双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧光谱诊断及热源耦合机理分析

搭建了双丝脉冲MIG焊接试验系统,为了分析研究双丝脉冲MIG焊接的热源耦合机理以及电弧温度场,采用光谱技术对其电弧进行了诊断分析,采用中空探针法进行等离子体的辐射采集,得到电弧等离子体的光信号,利用Boltzmann图法计算了双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧等离子体的电子温度,得出了电弧等离子体的电子温度分布规律,并结合电信号采集和高速摄像技术对电弧进行了综合分析。研究创新之处在于结合了电弧的高速摄像图片信息和电弧等离子体的光信号对双电弧耦合机理进行分析,对电弧温度场进行了较为直观的分析研究。试验结果表明,在本试验条件下焊接过程实现了推挽式输出,实现了一脉一滴的过渡方式;两个电弧在焊接过程中在磁场的作用下相互吸引,向中心发生了偏移,在双电弧的几何中心形成了新的热源中心,并且电弧发生上飘现象;双电弧电子温度整体呈倒V型分布,在双电弧几何中心位置,距工件表面3 mm的位置电弧电子温度最高,为16 887.66 K,比最低温度11 963.63 K高大约4 900 K。     

激光—双丝复合焊接电弧等离子体温度计算及耦合机理分析

采用光纤式光谱仪,对激光—双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接电弧等离子体辐射规律进行探讨,结合焊接过程中的高速摄像图片探讨激光与电弧的耦合机理,并运用Boltzmann图法计算出电弧等离子体的电子温度。结果表明,加入激光后,电弧的亮度提高,辐射增强,电弧偏向激光作用位置,同时电弧收紧,电弧截面减小,电弧稳定性增强;激光功率、焊接电流和焊丝间距对电弧等离子体温度有比较大的影响,随着激光功率的增加、焊接电流增大和焊丝间距的减小,电弧等离子体电子温度升高。     

大功率YAG激光-MAG复合热源的光谱诊断与分析

大功率YAG激光-MAG复合热源具有广泛的工业应用前景,其等离子体状态的诊断对于指导复合热源发展方向、优化复合参数具有重要意义。通过建立的中空探针光谱扫描系统,采用荷兰Avaspec-FT-2快速数字光谱仪,横向扫描焊接电弧等离子体,采集YAG激光-MAG复合等离子体不同空间位置的光谱;通过计算得到其特定辐射谱段的空间分布,对比激光复合前后等离子体辐射的变化;并结合高速摄像照片,探讨其耦合机理。进一步选取特定谱线(FeⅠ),采用Boltzmann图法对复合热源等离子体的空间电子温度进行计算;研究结果表明,YAG激光-MAG电弧复合后,等离子能量更靠近熔池,集中作用于焊接试板,其能量作用区域展宽;在电弧中心区造成电子温度上升。     

基于光谱诊断的热源间距对激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊等离子体物理特性影响研究

激光电弧复合焊中,热源间距会影响到等离子体物理特性,进而影响到焊接过程的稳定性及焊接质量。 基于Boltzmann作图法和Stark展宽法研究了不同热源间距下的激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊峰值阶段的温度场和电子密度分布,并结合高速摄影手段分析了热源间距对温度和电子密度的影响规律。 光谱诊断结果表明,随着热源间距的增大,激光等离子体的温度和电子密度都没有明显的变化;电弧温度出现下降,电弧电子密度则呈现先增高后降低的趋势。     

超声复合电弧声调控特性研究

超声复合电弧作为一种新的焊接热源, 在电弧焊接过程中可利用超声实现对熔融金属的深度处理, 但是超声与电弧等离子体间相互作用机理还不清晰, 这成为阻碍该技术工程应用的关键问题. 本文通过实验与相应理论针对外加超声场对焊接电弧调控特性进行了研究. 为说明电弧特性, 针对试验中高速摄像采集的电弧图片进行了处理. 对比未加超声情况, 超声复合电弧受内外声场共同作用等离子体拘束程度明显提高, 电弧亮度增强, 弧柱高温区范围扩展至阳极, 中间粒子出现团聚并以一定频率上下抖动. 通过改变超声激励电流大小和声发射端高度, 电弧结构产生显著变化, 在谐振点附近, 电弧挺直度最强, 脉动频率最大. 试验结果显示通过外加超声可以达到对焊接电弧热等离子体调控的目的. 最后结合波动方程和二维声边界元模型, 分析了电弧内部声传播过程以及声场结构对等离子体粒子的作用规律, 这为进一步理解超声对电弧的调控机理打下良好基础.     

药芯焊丝TIG焊电弧特性的光谱分析

利用光谱诊断方法结合高速摄像研究所提出的药芯焊丝的填丝TIG焊接新工艺的电弧特性,借助高速摄像研究药芯焊丝TIG焊的熔滴过渡方式;通过对焊接电弧进行光谱采集点扫描,对采集的谱线进行元素标定,以药粉中活性元素K和Na作为追踪目标,统计得到电弧中药粉成分的分布范围;并利用Boltzmann图法计算TIG焊电弧的温度场分布,分析了熔滴过渡方式对电弧温度场分布的影响。研究结果表明,通过调整丝极间距,得到药芯焊丝TIG焊的三种典型的熔滴过渡方式：滴状过渡(2 mm)、渣柱过渡(5 mm)和搭桥过渡(7 mm)。药粉中的活性元素K和Na等集中分布在熔池上方的电弧空间,且其分布受丝极间距的影响,丝极间距越小其分布越靠近钨极,容易造成对钨极的污染。不填丝TIG焊的电弧温度分布呈钟罩形,等温线关于钨极轴线近似对称分布;与不填丝TIG焊相比,药芯焊丝TIG焊的电弧温度场受熔滴过渡的影响发生了不同程度的扭曲,滴状过渡的电弧温度场扭曲严重,焊接过程中飞溅较大;相比于滴状过渡,渣柱过渡和搭桥过渡的电弧温度场扭曲程度较小且焊接过程稳定,适合该TIG焊方法的使用。     

基于光谱诊断的多丝熔化极气体保护焊电弧干扰分析

多丝熔化极气体保护焊中,由于电弧间的相互干扰,电弧工作状态不稳定,进而影响焊接过程稳定性和焊接质量。基于Boltzmann作图法测量电子温度场和Stark展宽法研究了多丝工作条件下电弧的电子温度分布和电子密度分布,结合高速摄影获得的定量化结果,给出电弧间干扰的定量化分析。光谱诊断结果表明双丝情况下,当加入电弧工作电流大于原电弧时,原电弧电子温度中心向新加入电弧稳定偏移,而且偏向新电弧一侧电子密度明显增加,而新电弧工作电流等于原电弧时,电弧电子温度和电子密度分布都反映出原电弧工作状态不稳定。三丝情况,由于加入第三根电弧,导致中间电弧电子温度分布变得复杂,而其电子密度分布接近于单丝工作情况。     

水下湿法焊接引弧过程等离子体温度及电子数密度研究

水下湿法焊接技术近年来得到了广泛应用,但缺乏对其机理方面的研究,利用光谱分析的方法对水下湿法焊接引弧过程的电弧等离子体温度和电子数密度进行了研究。首先搭建了水下湿法焊接电弧光谱诊断平台,对焊接过程中的电流电压及光谱信号进行了同步采集,根据电流电压信号的数据对水下湿法焊接引弧过程进行了界定。在此基础上,通过光谱仪的延时功能分别采集了引弧5, 10, 15, 20及25 ms的光谱信号,对采集的光谱信号进行分析,标定了计算等离子体温度及电子数密度所需要的Fe元素谱线和H元素谱线,为了保证计算结果的准确性和可靠性,引弧不同时刻均选取了五组数据,运用统计分析的方法对五组数据作平均化处理,在标定的Fe元素谱线中选取了五条合适的谱线,利用玻尔兹曼图示法分别计算了引弧不同时刻的水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度,同时,根据光谱仪检测到的氢元素的α谱线,结合等离子体发射光谱的斯塔克谱线展宽理论,计算了水下湿法焊接引弧不同时刻的电子数密度。计算结果表明:在引弧的不同时刻,水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度变化呈现不同的特点,在引弧5和20 ms温度值分别出现峰值,到最后稳弧时刻温度值达到4 414 K;电子数密度在引弧不同时刻也不同,同样在引弧5和20 ms出现峰值,在出现峰值点的时刻,电流同样出现峰值。电弧等离子体温度和电子数密度在引弧不同时刻的变化趋势,验证了电弧的形成伴随着空间间隙被击穿的过程,其计算结果可以为进一步从电弧物理的角度探寻水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质,引导并寻求更有效的引弧方法提供重要参考。     

电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用研究

通过采集TIG,MIG焊接过程的光谱辐射信息,基于等离子体辐射的基础理论,对其焊接电弧辐射进行了分析,TIG焊与MIG焊的光谱分布由于气氛中金属元素浓度的差别,辐射强度和分布都存在较大差别：MIG焊不仅金属线谱数量多,辐射强度比TIG焊大,且随熔滴过渡波动明显。针对其光谱分布和变化特点,选择了特征谱段,用于焊接质量的检测;对于TIG焊选取线谱聚集的紫外区辐射(230～300 nm),对于MIG焊选取以连续辐射为主的可见光区辐射(570～590 nm),建立了不同焊接方法下,焊接电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用理论基础。还进一步通过在焊接过程中预设干扰因素,采集焊接过程在特征谱段的信号,对选择谱段的试验验证表明：基于建立的理论基础,可以有效地利用焊接电弧光谱信息,对焊接质量及焊接过程干扰因素实现判识,特征谱段的信号具有很好的信噪比。     

药芯焊丝脉冲TIG电弧增材制造电弧特性研究

对药芯焊丝脉冲TIG电弧增材制造电弧特性展开研究。利用高速摄像拍摄不同熔敷层脉冲电流条件下的电弧与熔滴过渡图片,对高速摄像图片进行分析,发现焊丝熔化过程存在“滞熔”现象,导致熔滴过渡存在渣桥过渡与液桥过渡两种接触过渡方式,在脉冲峰值电流较小的50/100 A电流参数下,出现熔滴断续的渣桥过渡的频率最高。熔滴过渡影响电弧温度场与药粉成分在电弧中的分布,利用光谱诊断分析熔敷过程中在不同脉冲峰值电流与脉冲基值电流条件下电弧温度场及药粉成分在电弧中的分布。利用点阵法测量得到各点光谱数据,根据Boltzmann图法计算各点温度,将各点温度拟合得到完整电弧温度场,结果表明,焊丝从钨极轴线前（左）侧送入,吸收电弧热量并且对电弧有扰动作用,电弧前侧温度低于电弧后（右）侧,电弧前侧尺寸稍小于后侧;随着熔敷层数增加,降低峰值电流,电弧收缩,高温区面积相对减小,低温区面积相对增大。电弧最高温度区域出现在钨极下方1~2 mm的范围,大约为13 000~15 000 K,脉冲峰值电流越大则最高温度区域面积越大。在脉冲基值电流时期,由于电流小,电弧面积相比于峰值时期要小得多,焊丝与电弧相互作用减弱,电弧温度场基本关于钨极轴线对称分布。选择药芯焊丝中特有的Na元素的NaⅠ589.6 nm谱线对其分布点进行标记,拟合绘出不同脉冲峰值电流与基值电流下药粉元素在电弧中的分布情况,结果表明,电流越小,药粉运动高度越低,在不同的脉冲峰值电流下药粉均没有沾染到钨极上,在不同的脉冲峰值电流与脉冲基值电流下 Na元素均偏电弧后侧分布,说明焊丝自电弧前侧送入熔池后,在电弧前侧的电弧中没有出现药粉强烈的喷发现象,而是进入熔池进行冶金反应。接触过渡解决了碱性焊丝工艺性差的问题,电弧较为稳定,避免药粉喷发损伤钨极,熔敷过程稳定进行。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.