Evaluation of impact-induced transient deformations using double-pulsed electronic speckle pattern interferometry and finite elements

Transient out-of-plane displacements generated in a steel cantilever beam by an impact load are measured using a double-pulsed electronic speckle pattern interferometry system. The state of deformation of the object is freezed using a ruby laser and the pulse emission is synchronised with the impact load. Correlation fringes for different times after the start of the impact are obtained using a digital image system. For each time, transient displacements are evaluated by digital analysis of the fringes. In order to test the experimental results, the time response of the beam subjected to the impact load is evaluated using a 3-D finite element analysis. A close agreement is found between the experimental and numerical results, which prove the reliability of the optical technique to measure high-speed transient deformations.     

光纤光栅称重传感器研究

提出一种基于光纤光栅传感技术的称重系统.用特种粘贴剂将布喇格光纤光栅(FBG)粘贴于悬臂梁的自由端,当悬臂梁自由端受力发生微挠度弯曲时,光纤光栅将沿轴向发生形变,通过监测布喇格光纤光栅传感器反射波长漂移测量悬臂梁的微挠度变化.通过分析悬臂梁结构,建立悬臂梁受力与挠度的数学关系,进而测量出加载在悬臂梁自由端应力的数值.通过对系统结构理论分析和实验验证,该装置称重测量范围达到50千克力,测量灵敏度达到0.05千克力,线性拟合度达到0.9997.     

Analysis of holographic interferograms with a tv picture system

An automatic dual reference beam method for the evaluation of holographic interferograms is presented. Based on the principle of image intensity subtraction, the method employs video electronic recording of the interograms and high speed digital image processing. Quantitative results are given for the bending of a cantilever.     

Digital holographic tomography based on spectral interferometry

A digital holographic tomography system has been developed with the use of an inexpensive broadband light source and a fiber-based spectral interferometer. Multiple synthesized holograms (or object wave fields) of different wavelengths are obtained by transversely scanning a probe beam. The acquisition speed is improved compared with conventional wavelength-scanning digital holographic systems. The optical field of a volume around the object location is calculated by numerical diffraction from each synthesized hologram, and all such field volumes are numerically superposed to create the three-dimensional tomographic image. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the idea.     

Design of shaped piezoelectric modal sensors for cantilever beams with intermediate support by using differential transformation method

In this paper a solution to the problem of finding the shape of piezoelectric modal sensors for a cantilever beam with intermediate support is proposed by using the differential transformation method (DTM). A general expression for designing the shape of a piezoelectric modal sensor is presented, in which the output signal of the designed sensor is proportional to the response of the target mode. Other modes are filtered out. The modal sensor shape is expressed as a linear function of the second spatial derivative of the structural mode shape function. By using boundary condition and continuity condition equations at intermediate support, the closed-form series solution of the second spatial derivative of the mode shapes can be determined based on DTM. Then the shapes of the designed modal sensors are obtained. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modal sensors for the cantilever beam with intermediate support.     

Determination of optical field generated by a microlens using digital holographic method

In the paper, application of the digital holographic method for full field characterization of the beam generated by microlenses is considered. For this goal, the laboratory setup was designed based on Mach-Zehnder interferometry with the additional reference channel. The beam generated by a microlens was imaged by an afocal system and intensity distributions or interferograms (holograms) were registered by CCD camera. The digital holography using one image allows us to determine microlens parameters, i.e., focal length, aberrations, and shape. The optimum conditions to determine the surface shape of a microlens using holographic method have been found. We compare obtained results with geometrical and interferometric measurements. We show the advantage of digital holography for a shape microlens determination (improved accuracy), aberrations, and focal length (characterization facility). Through optimum refocusing, the digital holography gives more precise shape. The paper is accompanied with computer simulations and the experimental measurement data for geometrical, interferometric, and holographic methods.     

Digital phase shift holographic interferometry and its application in the experimental flow study

The application of digital phase shift holographic interferometry to flow-visualization and flow temperature measurement of a 2D thermal flow field was experimentally investigated. An improved recording system for two reference beam phase shift holographic interferometry is set up for this experiment, and details of this experimental technique are described. The phase distribution obtained by this technique presents an excellent picture of flow visualization. From this phase image, temperature distribution of the 2D thermal flow field is also calculated and compared with some measured values obtained using thermocouple probes.     

Comparison of double-pulse digital holography and HPFEM measurements

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry is a widely used technique for measurement of surface deformations. The results are displayed as high-quality images containing the surface deformation represented as a continuous function with high-precision and good resolution. On the theoretical side, the high precision finite-elements method (HPFEM) can be used to compute whole deformation maps of elastic continua, with a resolution comparable to that obtained with digital holographic interferometry. To prove the latter a series of resonant modes from a flat rectangular metal plate obtained with digital holographic interferometry will be compared to the same modes obtained under the same conditions with HPFEM. A very useful measurement concept is reached by combining both methods since they can be performed in parallel and within the same working area.     

Shaping super-Gaussian beam through digital micro-mirror device

We have set up a novel system for shaping the Gaussian laser beams into super-Gaussian beams.The digital micro-mirror device(DMD)is able to modulate the laser light spatially through binary-amplitude modulation mechanism.With DMD,the irradiance of the laser beam can be redistributed flexibly and various beams with different intensity distribution can be produced.A super-Gaussian beam has been successfully shaped from the Gaussian beam with the use of DMD.This technique will be widely applied in lithography,quantum emulation and holographic optical tweezers which require precise control of beam profile.     

Mechanical characterization of unplasticised polyvinylchloride thick pipes by optical methods

In this work a number of techniques (electronic speckle pattern interferometry, holographic interferometry, strain gauge and finite element method) are brought to bear in order to establish consistency in the results of strain measurement. This is necessary if optical non-destructive testing methods, such as those used here, are to gain acceptance for routine industrial use. The FE model provides a useful check. Furthermore, ESPI fringe data facilitates the extension of FE models, an approach that is of growing importance in component testing.

The use of in-plane and out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) for non-destructive material characterization of thick unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipes is presented. A test rig has been designed for stressing pipes by internal pressure. ESPI gives a complete mapping of the displacement field over the area imaged by the video camera. The results for the strain of uPVC obtained from ESPI data and from strain gauges are in good agreement. The value of Young's modulus has been obtained from the fringe data and compared with results obtained using holographic interferometry and from strain gauge measurements. The FE model also produces fringe data that is consistent with the ESPI results.     

Strain field measurements in industrial applications using dual-beam digital speckle photography

Dual-beam digital speckle photography is a non-contacting full-field technique which can measure one strain component at the CCD-camera frequency. The technique uses two symmetrically incident laser beams of different wavelengths and the speckle field for each illumination beam is recorded simultaneously before and after object deformation. The system is designed for strain field measurements in rough environments. In this paper some experiments are performed to investigate the system performance. In a tensile test the measured strain value was found to be in good agreement with the strain given by resistance strain gauges. Experiments at elevated temperature have also been performed, where thermal strain fields were measured at 500°C.     

Inspection of a micro-cantilever’s opened and concealed profile using integrated vertical scanning interferometry

In this paper, we describe a method based on the proposed vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) for the measurement of both surface profile of the micro-cantilever and corresponding etching sacrificial layer beneath the cantilever by only one scanning. A white light source illuminates a micro-cantilever at a certain incident angle through a Mirau interference objective. With this arrangement the top surface of the cantilever and a normally obstructed surface profile beneath the cantilever can be assessed in the same system. A digital filtering technique based on Fourier transform and a Gaussian fit are implemented to simultaneously retrieve an envelope of two series of interferograms at the top surface of a cantilever and as well as area of interest underneath the cantilever. The retrieved envelope peaks, which represent the height information of points on the test surface, are plotted to show whole field surface contour and demonstrate its effectiveness as a means for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) dual/multi-layer inspection. Results obtained agree well with those of a commercial instrument and show that the proposed method is simple and accurate.     

Optical encryption of gray-level image using on-axis and 2-f digital holography with two-step phase-shifting method

In this paper we propose an encryption/decryption technique of gray-level image information using an on-axis 2-f digital holographic optical encrypting system with two-step phase-shifting method. This technique reduces the number of holograms in phase-shifting digital holography and minimizes the setup of the encryption system more than multistep phase-shifting technique. We are able to get the complete decrypted image by controlling the K-ratio which is defined as the reference beam intensity versus the object beam intensity. We remove the DC-term of the phase-shifting digital hologram to reconstruct and decrypt the original image information. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be used for encryption and decryption of a 256 gray-level image. Also, the result shows some errors of the decrypted image according to K-ratio.     

基于涡旋光照明的暗场数字全息显微方法研究

提出了一种基于涡旋光照明的暗场数字全息显微方法. 从理论上阐述了涡旋光环形照明原理和暗场数字全息显微原理, 分析了涡旋光的准无衍射特性对成像的影响; 搭建了相应的数字全息显微成像系统, 采用690 nm的聚苯乙烯小球作为实验样品; 最后通过对小球明暗场下数字全息显微再现像的分析对比, 证明该方法可以有效地提高数字全息系统的分辨率, 同时增强了再现像的对比度. 关键词： 全息 暗场数字全息显微 涡旋光 分辨率     

Quantitative three-dimensional holographic interferometry for flow field analysis

Holographic interferometry offers the potential for quantitative, wholefield analysis of three-dimensional compressible flows. The technique is non-intrusive, does not require the introduction of seeding particles, and records the entire flow information within the pulse duration of a Q-switched ruby laser (˜30ns). At present, however, holographic interferometry is mainly used qualitatively due to the practical restrictions of data recording, acquisition and processing.To address the potential of holographic flow analysis a prototype multi-channel interferometer has been designed and preliminary wind tunnel results have been obtained. The proposed configuration uses specular illumination which, unlike comparable diffuse systems, does not suffer from fringe localisation and speckle noise. Beam collimation and steering through the flow field is achieved in a single operation by the use of holographic optical elements (HOEs). The resulting design is compact, light efficient, has aberration compensation, and the recorded data are conducive to both tomographic analysis and direct comparison to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions.Holograms have been recorded of simple two-dimensional and axisymmetric compressible flows, to compare the accuracy of holographic density measurements with data from conventional pressure sensors and CFD codes. Data extraction from the holograms, and the elimination of rigid body motion, was achieved using digital Fourier transform fringe analysis. The introduction of phase errors by image processing has been investigated by analysing simulated fringe patterns generated from a combination of experimental amplitude information and computer generated phase data.     

基于相位共轭的动态体全息衍射特性的实时非破坏性测量

基于相位共轭技术,提出了一种动态体全息衍射特性的实时测量方法.在光学系统设计中,通过调整使得物光和参考光较强,而与参考光共轭的再现光非常弱（约为参考光的1/1 000）,借助非常微弱的共轭再现光实现了动态体全息的非破坏性实时测量.三束光的强度和偏振态可通过1/4波片、偏振片和衰减片进行调节和组合,可记录光强调制型或偏振态调制型体全息.本方法适合于光致折射率变化和光致变色材料体全息的测量.     

Minute displacement and strain analysis using lensless Fourier transformed holographic interferometry

An optical system for lensless Fourier transformed holographic interferometry is constructed to enable the measurement of minute displacements from nanometers to micrometers scale and to obtain corresponding strain distributions using a CCD camera with poor spatial resolution. Since a Fourier spectrum of an object beam is recorded on a hologram in this technique, the image reconstruction is easily performed with a single pass of 2-D fast Fourier transformation. Then, the map of the phase difference over the whole field is obtained by comparing two images before and after deformation. A suitable and effective unwrapping process is, however, inevitably required since the phase difference distribution is wrapped from −π to π in this technique. For phase unwrapping, the maximum spanning tree method is adopted here, which seeks a spanning tree that maximizes overall edge weights given by the cross amplitude. In-plane and out-of-plane displacements are obtained separately from the phase difference distributions at one's request. Moreover, in-plain strain is easily calculated from the in-plane displacement distribution.     

基于啁啾光纤光栅的温度自补偿位移传感器

基于双三角结构的悬臂梁,提出了一种使用啁啾光纤光栅测定位移的方法.悬臂梁受到应力时引起刚性粘接在悬臂梁上的啁啾光栅反射谱带宽压缩,通过测量反射谱带宽进行位移的测量.该结构克服了位移测量时温度的交叉敏感问题,温度变化引起反射谱整体移动但不会改变带宽.测试结果表明该传感器具有较高精度、良好的线性和可重复性等优点.     

Phase-shifting in-line digital holography on a digital micro-mirror device

A digital phase-shifting in-line holographic system based on the single coherence beam is developed. A series of phase-shifting fringes are generated by computer and outputted by a digital micro-mirror device (DMD). These fringes modulate the coherence beam because of the intensity modulation ability of DMD. In this work, the reconstructed conjugate image would not appear because of applying the phase-shifting algorithm. And calibration for the value of the optical phase shift is not necessary. An experiment based on a lens-less digital in-line micro-holographic setup with a phase grating specimen is conducted to demonstrate the validity of the present method.     

Study on the simplified phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy

In this paper, a new simplified technique for effectively eliminating the zero order and the conjugate virtual image in digital holographic microcopy, which makes use of two-step phase-shifting method of just recording two holograms and an intensity image of object wave, is proposed. Meanwhile, combined with the principle of making full use of spatial bandwidth of the CCD sensor by in-line lens-less Fourier holographic recording geometry, the theory and experimental methods to increase the resolution of the reconstructed image in digital holography by using phase-shifting technique are detailedly analyzed. At end, the validity and availability of this technique has been demonstrated through the off-axis and in-line Fourier transform recording geometry. The study provides some theoretical and experimental guidance for the design and operation of a digital holographic microscopy system.