Photoacoustic determination of energy band gap of semiconductors

Semiconducting materials are employed in the fabrication of a number of semiconductor devices and opto-electronic detectors etc depending on their properties, state of purity and perfection and energy band gap values. In the present study, a latest and novel photoacoustic spectroscopic technique has been employed for the determination of energy band gap of some semiconductors namely CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnO, Se and Si in the powder form. Values obtained have been compared with those reported by conventional methods.     

Studies on the Electronic Absorption Spectrum and Photoacoustic Spectrum of [Cu(L-ArgH)2(Ac)2] 3H2O Crystal.

The crystal of [Cu(L-ArgH)₂(Ac)₂]3H₂O was synthesized and its electronic absorption spectrum and photoacoustic spectrum were recorded under room temperature. The spectrums were compared with each other. A semi-empirical method of coordinate-field-theory PLFT was utilized to calculate the transition energy. With the results, we satisfactorily resolved the spectrums, and the resolution was discussed.     

Photoacoustic monitoring of gases using a novel laser source tunable around 2.5 μm

We present the first spectroscopic measurements using a tunable solid state Cr²+:ZnSe laser emitting at wavelengths between 2.2 μm and 2.8 μm. Photoacoustic measurements on various gases such as methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxide, and ambient air were carried out. In this paper, we present measurements on methane, nitrous oxide, and ambient air. The deduced detection limits are in the low ppm or sub-ppm range, e.g., 0.2 ppm for carbon dioxide, 0.8 ppm for methane and 2.7 ppm for carbon monoxide.     

Photoacoustic studies on excitation transfer in Rh6G and RhB dye mixture

The photoacoustic spectra of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes and their mixtures were recorded at different concentrations. It is observed that in the mixture the photoacoustic signal increases due to excitation transfer from Rh6G to RhB in the wavelength region 480–530 nm. The excitation transfer rate estimated from these data show that resonance is dominant rather than the collisional transfer process.     

基于低功率分布反馈激光器和数字锁相技术的高灵敏光声气体传感器

光声信号强度与光功率成正比,然而,高功率激光光源存在功耗高、驱动控制电路复杂、低成本高质量的光源可选择范围窄等缺点,此类光源多集中在>6 μm波段,难以实现对基频吸收带位于2～6 μm波段的分子进行有效探测。而且,基于商用驱动控制仪器的光声气体传感器体积较大,不能满足多点连续移动监测工作的需要。利用输出功率为5.2 mW的分布反馈、带间级联激光器(ICL)和基于石英音叉的光声光谱探测方法,在3～4 μm波段实现了nmol·mol-1水平气体分子浓度测量。使用的ICL靶向乙烷(C₂H₆)基频吸收带的强吸收线2 996.88 cm-1。通过使用自主研制的数字锁相放大器及数字激光驱动控制方法,结合波长调制光谱技术,实现了高灵敏检测,同时,有效减小了系统体积并简化了数据获取和处理过程。首先,结合系统原理结构,顺次介绍了设计方案以及光、电等模块的设计细节。分析了目标气体及其临近干扰气体吸收谱线的模拟情况,以及不同气压对谱线展宽及重叠干扰的影响,最终确定系统工作气压为200 Torr。然后,通过对100～1 000 nmol·mol-1共6种浓度C₂H₆进行单周期光谱扫描测试分析,推断系统最低检测下限(MDL)<100 nmol·mol-1。对上述各浓度样品分别进行~10 min二次谐波(2f)信号峰值提取测试,系统线性性能良好,相关度为0.999 65,同时,明确了气体浓度与2f信号峰值的对应关系。最后,通过对氮气连续1小时测试得出系统噪声为~0.347 V,由此估算信噪比和系统灵敏度分别为~28.56和~40 nmol·mol-1。介绍的新型中红外C₂H₆传感器不仅实现了nmol·mol-1级测量,而且,使用自主研制的数字驱动和锁相放大器有效减小了系统体积,弥补了使用商用仪器占用体积大的不足,为将来实现小型化、移动式测量的目标奠定了一定基础。此外,对于功率消耗无限制的其他应用,可通过进一步完善和改进锁相和前置放大等模块的性能以及使用输出功率更高的光源进一步提高传感器灵敏度,并应用于更多场景。     

圆柱形光声池结构及环境因素对声学本征频率的影响

以典型的圆柱形光声池为研究对象,建立光声池声学仿真有限元模型,并在此基础上,研究了光声池中谐振腔、缓冲腔、进出气孔结构参数以及温度、湿度因素对其声学本征频率的影响规律.研究结果表明:圆柱形光声池的进、出口孔对其声学本征频率影响极不敏感,设计计算中可以忽略不计,谐振腔的长度影响最为敏感,其次为谐振腔的直径.此外缓冲腔的长度与直径对其亦有一定影响,因而在准确计算时需要加以考虑.温度与湿度对光声池声学本征频率的影响均呈现正线性增长规律,温度的影响随着谐振腔长度的增大而减小,湿度的影响随着温度的升高而增大,仅计算光声池的声学本征频率时,湿度的影响在室温环境下且湿度变动较小的条件下可以忽略.     

Photoacoustic detection of two photon absorption in formaldehyde using pulsed dye laser

Absorption spectra of formaldehyde molecule in the gas phase have been recorded using photoacoustic (PA) technique with pulsed dye laser at various power levels. The spectral profiles at higher power levels are found to be different from that obtained at lower laser powers. Two photon absorption (TPA) is found to be responsible for the photoacoustic signal at higher laser power while the absorption at lower laser power level is attributed to one photon absorption (OPA) process. Probable assignments for the different transitions are given in this paper.     

Photoacoustic cell with black absorber as a detector for spectrophotometric studies

The PAS cell with carbon black absorber is used as a detector for spectrophotometry in an open room. This has immense potential of obtaining absorption speciation information from remote samples.     

基于OPO脉冲激光激发光声光谱的真假血液分类鉴别

为了实现快速准确并可回收再利用地鉴别真血和假血,采用光声光谱技术构建了一套血液光声检测系统并获取血样的光声信号.选取三种动物真血(马血、牛血和兔血)和两种假血(道具假血和红墨汁)共125组血样作为实验样本.获取了700～1064 nm波段内所有样本的光声信号和光声峰峰值谱.实验表明,真血和假血的光声信号幅度、轮廓、峰值...     

植物色素的光声光谱研究

测定了纸色谱分离的极为微量的六种植物色素的光声光谱，并与相应色谱斑点溶出物的吸收光谱进行对照，表明光声光谱对植物色素的鉴定简便有效，海藻类别众多，所含色素体系各有特征，本文报道了绿色藻，红藻和褐藻的光声光谱，并用导数光谱法明确了这些藻类的色素分布特征。     

Resonant photoacoustic detection of trace gas with DFB diode laser

A resonant photoacoustic detection system based on a low-power distributed feedback diode laser is developed. This sensor has been applied to the detection of acetylene (C₂H₂) using a specifically designed photoacoustic cell operating on its second longitudinal mode. The minimum detectable limit of about 10 parts-per-million volume (SNR=1) is achieved with an average laser power of 3.5 mW at atmospheric pressure, and an integration time constant of 3 ms; thus, the minimum detectable absorption coefficient normalised by power and bandwidth is 4.0×10⁻⁸ W cm⁻¹/√Hz. The optimum operating pressure buffered with N₂ is also investigated. The realisation of our system is described and experimental results are compared with different modulation techniques and other results reported in the literature. A number of issues arising from the conventional use of mechanical chopping of the beam can be effectively suppressed in wavelength modulation PA spectroscopy (WM-PAS) and second harmonic detection.     

白血病人血液的光声光谱

利用光声光谱对不同类型的白血病患者和正常人的全血进行检测，发现白血病患者与正常人全血光谱图特征峰有明显差异，结果提示患者全血的光声光谱图可能对早期白血病诊断及白血病分型具有较大的临床意义。     

压电光声位相对热扩散率的分析研究

压电光声光谱法研究样品热扩散率的实验中,仪器贡献位相的影响使得实验结果远离理论预测结果。在分析仪器贡献位相产生因素后认为,由于光声池本身引起的位相贡献可以忽略,在同一检测系统内如果保持其他实验条件不变,可按稀土固态配合物配体和中心离子的光声位相计算得到仪器位相贡献,并以铝制样品为参考对热扩散率进行测算。实验结果和真实值的匹配说明在一定频率范围内通过差减仪器贡献位相可以得到比较满意的结果,但在低频率范围,公式的简化没有充分根据,所以带来结果上的偏差。此外,还把压电光声法应用到植物叶片的检测中。并根据实验获得的压电光声仪器贡献位相计算莲花玉兰叶片的热学参数。     

Photoacoustic gas sensing with a commercial external cavity-quantum cascade laser at 10.5 μm

We report the implementation of a commercial external cavity-quantum cascade laser emitting at 10.5 μm in a photoacoustic spectrometer. This spectrometer enables measurements on broad spectral range up to 60 cm⁻¹ which means that spectra of complex molecules can be recorded as well as a whole absorption band of a small molecule. The wide tuning range of the source of this photoacoustic spectrometer demonstrates the possibility to detect small and complex molecules such as carbon dioxide and butane.     

Recent Progress on Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Techniques

Abstract

Analogous to most new methods in science, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) grew out of an advance in technology, in this case the dramatic improvement in novel light sources, modulators, and acoustic detectors, as well as signal recovery electronics, which in turn was made possible by the development of modern PAS techniques. PAS is a promising technique that can be used to analyze and characterize a broad variety of objects (gaseous, solid, and liquid samples). In the present review, the recent development of infrared PAS limited to the general area of gas-phase analysis techniques since 1990 is summarized, with special emphasis on the development of new or enhanced analytical methodologies based on the use of the photoacoustic (PA) effect to improve the sensitivity of PAS by enhancing signal or reducing noise levels, with regard to PA systems, applications, and conclusions. The applications of these novel PA methods are mainly concerned with molecular spectroscopic, industrial, atmospheric, environmental, chemical and biological, and medical and clinical analysis. New prospects and challenges in various application fields of PAS technique are described.     

Energy transfer and excited state lifetime of some anthracene laser dyes

The lifetimes of some anthrathene derivatives in different solvents have been determined using the phase modulation method. The lifetime of 10-phenyl-2-methyl-9-acetoxyanthracene and 10-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-9-acetoxyanthracene were found to equal 11 and 11 ns in methanol, respectively. Energy transfer from 10-phenyl-2-methyl-9-acetoxyanthracene and 10-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-9-acetoxyanthracene to rhodamine B and rhodamine 110 in different solvents has been studied by using steady-state emission measurements. The large values of the critical transfer distance R₀ and the rate constant of energy transfer k_ET suggest that the mechanism is long-range dipole–dipole energy transfer as described by Förster.     

An Overview of The Photoacoustic Phase Spectra of Rare Earth Complexes

Abstract

The photoacoustic(PA) amplitude and phase spectra of several kinds of rare earth (RE) complexes are reported and summarized briefly. It is observed that both the amplitude and phase spectra well characterize the different energy levels of the RE complexes. The phase angle of the RE complexes is associated with the relaxation time τ and the optical absorption coefficient β concerning with the π-π? transition and the f-f transitions, respectively. After individual detailed discussion of the phase spectra, a reasonable theoretical consideration is given to interpret the results.     

基于不同频率成份衰减矫正的光声成像方法

根据超声衰减理论,研究了光声信号不同频率成份随距离的衰减差异,及其对光声图像重建的影响;提出了对光声信号不同频率成份进行衰减矫正的成像方法,此方法增强了光声信号的高频成份,突出了吸收体的边界变化和细微的结构特征,提高了成像系统分辨率,实验结果显示系统分辨率由0.3 mm提高到0.2 mm.实验所用的光源为YAG激光器,波长为1064 nm,重复频率为20 Hz,脉宽为6 ns,探测器为针状的PVDF膜水听器,接收面积的直径为1 mm.     

光声光谱多组分气体分析仪的交叉干扰特性研究

设计了一套基于红外热辐射光源的光声光谱多组分气体分析仪.通过分析多组分气体间交叉干扰的主要因素以及特征气体的红外吸收谱线,确定了中红外带通滤光片的参数.利用标准气体对设计的光声光谱仪进行标定,研究了待测气体之间交叉干扰的定量关系,并利用湿度发生器对装置受到水气干扰情况进行分析.实验结果表明,C2H2对CH4、CH4对C...     

光声光谱与TDLAS技术在不同气压下的特性研究

基于PAS与TDLAS的基本原理,讨论了两者之间的联系,推导了光声信号和TDLAS信号与气压的关系式,设计并构造了一个可以同时进行PAS与TDLAS气体测量的对比装置,并对两者在不同气压条件下的测量结果进行了分析和研究,为不同气压条件下的气体测量技术选择提供了参考。试验研究表明：随着气压上升,光声光谱与TDLAS信号均变大,极限检测灵敏度均提高;随着气压上升,气体吸收能量转化为光声信号的效率变低;在低压时,使用光声光谱进行气体检测具有更好的效果。