双光束激光处理水溶液对ICP发射光谱的增强作用

为了改变水溶液的物理性质,提高ICP发射光谱的辐射强度,实验采用波长为976 nm的近红外激光和10.6 μm的CO₂激光正交辐照水溶液,研究了不同激光功率密度和辐照时间对水溶液表面张力和粘度的影响,也探讨了处理后水溶液对ICP光谱强度的增强作用。实验结果表明,在976 nm激光功率密度为0.265 7 W·cm-2,CO₂激光为0.2069 W·cm-2以及辐照时间为40 min条件下,水溶液的表面张力和粘度比未进行激光处理时的分别减小了42.13%和14.03%,而雾化效率升高了51.26%。将优化条件下激光处理的水溶液引入ICP光源后发现,样品元素As,Cd,Cr,Hg和Pb的光谱强度比水溶液未处理时的分别提高了46.29%,94.65%,30.76%,33.07%和94.58%,信背比分别增大了43.84%,85.35%,28.71%,34.37%和90.91%;等离子体温度和电子密度也分别升高了5.94%和1.18%。可见,双光束激光正交辐照水溶液的方法能够明显降低水溶液的表面张力和粘度,提高ICP光源的辐射强度,这为顺利检测水样品中痕量重金属元素创造了条件。     

激光处理水溶液对ICP光源辐射的增强作用

为了增强电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱强度,改善对痕量重金属元素的检测水平,本文采用波长为976 nm的近红外激光辐照水溶液,研究了溶液表面张力和粘度的变化情况,并且观测了处理后的水溶液对ICP光源的光谱强度和信背比的影响。实验结果表明：当激光辐照时间为60 min,功率密度为0.3296W·cm-2时,溶液的表面张力比未处理时的减小了36.73%,粘度减小了9.73%。将优化条件下激光辐照处理的水溶液引入到ICP光源中,通过测量发射光谱强度可知,样品元素Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg和Pb的谱线强度要比溶液未处理时的分别提高了73.52%,22.97%,33.86%,24.44% 和 65.59 %,光谱信背比分别增大了76.03%,21.74%,32.17%,22.68% 和65.32%。可见,ICP光源的光谱强度和信背比得到了明显改善,为降低元素分析检出限奠定了基础。另外,经激光处理后的水溶液在30 min静置时间内其表面张力和粘度基本保持不变,物理性质稳定。这种简便易行的激光处理水溶液方法有助于提高ICP光谱法的检测能力。     

磁力搅拌和激光辐照处理水溶液对ICP辐射的增强作用

在电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法中,仍然是以溶液方式把样品引入到光源。为了提高对水溶液的处理效果,改变其物理性质,采用磁力搅拌与激光辐照相结合的手段,测量了不同实验条件下水溶液的表面张力和粘度。将处理后的溶液引入到电感耦合等离子体(ICP)中,测量了样品元素的谱线强度和信背比以及等离子体的激发温度和电子密度。实验结果表明：在磁力搅拌器的转速为1 197 r·min-1、激光输出功率密度为0.227 6 W·cm-2和样品处理时间为15 min的优化条件下,溶液的表面张力和粘度比未经处理时的分别减小了27.85%和8.66%;样品元素谱线As 188.980 nm,Cd 214.439 nm,Cr 267.716 nm,Cu 324.754 nm,Hg 253.652 nm和Pb 220.353 nm的强度分别提高了32.07%,65.36%,18.27%,32.29%,19.38%和54.28%,信背比分别增大了25.13%,60.97%,18.18%,27.69%,21.11%和48.93%。通过测量等离子体的激发温度和电子密度两个主要参数,在一定程度上解释了水溶液被处理以后等离子体辐射增强的原因。这种预处理水溶液的方法能够明显提高ICP发射光谱强度,而且与单独利用激光辐照水溶液的方法比较,明显缩短了处理样品的时间,有利于提高工作效率。此方法操作简便,在处理样品溶液过程中不存在二次污染问题,便于推广使用。     

超声波空化作用对ICP光源辐射强度的影响

为了增大电感耦合等离子体辐射强度,降低分析检出限,实验研究了水样品经过超声波空化处理以后样品表面张力和粘度的变化,并探索了空化效应对光谱强度和信背比的影响。实验结果证明,样品溶液的表面张力和黏度随着超声波功率和空化时间的增加均呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,在功率为50 W、时间为15min时水样品的表面张力和粘度最低。经此条件处理的水样品引入ICP以后,元素Al,Cd,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn的谱线强度比无空化处理时分别提高了56.73%,57.23%,44.57%,43.20%,39.04%和40.19%,光谱信背比分别提高了61.54%,64.86%,44.95%,52.27%,40.84%和40.85%。可见,空化处理水溶液能够改善ICP发射光谱质量。     

正丁醇对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱的增敏作用

研究了ICP光源中正丁醇对水样品溶液物理性质(表面张力、粘度)及雾化特性的影响,观测了元素Fe、Si、V和Sr的发射强度和信背比,并且用ICP发射光谱法测定了自来水中痕量元素Pb和Cd.结果表明,有机溶剂正丁醇能够改变试液物理性质,提高雾化效率,增强光源辐射强度;元素Pb和Cd的RSD分别为5.84%和7.41%,回收率分别为94.3%和92.7%.     

乙醇添加剂对ICP光源等离子体辐射的增强效应

利用光电检测法,研究了含乙醇水溶液的温度在20,40和60 ℃的条件下,对电感耦合等离子体(ICP)光源发射强度、等离子体参数(激发温度和电子密度)、试液物理性质(表面张力、粘度)及雾化特性(提升量、有效提升量和雾化效率)的影响。实验结果表明,随着乙醇含量及相应溶液温度的提高,分析物进入等离子体的速率增大了,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的谱线强度有明显增强,而且随着含乙醇样品溶液温度的提高,等离子体中激发能力增强了。在溶液温度为60 ℃时,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的最大谱线强度比20 ℃时分别高出了55.8%,45.4%,48.9%,17.7%和21.6%,这有利于痕量元素的检测。     

Bi靶激光等离子体极紫外光源以及碎屑辐射特性研究

激光等离子体极紫外光源具有体积小、稳定性高和输出波长可调节等优势,在极紫外光刻领域发挥着重要的作用。Bi靶激光等离子体极紫外光源在波长9～17 nm范围内具有较宽的光谱,可应用于制造极紫外光刻机过程中所需的极紫外计量学领域。利用平像场光谱仪和法拉第杯对Bi靶激光等离子体极紫外光源以及离子碎屑辐射特性进行了实验研究。在单脉冲激光打靶条件下,实验中观察到Bi靶激光等离子极紫外光谱在波长12.3 nm处出现了一个明显的凹陷,其对应着Si L-edge的吸收,是Bi元素光谱的固有属性。相应地在波长为11.8和12.5 nm位置处产生了两个宽带的辐射峰。研究了两波长光谱特性以及辐射强度随激光功率密度的变化。结果表明,在改变聚焦光斑大小实现不同激光功率密度（0.7×1010～3.1×1010 W·cm-2）过程中,当功率密度为2.0×1010 W·cm-2时两波长处的光辐射最强,其原因归结为Bi靶极紫外光辐射强度受激光能量用于支撑等离子膨胀的损失和极紫外光被等离子体再吸收之间的平衡制约所致。在改变激光能量实现不同激光功率密度过程中,由于烧蚀材料和产生两波长所需高阶离子随着功率密度的增加而增加,增强了两波长处的光辐射。进一步,研究了双脉冲激光对Bi靶极紫外光谱辐射特性影响,实验发现双脉冲打靶下原来在单脉冲打靶时出现在波长13～14 nm范围内的凹陷消失。最后,对单脉冲激光作用Bi靶产生极紫外光源碎屑角分布进行了测量。结果表明,当探测方向从靶面法线方向移动到沿着靶面方向上的过程中,探测到Bi离子动能依次减小,并且离子动能随激光脉冲能量降低而呈线性减小。此项研究有望为我国在研制极紫外光刻机过程所需的计量学领域提供技术支持和打下夯实的基础。     

激光脉冲重复频率对等离子体辐射特性的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱质量,采用Nd∶YAG激光器输出的纳秒脉冲激光激发产生土壤等离子体,采用光栅光谱仪和光电检测系统记录了元素谱线AlⅠ394.401 nm,BaⅠ455.403 nm,FeⅠ430.791 nm和TiⅠ498.173 nm的辐射强度和信背比,研究了激光脉冲重复频率(5,10和15 Hz)对等离子体辐射特性的影响。实验结果表明,在相同的激光输出能量条件下,当采用15 Hz的激光脉冲重复频率时,元素Al,Ba,Fe和Ti的谱线强度要比5 Hz时的分别提高50.94%,112.7%,107.46%和99.38%,光谱信背比分别提高15.16%,24.08%,40.26%和72.06%。通过测量等离子体参数,解释了激光脉冲重复频率对等离子体辐射特性的影响机理。     

10kW级直接输出半导体激光熔覆光源的研制与热效应分析

针对目前工业领域对激光熔覆、激光热处理的应用需求,研制了10 kW级直接输出半导体激光熔覆光源。采用半导体激光叠阵为单元器件,将偏振合成技术和波长合成技术相结合,将2只915 nm和2只976 nm半导体激光叠阵进行合成,当工作电流为122 A时,最大输出功率达到10 120 W,电-光转换效率为46%。实验中还对光源内部的易损光学元件的热效应进行了模拟分析并设计有效的散热结构,使其最高温度从442. 2 K下降到320 K,同时对应的热应力从75. 4MPa下降到14 MPa,大幅提升了激光光源的可靠性。     

脉冲激光辐照液滴锡靶等离子体极紫外辐射的实验研究

采用波长13.5 nm的极紫外光作为曝光光源的极紫外光刻技术是最有潜力的下一代光刻技术之一, 它是半导体制造实现10 nm及以下节点的关键技术. 获得极紫外辐射的方法中, 激光等离子体光源凭借转换效率高、收集角度大、碎屑产量低等优点而被认为是最有前途的极紫外光源. 本文开展了脉冲TEA-CO₂激光和Nd:YAG激光辐照液滴锡靶产生极紫外辐射的实验, 对极紫外辐射的谱线结构以及辐射的时空分布特性进行了研究.实验发现: 与TEA-CO₂激光相比, 较高功率密度的Nd:YAG激光激发的极紫外辐射谱存在明显的蓝移; 并且激光等离子体光源可以认为是点状光源, 其极紫外辐射强度随空间角度变化近似满足Lambertian分布.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.