminal copper metal ions are antiferromagnetically coupled with J=–28.09 and J=–29.70 cm–1 for complex 1 and 2, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
The kinetics of oxidation of tartaric acid by Ce(IV) in the absence and presence of acrylamide has been investigated spectrophotometrically in aqueous H2SO4–HClO4 media at a constant ionic strength 2.0M and 25°C. Oxidation of tartaric acid in both cases was first order with respect to Ce(IV). Kinetic data showed that the reaction involves the formation of an unstable complex and an intermediate free radical. The activation parameters were calculated to be E a =91.3±0.4 kJ-mol–1, S=20.2±1.0 J-mol–1-K–1, H=88.8±0.4 kJ-mol–1. A polymerization mechanism is discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Second order rate constants and activation parameters H, S, and V have been measured for the oxidation of [Co(en)2(SOCH2CO2)]+ by S2O82– and by IO4– in highly aqueous H2O – t-BuOH mixtures. The changes in solvation on going from the initial to the transition state are discussed on the basis of the transfer functions Gto, Hto and Sto. Whereas Gt changes smoothly as the proportion of t-BuOH increases, the plots of Ht and TSt exhibit mirror behaviour and pass through extrema located around x2(t- BuOH)=0.038. Information on the role of solvation is complemented by the determination of activation volumes. These are discussed in terms of intrinsic and solvational contributions. It is proposed that changes in hydrophobic hydration are of principal importance in determining the response of H, S, and V to changes in solvent composition in H2O – t-BuOH mixtures.  相似文献   

20.
Activation parameters of the interconversion of geometric isomers6a and6b were determined by a complete lineshape analysis of the temperature-dependent13C NMR spectra of 7,8-dipropyl-7-borabicyclo[4.2.2]deca-2,4,9-triene (6). For the reaction6a 6b, G 298 = 52.2±0.1 kJ mol–1, H = 27.9±0.5 kJ mol–1, S = –82±8 J mol–1 K–1; For the reaction6b 6a, G 298 = 52.6±0.1 kJ mol–1, H = 24.7±0.5 kJ mol–1, S = –93±10 J mol–1 K–1. The interconversion of deuteropyridine complexes9a and9b proceedsvia their dissociation, which indicates that the rearrangement of borane6 occurs according to the [1,3]-B shift mechanism.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2243–2250, September, 1996.  相似文献   

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