手性离子液体在有机合成中的应用

近年来,手性离子液体的应用研究取得了重要进展,新的手性离子液体的不断涌现促使人们对其应用研究的兴趣不断提高.本文综述了手性离子液体在有机合成中应用研究的新进展.     

含硅路易斯酸的发展及其在有机合成中的应用

综述了含硅路易斯酸R₃SiX [X＝I, OTf, NTf₂, C(C₆F₅)Tf₂等]和(R₃SiX＋ML_n)的发展、合成以及它们在有机合成中的应用. 它们主要被用来催化Aldol, 烯丙基化, Diels-Alder, Ene和Friedel-Crafts等反应. 催化剂的用量一般为0.5～20 mol%, 并随着催化剂的活性不同, 反应产率从一般到良好不等. 催化剂活性顺序为R₃SiNTf₂＞R₃SiOTf, (R₃SiX＋ML_n)＞R₃SiX. 也对近年出现的手性含硅路易斯酸的发展和应用进行了概述, 当手性双-(多氟甲磺酰)-亚胺基硅烷用于催化环戊二烯和丙烯酸甲酯的Diels-Alder反应时, ee值高达54%.     

Rhodium-catalyzed addition of alcohols to terminal enones

[Rh(COD)(OMe)]₂ was found to catalyze the addition of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols with terminal enones to afford β-alkoxyketones in high yields.     

Odorless substitutes for foul-smelling thiols: syntheses and applications

Several alkanethiols and p-alkylphenylmethanethiols were synthesized, and their odors were compared with those of ethanethiol and benzyl mercaptan by human and instrumental sensors. Among the various thiols analyzed, 1-dodecanethiol (1) and p-heptylphenylmethanethiol (3) were revealed to be odorless. 1-Dodecanethiol (1) has been used instead of ethanethiol for dealkylation of ethers, and p-heptylphenylmethanethiol (3) can replace benzyl mercaptan in the preparation of a 1,3-mercapto alcohol from an ,β-unsaturated ketone. These odorless thiols will greatly improve the physical environment of the researcher working with these foul-smelling compounds.     

Reaction of Chalcones with Cellular Thiols. The Effect of the 4-Substitution of Chalcones and Protonation State of the Thiols on the Addition Process. Diastereoselective Thiol Addition

Several biological effects of chalcones have been reported to be associated with their thiol reactivity. In vivo, the reactions can result in the formation of small-molecule or protein thiol adducts. Both types of reactions can play a role in the biological effects of this class of compounds. Progress of the reaction of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxychalcone with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine was studied by the HPLC-UV-VIS method. The reactions were conducted under three different pH conditions. HPLC-MS measurements confirmed the structure of the formed adducts. The chalcones reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rate and composition of the equilibrium mixtures depended on the ratio of the deprotonated form of the thiols. In the reaction of 4-methoxychalcone with N-acetylcysteine under strongly basic conditions, transformation of the kinetic adduct into the thermodynamically more stable one was observed. Addition of S-protonated N-acetylcysteine onto the polar double bonds of the chalcones showed different degrees of diastereoselectivity. Both chalcones showed a Michael-type addition reaction with the ionized and non-ionized forms of the investigated thiols. The initial reactivity of the chalcones and the equilibrium composition of the incubates showed a positive correlation with the degree of ionization of the thiols. Conversions showed systematic differences under each set of conditions. The observed differences can hint at the difference in reported biological actions of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-substituted chalcones.     

Synthetic Tigliane Intermediates Engage Thiols to Induce Potent Cell Line Selective Anti-Cancer Activity

The tigliane ring system, which encompasses iconic members such as phorbol and TPA, is widely renowned due to numerous observations of displaying potent biological activity, and subsequent use as mainstream biochemical tools. Traditionally, naturally occurring phorboids are regarded as tumor promotors through PKC activation, although in recent times more highly oxidized natural derivatives have been identified as anti-tumor agents. In the view that only limited synthetic investigations toward skeletal stereochemical modification have been undertaken, non-natural systems could be useful for a better understanding of the tigliane pharmacophore via interrogation of cellular sensitivity. In this context the concise construction of a number of highly functionalized non-natural D-ring inverted phorbol esters were synthesized, via a rhodium-catalyzed [4+3] cycloaddition, and biologically evaluated using a range of cancer cell lines. The biological results highlight the notion that subtle changes in structure have dramatic effects on potency. Furthermore, although the non-natural derivatives did not outcompete the natural systems in the PKC-activation sensitive MCF7 cancer cell line, they outperformed in other cancer cell lines (MM96L and CAL27). This observation strongly suggested an alternate mode of action not involving activation of PKC, but instead involves thiol addition as indicated by glutathione addition and NF-κB reporter activity.     

不对称Michael反应在有机合成中应用的进展

本文综述了不对称 Michael 加成反应的某些应用和进展,并分别讨论了各种不同类型的手性 Michael 加成反应。     

Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Pyrazolidines Derived from (+)‐Pulegone

Several enantiomerically pure N(2)‐substituted octahydroindazoles were prepared as bicyclic pyrazolidine derivatives of (+)‐pulegone. Condensation of pulegone with hydrazine delivered a hexahydroindazole intermediate, which underwent N(2)‐substitution with various electrophiles (alkyl halides, acyl chlorides, phenyl isocyanate). The resulting N(2)‐substituted hexahydroindazoles could be reduced with LiBEt₃H in THF to the target compounds. In addition, a N(2)‐thiobenzoyl and some N(2)‐carbamoyl derivatives as well as a N(1)‐substituted octahydroindazole were synthesized. The compounds showed medium activity as iminium ion catalysts promoting quantitatively the Michael addition of nitroethane to cinnamaldehyde in up to 82 % ee for the resulting syn‐diastereoisomer and 78 % ee for the anti‐diastereoisomer. Unexpectedly, the N(2)‐acyloctahydroindazoles were readily oxidized under aerobic conditions. Moreover, it was shown that an oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide to the corresponding sulfoxide is promoted by an N(2)‐acyloctahydroindazole in deuterochloroform as solvent. It is proposed that the oxidation of N(2)‐acyloctahydroindazoles proceeds by in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide, which in turn can act as an oxidant.     

新型双功能手性硫脲小分子催化剂的合成及其在Michael加成反应中的应用

奎宁和手性氨基醇通过硫脲片段组合,合成了4个新型的具有多氢键供体的双功能手性硫脲类小分子催化剂(5a～5d),其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和HR-MS表征。以查尔酮为底物,硝基甲烷为亲核试剂,考察了5a～5d在Michael加成反应中的催化活性和对映选择性。结果表明,以Na2CO3为碱,三氯甲烷为溶剂,5c为催化剂,于室温反应24 h,加成产物4-硝基-1,3-二苯基丁烷-1-酮的收率69%,对映选择性86%。     

Baeyer-Villiger单加氧酶在有机合成中的应用

综述了Baeyer-Villiger单加氧酶在有机合成中的应用.较之传统的化学反应, 氧化酶催化剂反应有较好的选择性、可控性和经济性. 环己酮加氧酶是一种还原型辅酶I (NADPH)依赖型氧化酶, 是最早被报道能够催化Baeyer-Villiger氧化的酶. 这些重要反应产生了合成化学家很感兴趣的扩环产物. 环己酮加氧酶也是有用的生物催化剂, 由于辅酶再生的问题已被工程菌克服了, 所以能像全细胞催化剂那样使用. 对酮包括杂环酮进行Baeyer-Villiger氧化和动态动力学拆分, 放大这种反应作为合成路线是很有前途的.     

Synthesis and Applications of Cinchona Squaramide-Modified Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Microspheres as Recyclable Polymer-Grafted Enantioselective Organocatalysts

This work presents the immobilization of cinchona squaramide organocatalysts on poly(glycidyl methacrylate) solid supports. Preparation of the well-defined monodisperse polymer microspheres was facilitated by comprehensive parameter optimization. By exploiting the reactive epoxy groups of the polymer support, three amino-functionalized cinchona derivatives were immobilized on this carrier. To explore the effect of the amino linker, these structurally varied precatalysts were synthesized by modifying the cinchona skeleton at different positions. The catalytic activities of the immobilized organocatalysts were tested in the Michael addition of pentane-2,4-dione and trans-β-nitrostyrene with excellent yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 96 % ee). Finally, the catalysts were easily recovered five times by centrifugation without loss of activity.     

苯并呋喃衍生物的合成和结构表征

天然化合物常表现出各种独特的生物活性,使其成为寻找和筛选各种生物活性物质如医药、农药等的天然宝库.楝酰胺(rocaglamide)(结构式如图式1)是从楝属植物中分离出的具有良好杀虫活性的化合物[1],对疆叶蛾的LC50为0.91μg/mL,与已知的天然杀虫剂苦楝素Azadirachtin(LC50为0.70μg/mL)的活性相当[2-4],这表明楝酰胺有可能成为一种极为重要的天然杀虫剂.     

Cerium Alkoxides—Synthesis, Properties and Their Use in Michael Addition Reaction

Cerium(III) alkoxides served as an effective and attractive promoter for the Michael addition reaction with excellent chemical yields under mild conditions in short reaction time.     

Convenient Route to Thiocarbonates from Alcohols,Thiols, and Triphosgene

An efficient and simple one-pot, three-component procedure has been introduced for the preparation of various thiocarbonates from thiols, alcohols, and triphosgene in dichloromethane.     

Michael Addition of Thiols to á,(a)-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Bifunctional Organocatalysts:Asymmetric Michael Addition and Asymmetric Protonation

Recently the hydrogen-bond activated reactions have attracted much attention.1 Takemoto2 reported a highly enantioselective Michael addition of manolate to nitroolefins catalyzed by a bifunctional organocatalyst with tertiary amine and thiourea moiety. As we known,stereoselective conjugate additions of thiols are interesting due to the standpoint of biological and synthetic importance, however, only very limited good results have been obtained except for the works of Shibasaki3, Kanemasa4 and Deng5 et al.In this letter, we report an efficient catalytic asymmetric Michael reactions of thiols to a,a-unsaturated carbonyl compounds promoted by bifunctional organocatalysts. A series of organocatalysts with chiral amine and thiourea structures were designed and synthesized and have been successfully applied in the conjugated additions of thiols to a,a-unsaturated imides and enones.The reactions got quantitative yields and the ee values were up to 84%. It is noteworthy that the a-asymmetric protonation (up to 43% ee) also could be achieved.The Michael addition between aromatic thiols and a,a-unsaturated carbonyl compounds isdescribed as follows:Works to further increase the enantioselectivity is under investigation in our laboratory.     

二维疏水铜基纳米片的合成及在硫醚类化合物催化氧化中的应用

二维纳米材料因其具有独特的物理化学性质得到了广泛的研究与关注.然而,自下而上制备稳定的二维纳米材料仍然面临巨大挑战.本工作以1,4-苯二硫醇为有机配体和Cu⁺为金属前驱体,通过配位相互作用自组装构筑了一种新型的二维金属有机配合物纳米片(Cu-BDT).Cu-BDT纳米片的形貌和结构被多种技术详细表征,包括粉末X射线衍射(P-XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和接触角测试.催化实验证实,Cu-BDT纳米片表面暴露充分的活性位点和疏水特性有利于硫醚类化合物氧化反应的进行,可高效转化为亚砜类产物.     

Synthesis of 2-aminoethyl-5-carbethoxythiazoles utilizing a Michael-like addition strategy

Ethyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-vinylthiazole-5-carboxylate was utilized as a precursor to ethyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(aminoethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate analogs via Michael-like addition of various secondary amines. Reactions employed 1.2 equiv of amine, and the products were isolated by solvent removal and acid/base extraction. Use of primary amines was also investigated.     

Asymmetric Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Substitution of Diaryl Methanols with Thiols and Alcohols for the Synthesis of Chiral Thioethers and Ethers

An enantioselective addition of thiols and alcohols to aza‐ortho‐quinone methides, starting from diaryl methanols, was developed. The asymmetric additions occur under mild reaction conditions in the presence of chiral phosphoric acids and furnish the corresponding adducts with excellent yields and enantioselectivities.     

有机合成中的高价碘应用

高价碘化物作为一种性能温和、选择性强及环境友好的氧化试剂在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用。近年来,各种不同结构的高价碘试剂和各种新的反应及应用大量涌现出来,使它们的应用领域从传统的醇类氧化扩展到一些结构复杂化合物的合成领域当中。本文以最常用和研究较多的几个高价碘化合物为例,对它们用于有机合成反应,如氧化、加成、取代和重排的最新进展进行了概述,对本研究小组重点研究的五价碘化合物邻羟基苯碘酰与酮类化合物的取代反应和烯烃化合物的加成反应也作了介绍。     

有机合成中的高价碘应用

高价碘化物作为一种性能温和、选择性强及环境友好的氧化试剂在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用.近年来,各种不同结构的高价碘试剂和各种新的反应及应用大量涌现出来,使它们的应用领域从传统的醇类氧化扩展到一些结构复杂化合物的合成领域当中.本文以最常用和研究较多的几个高价碘化合物为例,对它们用于有机合成反应,如氧化、加成、取代和重排的最新进展进行了概述,对本研究小组重点研究的五价碘化合物邻羟基苯碘酰与酮类化合物的取代反应和烯烃化合物的加成反应也作了介绍.