Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Kinetics of Phase Changes in Clusters IV： Crystal Nucleation from Molten （NaCl）256 and （NaCl）500 Clusters

Molecular dynamics computer simulation based on the Born-Mayer-Huggins potential function has been carried out to study the effects of duster size and temperature on the nucleation rate of sodium chloride dusters in the temperature range of 580 K to 630 K. Clusters with 256 and 500 NaCl molecules have been studied and the results have been compared with those obtained from 108 molecule dusters. The melting point (MP) of the clusters were observed to increase with the size of the clusters and can be well described by a linear equation MP =1107(37)-1229(23)N^-1/3(N is the number of molecules in the duster).The nucleation rate was found to decrease with increasing the duster size or temperature. Various nucleation theories have been used to interpret the nucleation rates obtained from this molecular dynamics simulation. It is possible to use a constant diffuse interface thickness to interpret the nucleation rate from the diffuse interface theory in the temperature range of this study. However, the interfacinl free energy estimated from classical nucleation theory and diffuse interface theory increases too fast with increasing the temperature while that from Gran-Gunton theory does not change with changing temperatures.The sizes of critical nuclei estimated from all the theories are smaller than those estimated from our simulations.     

Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Kinetics of Phase Changes in Clusters II: Crystal Nucleation from Molten (RbCl)256 and (RbCl)500 Clusters

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been carried out to study the effects of cluster size and temperature on the nucleation rate of rubidium chloride clusters in the temperature range of 500-650 K. Clusters with 256 and 500 RbCl molecules have been studied and the results are compared with those obtained from 108 molecule clusters. The melting point (MP) of the clusters was observed to increase with the size of the clusters and can be described by a linear equation MP=997-405 N^−1/3, where N is the number of molecules in the cluster. The nucleation rate is found to decrease with increasing cluster size or increasing nucleation temperature. Both classical nucleation theory and diffuse interface theory are used to interpret our observed results.     

Ionic interactions in aqueous electrolyte-polyelectrolyte mixtures: Comparisons with mixtures of sodium chloride and the model electrolyte benzyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride at 25°C

Osmotic coefficients for aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride with benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, BzMe₃NCl, obtained by the gravimetric isopiestic vapor pressure comparison method are interpreted with the McKay-Perring transform, with the Scatchard neutral electrolyte treatment, and with the Pitzer ion-component equations. Molal ionic and mean ionic activity coefficients for Na⁺ and Cl^– ions and for NaCl, respectively, in these mixtures at unit total ionic strength also were determined with an electrochemical cell. The excess free energy chenges G^ex on mixing NaCl with BzMe₃NCl were estimated and employed to gain an insight into the relative importance of like and unlike cation-cation interactions.     

Effect of Sodium Alkanoates on Micellization of Dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium Chloride in Aqueous Medium

The present study deals with the interaction of sodium alkanoates viz. sodium acetate, sodium propionate, sodium butanoate, sodium hexanoate and sodium benzoate on the micellization of dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride using conductometeric and flourscence quenching experiments carried out at 25°C. The analysis has been made through study of variation of critical micelle concentration (cmc), degree of counterion binding (β), aggregation number (N), and micropolarity with the concentration of these hydrophobic salts. The differentiation between the effects of hydrophobic and inorganic salts was made by comparing the above results with the influence of NaCl on cmc, β, and N.     

Excess Gibbs energy of mixing of the systems H2O-LiCl-Na2SO4 and H2O-CsCl-Na2SO4 at 25°C

The osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions of lithium chloride+sodium sulfate and cesium chloride+sodium sulfate at 25°C have been measured. Interaction coefficients have been calculated and also the excess Gibbs energy of mixing. A correlation is found between the binary interaction coefficients and the Pauling cation radius of the alkali halide component.     

Aggregation of sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous sodium chloride solutions

Summary Aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate with added sodium chloride (0–0.3 mol kg^–1) were studied at 298.2 K in order to calculate the molar standard free energy of micelle formationG _m . The following properties were measured: (i) aggregation number by membrane osmometry, (ii) counter-ion binding and sodium ion activities by electromotive force, (iii) critical micelle concentration by electromotive force and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The results indicate thatG _m . is independent of the NaCl concentration.     

Application of the multiensemble sampling to the hydration free energy

We demonstrate the feasibility of using multiensemble sampling method (MESM) to determine the free energy difference between two far states for which the configurational distributions do not overlap at all. The MESM is a recently developed non‐Boltzmann sampling technique. The free energy of charging a sodium ion in water is accurately calculated in a single simulation, introducing nine intermediate ionic states. This is due to the ability of the method to explore the relevant parts of configuration space equally for every state, and this ability comes from the universality of weighting function W and the simplicity in adjusting its parameters. Detailed procedures of adjusting the parameters are presented. The comparison with a free energy perturbation method (FEPM) shows that the MESM is more reliable and efficient. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1004–1009, 2001     

Solvent-free reductive amination of aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by CeCl3·7H2O

Abstract

CeCl₃·7H₂O is found to be an efficient catalyst in the one-pot reductive amination of aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. Selectivity is observed in the reaction of cinnamaldehyde with aromatic amines, providing an alternative green route to the synthesis of N-cinnamyl anilines. The reaction conditions are mild and the desired product is obtained in good yields.     

Thermodynamics of mixed electrolyte solutions: The systems H2O−NaCl−CoCl2 and H2O−CaCl2−CoCl2 at 25°C

Osmotic coefficients for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride + cobalt chloride and calcium chloride + cobalt chloride obtained by the isopiestic method are interpreted in terms of the Scatchard neutral-electrolyte treatment to derive activity coefficients of the solutes. Excess Gibbs energy of mixing are calculated, and difficulties in the evaluation of this quantity are discussed. The mixture parameters of Pitzer's method are evaluated for the two systems.     

自动电位滴定法测定工业碳酸钠中氯化钠含量

采用自动电位滴定法,用硝酸银标准溶液作为滴定剂,测定工业碳酸钠中氯化钠含量。方法检出限为0.13mg/L,不同含量氯化钠样品加标回收率为99.7%~100.3%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为0.17%~2.0%,方法简单、快速,精密度和准确度高,适合大批量快速分析样品。     

二氧化硫分子通过增强二次成核促进纤维的生长:基于分子动力学的模拟研究

空气污染是一种常见的现象. 空气污染物是诱发各类疾病的重要因素之一. 以二氧化硫分子为代表,研究了它与Aβ_17～42原纤维之间的相互作用. 伞形抽样模拟表明,二氧化硫分子的引入减少了纤维的解离自由能. 分析各氨基酸残基结合二氧化硫的频数得知,二氧化硫分子更容易动态地结合到疏水性氨基酸残基的骨架上,同时也容易结合到带电的氨基酸残基上进而削弱盐桥相互作用,但是对这些相互作用的削弱是非常微小的,不足以破坏原纤维的结构. 通过非线性主方程分析,我们发现二氧化硫分子加速了Aβ_17～42二次成核过程,同时缩短了迟滞时间而加速纤维的聚集过程. 通过这些计算,我们定量地揭示了空气污染物与蛋白质相互作用的特征,期望我们的结果为当今社会评估污染物的健康效应提供宝贵的参考信息.     

Salt influence in the polymer-surfactant interaction in solution. A fluorescence probe investigation of the EHEC/SDS/ water system

 The effect of small amounts of salt on the interaction between two fractions of ethyl(hydroxy)ethyl cellulose, EHEC, and sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, has been investigated by means of steady-state fluorescence measurements. The two polymer fractions display different properties in hydrophobicity expressed as different cloud points. The results are discussed in relation to hydrodynamic (viscosity) and thermodynamic (equilibrium dialysis) properties. The micropolarity as sensed by the probe pyrene shows that the polymers begin to interact with SDS at a lower concentration in the presence of salt. The average aggregation numbers of polymer-bound clusters, N _p, were obtained by fluorescence-quenching data in combination with equilibrium dialysis experiments. N _p was found to increase in the presence of salt for the EHEC fraction with a high cloud point (CP). The polymer with a low CP displays higher N _p in the presence of salt at low SDS concentrations, but exhibit lower N _p at higher SDS concentrations than in the salt-free system. The microviscosity index as determined by intramolecular excimer formation of 1, 3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (P3P) is highest for the lowest N _p and there is a corre-lation with N _p in the presence as well as absence of salt for both EHEC fractions. It is found that when the same fractional amount of SDS is bound to the polymers, 10–20% of the value of saturation, the increase in macroviscosity occurs and the microviscosity shows high rigidity. Received: 3 March 1997 Accepted: 23 May 1997     

Unraveling the Pressure Effect on Nucleation Processes of Amyloidogenic Proteins

The influence of pressure on the nucleation rate of insulin under fibril‐forming conditions was studied and subsequently analysed using classical nucleation theory. The aim was a better understanding and quantification of the influence of pressure on protein aggregation/fibrillation reactions. The application of pressure has a drastic accelerating effect on the nucleation and growth process of insulin fibrils. We show that this effect arises from a volume decrease upon nucleus formation, due to formation of a less hydrated and more compact transition state that can be quantified extending nucleation theory by a pressure–volume term. Conversely, the absolute values of the lag time and the critical size of the nucleus cannot be satisfactorily described by the classical nucleation theory, which might be due to the presence of secondary effects, such as parallel aggregation pathways or fragmentation processes.     

一些有机物在RnTAC/SDS体系中的增溶及相转移自有能

三甲基氯化铵;阴阳离子表面活性剂复配;一些有机物在RnTAC/SDS体系中的增溶及相转移自有能     

The conductivity of dilute solutions of mixed electrolytes. Part 2: The system NaCl-MgCl2 at 25°C

The conductivities of dilute aqueous mixtures of NaCl-MgCl₂ have been determined at various ionic compositions and at 25°C. These results are used to assess the applicability of modern theories of electrolytic conductivity.     

Study on conductance of supersaturated chloride microdroplets

By using the measuring system previously designed by the authors, the conductance of KCl, NaCl and NH₄Cl microdroplets is obtained in the whole measuring RH range, especially in the supersaturation region, which cannot be acquired from the bulk solutions and fills the gap of lack of experimental data of conductance under the supersaturated state. The ERH and DRH of these three kinds of microdroplets observed from a microscope are 80.5% and 95.4% (KCl), 75.7% and 93.3% (NaCl), and 69.9% and 96.6% (NH₄Cl), respectively. In addition, it can be found from the dependence of conductance on RH that conductance is very sensitive to the existence of water molecules inside the microdroplet and the threshold of the deliquescence process can be predicted by the variation of conductance. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20673010 and 20605004), Fundamental Research Foundation of BIT (Grant No. 20060742003), Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (Grant No. B07012), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20070410467)     

Simulation of micro-behaviors including nucleation,growth, and aggregation in particle system

A new method for the solution of population balance equations (PBE) describing the micro-processes such as nucleation, growth, aggregation of particle swarms in a multiphase system is proposed. The method is based on the fixed pivot moment and allows arbitrary number of moments to be tracked simultaneously. By expressing PBEs for both batch and continuous operations in a general form, and using weighted residual method to derive the moment equations, different moments can be tracked directly. The numerical density function is assumed to be a summation of several weighted Dirac Delta functions, and the integral and derivative terms in PBEs are transformed to a summation in order to reduce computational cost. Simulations of a batch nucleation-growth process and a continuous aggregation-growth process have demonstrated good agreement with the corresponding analytical solutions, with relative errors less than 10⁻⁸%. Simulation of a combined nucleation-growth-aggregation process, which does not have an analytical solution, is also included, so as to reproduce the micro-behaviors of such a complex system, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of this method. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB720208), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40675011 and 10872159) and Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China (Grant No. 200707)     

有机膦与聚合物抑制剂对氟硅酸钠（钾）结垢性能的协同抑制作用

采用浊度法和静态抑垢法,研究了抑制剂2-膦酸基-1,2,4-三羧酸丁烷(PBTCA)与水解聚马来酸酐（HPMA）对氟硅酸钠（钾）结晶的影响。 运用经典结晶成核理论解释了抑制机理,利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射技术表征了氟硅酸钠（钾）的晶体形貌和晶型。 结果表明,PBTCA与HPMA通过提高氟硅酸钠（钾）结晶时的表面自由能而抑制氟硅酸钠（钾）的析出。 PBTCA与HPMA之间存在明显的协同作用,PBTCA与HPMA共同作用使Na2SiF6的结晶表面自由能从108 mJ/m2升高至126 mJ/m2,溶液中Na+的阻垢率从6.2%上升至70.3%;使K2SiF6的结晶表面自由能从199 mJ/m2升高至230 mJ/m2,溶液中K+的阻垢率从10.2%升高至45.3%。 PBTCA与HPMA的加入使氟硅酸钠（钾）的粒径变小,颗粒分散;空白溶液中晶体主要为NaKSiF6,PBTCA与HPMA混合体系中结晶产物主要为Na2SiF6和K2SiF6。     

Diagramme Polythermique du Systeme Ternaire NaCl-FeCl2-H2O entre 0 et 70°C

The phase diagram of ternary system Na⁺ , Fe²⁺ /Cl⁻ -H₂ O was established over the temperature range 0–70°C by conductimetric and analytical methods. A solubility polytherm of the system was constructed. For each temperature, we have determined the nature of the solid phase in equilibrium with the solution and the limit of its area of existence. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.