Optical scanning of dusty 3D-structures formed in a glow discharge

3D-quasi-crystals formed in strata of a glow discharge are scanned in the optical range with the help of a moving laser knife and high-speed videorecording. The spatial positions of dusty grains are determined. The ordering of structures and the type of arrangement of particles are determined from a comparison of pair correlation functions constructed for the structures under study with correlation functions corresponding to ideal crystalline structures. Several types of unit cells are found through the visual collation of separate parts of structures. As compared to data from the literature on experiments in a high-frequency discharge, the structures under study have a clearly pronounced anisotropy.     

Three-dimensional clogging structures of granular spheres near hopper orifice

The characteristic clogging structures of granular spheres blocking three-dimensional granular flow through hopper outlet are analyzed based on packing structures reconstructed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Spheres in clogging structures are arranged in a way with typical features of load-bearing,such as more contacting bonds close to the horizontal plane and more mutually-stabilized contact configurations than packing structures away from the orifice.The requirement of load-bearing inevitably leads to the cooperativity of clogging structures with a correlation length of several particle diameters.This correlation length being comparable with the orifice diameter suggests that a clogging structure is composed of several mutually-stabilized structural motifs to span the orifice perimeter,instead of a collection of independent individual spheres to cover the whole orifice area.Accordingly,we propose a simple geometric model to explain the unexpected linear dependence of the average size of three-dimensional clogging structures on orifice diameter.     

Centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au+Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting,RQMD and UrQMD models.The behaviors of the shortrange correlation(SRC)and the long-range correlation(LRC)are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns.For centrality dependence.UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT,i.,e., in most central collisions,the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger,which indicates a long range rapidity correlation.A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that patton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations.For energy dependence,AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results.The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures,i.e.aconvex curve.while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show fiat structures,having no position dependence.Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD,which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects,rather than the parton interactions.     

Quasi-2D Monte Carlo simulations of phase transitions and internal aggregate structures in a highly dense suspension composed of magnetic plate-like particles

The phase transitions and the internal aggregate structures of a highly dense suspension composed of magnetic plate-like particles with a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis have been investigated by means of the Monte Carlo method. The present study considered a quasi-2D system in order to clarify the influences of the volumetric fraction of particles and the magnetic field strength on particle aggregations and phase transitions. The internal structures of particle aggregates have been discussed quantitatively in terms of pair correlation functions, orientational pair correlation functions, nematic and polar order parameters. The main results obtained here are summarized as follows. When the influence of the magnetic interaction between particles is of the same order of that of the perpendicular magnetic field strength, the particles form column-like clusters, and the internal structure of the suspension shows solid-like structures. For the case of a strong applied magnetic field, the internal structure is transformed from solid-like structures into isotropic ones. However, as the volumetric fraction increases, the particles form brick wall-like structures under the situation of a strong applied magnetic field, and the internal structure exhibits solid-like ones. The brick wall-like structures also appear for a relatively weak magnetic field applied along the in-plane direction despite a slightly smaller volumetric fraction compared with the case of the perpendicular applied magnetic field.     

Underlying event background in two-pion correlations in p + p Collisions at √<Emphasis Type="Italic">s</Emphasis> = 0.9 and 7 TeV

When analyzing two-particle correlations for identical pions in p + p collisions at √s = 0.9 and 7 TeV, significant background correlation structures are observed. The structures are also observed for pairs of non-identical pions and are reproduced by Monte-Carlo simulations. We analyze these structures quantitatively and propose methods to account for their impact on the system sizes extracted from the fits to the identical pion correlation functions.     

Uniqueness of reconstruction of multiphase morphologies from two-point correlation functions

The restoration of the spatial structure of heterogeneous media, such as composites, porous materials, microemulsions, ceramics, or polymer blends from two-point correlation functions, is a problem of relevance to several areas of science. In this contribution we revisit the question of the uniqueness of the restoration problem. We present numerical evidence that periodic, piecewise uniform structures with smooth boundaries are completely specified by their two-point correlation functions, up to a translation and, in some cases, inversion. We discuss the physical relevance of the results.     

Coherent structures over riblets in turbulent boundary layer studied by combining time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV),proper orthogonal decomposition(POD),and finite-time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE)

Time-resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV) experiments are performed to investigate the coherent structure's performance of riblets in a turbulent boundary layer(TBL) at a friction Reynolds number of 185. To visualize the energetic large-scale coherent structures(CSs) over a smooth surface and riblets, the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) and finite-time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE) are used to identify the CSs in the TBL. Spatial-temporal correlation is implemented to obtain the characters and transport properties of typical CSs in the FTLE fields. The results demonstrate that the generic flow structures, such as hairpin-like vortices, are also observed in the boundary layer flow over the riblets, consistent with its smooth counterpart. Low-order POD modes are more sensitive to the riblets in comparison with the high-order ones,and the wall-normal movement of the most energy-containing structures are suppressed over riblets. The spatial correlation analysis of the FTLE fields indicates that the evolution process of the hairpin vortex over riblets are inhibited. An apparent decrease of the convection velocity over riblets is noted, which is believed to reduce the ejection/sweep motions associated with high shear stress from the viscous sublayer. These reductions exhibit inhibition of momentum transfer among the structures near the wall in the TBL flows.     

Extraction and verification of coherent structures in near-wall turbulence

According to the characteristics of coherent structures in near-wall turbulence, an accurate extraction and verification method is developed based on wavelet transform (WT) and correlation analysis in this paper. At first, the fluid field of a turbulent boundary layer is measured precisely in a gravitational low-speed water tunnel. On the basis of the distribution of the coherent structures, velocity data of three test points are selected and analyzed, whose dimensionless heights are 20.8, 33.5, and 42.6. According to the frequency range of power spectrum density (PSD), coherent and incoherent structures are both extracted from the original signals using continuous and orthogonal wavelet transforms. To confirm the validity of the extracted signals, the probability density function (PDF) of each extracted signal is calculated. The result demonstrates that the incoherent structures obey the Gaussian distribution, while the coherent structures deviate from the Gaussian distribution. The PDFs of the coherent structures and the original signals are similar, which shows that the coherent structures make most contributions to the turbulence. For further verification, a correlation parameter between coherent and incoherent structures is defined, which evidently proves the validity of the extraction method in this paper.     

Evolution of the Alfvénic correlation in the solar wind

Summary The radial evolution of Alfvénic correlation is such that its value decreases with increasing heliocentric distance. So far this behaviour has been interpreted as an increase in the local production of ?inward? modes interacting destructively with the ?outward? modes. This work, which deals with largescale turbulence, shows that local generation phenomena are not commonly found in the solar wind and that the Alfvénic character of the fluctuations mainly depend on the ?outward? modes alone. The interaction of these modes with density and/or magnetic-field structures convected by the wind causes their destruction and a consequent depletion of the Alfvénic correlation. The same effect would be obtained if ?inward? modes were really present. Our conclusions are that large-scale ?inward? modes are the spectral counterpart of non-propagating field and plasma structures convected by the solar wind and identified as both compression regions and pressure balance structures. Paper presented at the V Cosmic Physics National Conference, S. Miniato, November 27–30, 1990.     

Equilibrium structure of protonated cyanogen, HNCCN

The cubic force field of protonated cyanogen, HNCCN⁺, has been calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory employing correlation consistent bases of quadruple-zeta quality. Semi-experimental equilibrium structures have then been derived from the experimental ground-state rotational constants available for various isotopologues and the corresponding vibrational corrections calculated from the theoretical force fields. While a good agreement has been found with the pure theoretical best estimate of equilibrium geometry, computed at the CCSD(T) level of theory accounting for basis set truncation as well as including core correlation corrections, large discrepancies have been noted with the experimental substitution, r_s, as well as effective, r₀, structures.     

NMR signature of evolution of ductile-to-brittle transition in bulk metallic glasses

The mechanical properties of monolithic metallic glasses depend on the structures at atomic or subnanometer scales, while a clear correlation between mechanical behavior and structures has not been well established in such amorphous materials. In this work, we find a clear correlation of (27)Al NMR isotropic shifts with a microalloying induced ductile-to-brittle transition at ambient temperature in bulk metallic glasses, which indicates that the (27)Al NMR isotropic shift can be regarded as a structural signature to characterize plasticity for this metallic glass system. The study provides a compelling approach for investigating and understanding the mechanical properties of metallic glasses from the point of view of electronic structure.     

Mach reflection bifurcations as a mechanism of cell multiplication in gaseous detonations

Detonation waves in gases are unstable and form cellular structures. The cellular structure can range from being very regular, to very irregular, where new modes are continuously formed on the front of the detonation wave. The present work addresses the mechanism of new cell formation in irregular structure detonations. Using idealized one-step chemistry calculations on sufficiently wide domains, as to avoid mode-locking, the present work reveals a novel mechanism for new mode formation in cellular detonations. The mechanism involves the creation of wave bifurcations on the front of the Mach shock following triple shock collisions. The numerical simulations reveal that these new triple points, through further reflections with pre-existing modes in asymmetric cells, can give rise to cell multiplication. Parameters favourable to this mechanism were found in good correlation with parameters leading to irregular cellular structures, as observed in previous experiments.     

Parameter motivated mutual correlation analysis: Application to the study of currency exchange rates based on intermittency parameter and Hurst exponent

We present a novel method for the parameter oriented analysis of mutual correlation between independent time series or between equivalent structures such as ordered data sets. The proposed method is based on the sliding window technique, defines a new type of correlation measure and can be applied to time series from all domains of science and technology, experimental or simulated. A specific parameter that can characterize the time series is computed for each window and a cross correlation analysis is carried out on the set of values obtained for the time series under investigation. We apply this method to the study of some currency daily exchange rates from the point of view of the Hurst exponent and the intermittency parameter. Interesting correlation relationships are revealed and a tentative crisis prediction is presented.     

Is diffusion anisotropy an accurate monitor of myelination?: Correlation of multicomponent T2 relaxation and diffusion tensor anisotropy in human brain

We compare T2-relaxation and diffusion tensor data from normal human brain. The relationships between myelin-water fraction (MWF) and various diffusion tensor measures [e.g., fractional anisotropy (FA), perpendicular diffusivity (ADC perpendicular) and mean diffusivity ] in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) structures in the brain were examined in 16 normal volunteers at 1.5 T and 6 normal subjects at 3.0 T and mean diffusivity. We found some degree of linear correlation between these measurements, but by using region of interest (ROI)-based analysis, we also observed several structures which seemed to deviate significantly from a linear relationship. From all investigated relationships between various diffusion tensor measures and myelin-water content, FA and ADC perpendicular yielded the highest correlation coefficients with MWF. However, diffusion anisotropy was also significantly influenced by factors other than myelin-water content. The less operator-dependent voxel-based analysis (VBA) between myelin-water and diffusional anisotropy measures is proposed as an innovative alternative to ROI-based analysis. We confirmed that WM structures, in general, have higher diffusional anisotropy than GM structures and also have higher myelin-water content. However, our findings suggest that in the highly organized fibre arrangement of compact WM structures such as the genu of the corpus callosum, elevated degrees of diffusional anisotropies are measured, which do not necessarily correspond to an elevated myelin content but more likely reflect the highly organized directionality of fibre bundles in these areas (low microscopic and macroscopic tortuosity) as well as strongly restricted diffusion in the interstitial space between the myelinated axons. Conversely, in structures with disorganized fibre bundles and multiple fibre crossings, such as the minor and major forceps, low FA values were measured, which does not necessarily reflect a decrease myelin-water content.     

Imaging of supersonic flow over a double elliptic surface

The coherent structures of flow over a double elliptic surface are experimentally investigated in a supersonic lownoise wind tunnel at Mach number 3 using nano-tracer planar laser scattering(NPLS)and particle image velocimetry(PIV)techniques.High spatiotemporal resolution images and velocity fields of both laminar and turbulent inflows over the test model are captured.Based on the time-correlation images,the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of the coherent structures are investigated.The flow structures in the NPLS images are in good agreement with the velocity fluctuation fields by PIV.From statistically significant ensembles,spatial correlation analysis of both cases is performed to quantify the mean size and the orientation of coherent structures.The results indicate that the mean structure is elliptical in shape and the structural angles in the separated region of laminar inflow are slightly smaller than that of turbulent inflow.Moreover,the structural angles of both cases increase with their distance away from the wall.     

光栅光谱仪波长校准算法研究

使用正弦曲线拟合进行波长校准时,根据不同的待定系数选择方法,提出三种校准算法.最优算法选定四个待定系数,其中两个线性系数使用最小二乘法计算,而两个非线性系数使用最优化原理求得.线性算法只选定两个线性系数为待定量,而非线性系数为确定值.简化算法仅选定一个线性系数为待定量,其余三个系数为确定值.实测数据表明,线性算法拟合准确度接近最优解,计算复杂度低,是一种最适合于光栅光谱仪波长校准的算法.     

Analysis of cross-correlation of interface roughness in multilayer structures with ultrashort periods

The diffusion scattering method is used for studying a series of W/B₄C multilayer structures with ultrashort periods (d = 0.8–1.5 nm). A simple theoretical model is described; the model takes into account both the dynamic effects in the interaction of counter-propagating diffuse-scattered waves and the mixing of film materials at the boundaries of the layers. It is shown that multilayer structures with a number of bilayers up to N = 700 and values of periods up to 0.8 nm are multilayer structures, which are well-correlated along the boundaries and exhibit resonance diffuse scattering. For structures with a period d > 1.1 nm, the largest contribution to the imperfection of boundaries comes not from the roughness, but from mixing of the films. The range of minimal periods of multilayer structures, for which the continuity of the films is preserved, is determined. The effect of “smoothing” of the substrate surface is discovered in multilayer structures with intact continuity; this contradicts to a certain extent the assumption concerning complete longitudinal correlation of roughnesses, which forms the basis of the theory.     

AlCuFe quasicrystals: Local electronic properties of these new industrial materials

We present room temperature ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer centre (isomer) shift and electric field gradient (EFG) results in the Al_100-x-yCu_xFe_y icosahedral-quasicrystalline (i-) and crystalline phases. We have investigated the local electronic properties and atomic order along the existence domains of the quasicrystalline and approximant phases given by two close-lying parallel lines in the concentration diagram: the I-line, where the quasicrystal is stable, and the A-line, where the rhombohedral approximant is stable, and other high-order approximants (orthorhombic and pentagonal) as well as the quasicrystal phase are metastable. We have also studied a series of intermediate concentrations situated between the I- and A-lines retained in the metastable i-phase by quenching. It is found that the centre shift and EFG are linearly correlated to each other over the range of compositions and structures for both the I- and A-lines as well as the intermediate samples. This correlation results from systematic changes in the orbital occupations on Fe atoms with composition. We have investigated as well the new low-order cubic approximant phase containing Si. The results for this phase fall near to but not on the correlation line indicating small changes in the atomic binding as compared to the i- and high order approximant phases. In addition, we have studied several non-approximant phases which lie close to these phases in composition. The results for the non-approximant structures do not fall near the correlation line, indicating very different atomic binding.