水中药物和个人护理品分析方法研究进展

随着社会经济发展水平的提高和医疗条件的改善,药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的使用种类及总量均显著增加,造成环境中PPCPs的残留浓度不断升高,进而会对水环境生态安全及人类和动植物的健康造成潜在危害和严重威胁.由于开发建立快速、灵敏、高效的PPCPs定性、定量分析方法是探究其存在、去除及毒性的前提,因此本文对水中PPCP...     

深共熔溶剂-高效液相色谱联用提取测定环境水样中的3种药品和个人护理品

建立了深共熔溶剂-高效液相色谱联用提取测定环境水样中3种药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的方法。通过优化前处理条件,3种PPCPs(氯霉素、氯苯甘醚和萘普生)利用氯化胆碱-乙二醇深共熔溶剂为提取剂,经超声功率120 W下超声波提取5 min,离心转速9000 r/min下离心10 min富集提取。采用外标法定量分析,在5.0~200.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9998。3种环境水样中PPCPs的回收率为81.4%~94.8%,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%,0.4%和0.3%。氯霉素、氯苯甘醚和萘普生的方法检出限(LODs)分别为0.9,3.3,1.6 mg/L,定量限(LOQs)分别为3.1,12.2,5.0 mg/L。方法能够满足环境水样中3种PPCPs的检测需求。     

气相色谱串联质谱法测定个人护理品中九种合成麝香

建立了气相色谱串联质谱技术测定沐浴露、洗发露、洗衣液、洗洁精、洗手液、花露水、洗衣粉和香水8类个人护理品中9种合成麝香(SMs)检测方法。样品采用甲醇稀释,气相色谱串联质谱测定,内标法定量(内标物质为荧蒽-D10)。9种合成麝香的线性范围为0.5～100μg/L,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限为0.05～0.10μg/L。9种合成麝香的平均回收率为80.6%～125.3%,标准偏差为3.1%～9.6%。该方法利用GC-MS/MS的多反应监测模式灵敏度高,有效排除干扰。用本法,在146份样品中检出99份添加佳乐麝香和吐纳麝香,检出质量分数分别为36.1～40253.2 mg/kg和1.7～8772.4 mg/kg。     

手性PPCPs环境行为与效应的对映体选择性

新型环境有机污染物——药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)中大部分是手性物质,以外消旋体形式或单一对映体形式使用,经过一系列生物转化过程对映体组分会发生改变。复杂环境介质中手性PPCPs分离分析难度大从而限制了相关研究,手性PPCPs生物降解的立体选择性和毒理效应的立体选择性使潜在的环境行为和风险更加复杂。欧美、日本等发达国家已逐渐关注环境中手性PPCPs的立体选择性,并开展了一系列手性药物环境行为和效应的对映体选择性研究。相比之下,我国环境中手性PPCPs研究尚欠缺,亟待开展广泛深入的研究。本文综述了PPCPs的手性特征、分析方法、手性PPCP环境行为和效应选择性,分析了对映体选择性特征在污染源解析中的潜在应用,讨论了目前手性PPCPs环境行为和效应研究的局限性,并展望了研究趋势。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测地表水中18种药物与个人护理品的残留量

采用固相萃取对水样进行预处理,建立了同时检测地表水中包括抗生素、β-阻滞剂、驱蚊剂、抗癫痫药、中枢神经兴奋剂、血脂调节剂、非甾体抗炎药、杀菌消毒剂在内的18种药物与个人护理品的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。采用中性条件萃取水样,控制上样流速为2 mL/min,用甲醇-乙腈(1:1, v/v)溶液洗脱。纯水中的平均加标回收率为53.9%～112%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～15.3%(n=6);以地表水样加标100 ng/L为样品,目标分析物平均回收率为45.1%～156.6%,相对标准偏差为2.4%～15.7%(n=6)。结果表明,本方法可同时精确检测地表水样中的18种分析物,方法验证结果表明所建立的方法可靠。用该方法分析杭州余杭塘河水,结果检出9种分析物,其中咖啡因平均质量浓度达550.7 ng/L。结果表明该方法可靠。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人尿中12种典型个人护理品

研究建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定人尿中12种典型个人护理品(PCPs)的分析方法,其中包括5种对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂(PBs)、5种二苯酮类紫外吸收剂(BPs)和2种抗菌剂。1 mL尿样中加入β-葡萄糖醛酸酶-乙酸铵缓冲溶液和混合内标工作液置于37℃水浴酶解过夜(≥16 h)。样品采用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集净化,在乙腈-水流动相体系下采用Acquity BEH C₁₈色谱柱进行色谱分离,负离子电喷雾(ESI^-)多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,稳定同位素内标法定量。实验通过优化仪器质谱参数、流动相和色谱柱等色谱条件以及酶解和固相萃取柱等前处理条件,获得了最佳实验结果。在优化条件下,羟苯甲酯(MeP)和二苯酮-3(BP-3)在4.00～800μg/L,三氯生(TCS)在5.00～200μg/L,其余9种PCPs在1.00～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,方法检出限(MDL)为0.06～1.09μg/L,方法定量限(MQL)为0.08～3.63μg/L。12种分析物的加标回收...     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中11大类145种药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中频繁检出，是一类受到国内外环保部门普遍关注的新污染物。准确掌握水环境中PPCPs存在的种类及浓度水平，获取水环境中各类PPCPs的基础污染数据，是环境管理部门进行新污染物管控的重要基础。为此，必须开发准确灵敏、方便快捷且能实现高通量筛查及定量分析的检测方法。本研究采用大体积直接进样-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水环境中11大类(抗生素、降压药、降糖药、抗病毒药、β-受体激动剂、硝基咪唑类药物、H₂受体拮抗剂、精神麻醉类药物、降血脂药、非甾体抗炎药及其他类药物和杀菌剂类个人护理品)145种PPCPs。水样经0.22μm的再生纤维素滤膜过滤，加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂EDTA)并调节pH值至6.0～8.0,加入内标混匀后，采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(50 mm×3 mm, 2.6μm)进行色谱分离，以含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子扫描模式下的流动相、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为负离子扫描模式下的流动相，分别进行梯度洗脱，质谱智能化分时间段...     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饮用水中18种典型药品和个人护理品

取饮用水样1.0L,用0.2μm滤膜过滤。滤液以5mL·min~(-1)的流量通过活化后的HLB固相萃取柱(SPE),使18种被测物在柱上分离富集。先后用水10mL和15%(体积分数)甲醇溶液10mL淋洗HLB柱,随即用甲醇15mL洗脱吸附于柱上的被测物。收集洗脱液并于30℃下吹氮,使其体积蒸缩至200μL,加水定容至1.0mL,离心10min,取其上清液,用0.22μm针式过滤器过滤后,取其滤液在仪器工作条件下进行超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析。选用Waters UPLCTMBEH C18色谱柱作为分离柱,用不同比例的(A)8mmol·L~(-1)甲酸铵溶液[含0.1%(体积分数,下同)甲酸]和(B)体积比为1∶1甲醇-乙腈混合液(含1%甲酸)的混合液作为流动相,将色谱柱上的被测物进行梯度洗脱,18种分析物可在34min内达到较好的分离。在MS/MS分析中选择电喷雾离子源正离子(ESI+)和多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定。所涉及18种被测物的质量浓度均在15μg·L~(-1)内与其对应的色谱峰面积呈线性关系,其检出限(3S/N)为5～50pg·L~(-1)。以超纯水和自来水为基质进行加标回收试验,回收率分别为64.4%～113%和78.2%～116%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为1.6%～19%和2.8%～18%。对采自全国不同区域的7个水厂的实样按方法进行分析,其中有3份水样中检出4-乙酰氨基安替比林的含量高于1ng·L~(-1);在所测7份水样中均测得卡马西平和吡喹酮,其含量均低于1ng·L~(-1);还在3～5份水样中测得含量1ng·L~(-1)的四咪唑、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺噻唑和磺胺二甲基嘧啶等化合物。     

植物中27种典型药品及个人护理品多残留检测方法的建立及其在芽苗菜中迁移规律的分析

建立了一种基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测植物体内27种典型药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)残留的分析方法,经HLB萃取小柱对植物体内PPCPs富集净化,以BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离质谱正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下分析。方法学考察表明,植物体中27种PPCPs的检出限为0.01～0.30μg/kg;定量限为0.03～0.98μg/kg;在各自的检测范围内有良好的线性关系(r²>0.99),平均回收率为80.8%～122.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%～9.9%。使用本方法检测生长在不同含量PPCPs培养基中的芽苗菜,结果发现在低含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出了10种PPCPs;在中含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出13种PPCPs;在高含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出19种PPCPs。结果表明在有PPCPs污染的水体中生长的植物或是用含有被PPCPs污染的水源灌溉的植物会吸收并积累PPCPs,且植物对PPCPs的吸收种...     

非水毛细管电泳法同时测定消毒剂、个人护理品及药膏中三氯生、三氯卡班和对氯间二甲苯酚

三氯生（TCS）、三氯卡班（TCC）和对氯间二甲苯酚（PCMX）这3种消毒有效成分因广谱杀菌而广泛应用于消毒剂、个人护理品及药品中。为监督这些产品质量、保障消毒效果,非常有必要建立同时分析这3种消毒有效成分的方法。鉴于此,该文以十二烷基三甲基溴化铵（DTAB）为电渗流反转剂,建立了同时测定上述3种消毒有效成分的非水毛细管电泳-紫外检测新方法,并对分离缓冲体系及浓度、样品介质等条件进行了优化。结果表明,未涂层熔融石英毛细管（20.0 cm×50.0 μm,总长度30.2 cm）为分离毛细管,14 mmol/L硼砂、2 g/L聚乙二醇20000和0.5 mmol/L DTAB的甲醇溶液为分离缓冲溶液,样品介质为含5 g/L聚乙二醇20000的甲醇-乙腈（50∶50, v/v）,在214 nm下进行检测,实现了3种消毒有效成分的同时分离。在1~100 mg/L范围内,3种消毒有效成分的校正峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）均大于0.99。方法的检出限（LOD,信噪比为3）为0.2 mg/L,定量限（LOQ,信噪比为10）为1.0 mg/L;加标回收率在94.5%~104.4%范围内,相对标准偏差均小于4.8%。利用研究建立的新方法测定了消毒液、洗手液、婴儿爽身粉、抑菌乳膏共31件样品,并将结果与国家标准方法GB/T 27947-2020和GB/T 34856-2017中的液相色谱法结果相比较,无统计学显著性差异。与国标方法相比,方法极大地减少了有机溶剂消耗量。该法前处理简单,结果准确,非常适合实验室的常规分析。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定环境水体中微量药品和个人护理用品

结合固相萃取与高效液相色谱分析技术,建立了一种可以同时检测环境水体中10种微量药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的分析方法。将水样pH调节至5,过Poly-Sery HLB固相萃取小柱,用6mL的甲醇洗脱。洗脱液在Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱上分离,以水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为224nm。10种目标化合物的质量浓度在0.5~20mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为6.0~54.6μg·L-1,测定下限(10S/N)为20.1~182.1μg·L-1。对自来水和地表水进行加标试验,回收率分别在71.2%~108%和56.7%~97.6%之间。方法用于某城镇污水处理厂的原水和最终处理出水的检测。     

LC-MS/MS法快速高效检测尿液中尼古丁及其9种代谢物

以氘代尼古丁、氘代可的宁、3-OH-氘代可的宁、氘代尼古丁葡萄糖醛酸复合物、氘代可的宁葡萄糖醛酸复合物、3-OH-氘代可的宁葡萄糖醛酸复合物作内标, 在LC-MS/MS的大气压化学电离(APCI)离子化模式下, 建立了快速检测吸烟者尿液中尼古丁及其9种代谢物的方法, 并对19个实际样品进行了测试和判别分析(DA). 实验前处理简单, 色谱运行时间仅为3.8 min. 结果表明, 尼古丁及其代谢物的精密度在0.5%～5.5%之间, 回收率在94%～109%之间, 线性相关系数均大于0.995. DA分析充分区别开了不同量的吸烟者, 进一步的相关性分析表明吸烟者24 h尿液中的尼古丁及其9种代谢物含量与卷烟抽吸量的分析因子之间均有较强正相关性.     

LC-MS/MS方法快速检测血浆中小檗碱的浓度

小檗碱在生物体内以极低的浓度发挥着良好的疗效,准确测定其血药浓度对其药理学性质的研究具有重要意义。本文建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用快速测定血浆中小檗碱浓度的方法,采用Waters XTerraTM MSC18色谱柱(2.1×50mm,3.5μm),柱温25℃,以0.2%醋酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.2mL/min,以苯妥英为内标。质谱采用电喷雾电离源,以选择反应监测模式进行定量分析,血浆样品用乙腈直接沉淀处理。结果表明,小檗碱在0.01～0.5μg/mL浓度范围线性关系良好,最低检测浓度为5ng/mL(S/N=3)。日内、日间RSD均小于15%(n=5)。本文建立的方法操作简单、灵敏度高、分析时间短,适用于小檗碱血药浓度监测及药代动力学研究。     

Direct Detection of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Aqueous Samples with Thermally-Assisted Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

An ambient mass spectrometric method based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) has been developed to allow rapid, direct analysis of contaminated water samples, and the technique was evaluated through analysis of a wide array of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants. Incorporating direct infusion of aqueous sample and thermal assistance into the source design has allowed low ppt detection limits for the target analytes in drinking water matrices. With this methodology, mass spectral information can be collected in less than 1 min, consuming ~100 μL of total sample. Quantitative ability was also demonstrated without the use of an internal standard, yielding decent linearity and reproducibility. Initial results suggest that this source configuration is resistant to carryover effects and robust towards multi-component samples. The rapid, continuous analysis afforded by this method offers advantages in terms of sample analysis time and throughput over traditional hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中7种有机磷类农药残留物

使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)同时测定水产品中的敌百虫(Dipterex)、敌敌畏(Dichlorvos)、蝇毒磷(Coumaphos)、乙酰甲胺磷(Acephote)、甲胺磷(Methamidophos)、毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)、乐果(Dimethoate)等7种有机磷类药物的残留量.采用酸化的乙酸乙酯提取均质后的样品,提取液过酸性氧化铝柱净化去脂,经(LC/MS/MS)电喷雾电离(ESI)源,正离子多反应检测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量.敌百虫、敌敌畏、蝇毒磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、毒死蜱、乐果检出限均可达到10 μg/kg,在添加浓度10～200 μg/kg之间线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均>0.9990,对于10、15、20 μg/kg水平添加回收率范围在72.9%～106%之间,相对标准偏差(RSDs)范围在1.89%～11.6%之间.     

基质影响电喷雾离子化效率的研究

着眼于液相色谱与质谱条件的匹配问题,以酸性化合物——大黄酸,碱性化合物——青藤碱为模型化合物,系统地考察了正离子和负离子模式下,6种常见的LC-MS缓冲体系对电喷雾离子化效率的基质影响。结果表明：被分析物,采用不同的溶剂体系,离子化效率有显著差异,在实际样品分析中,应根据感兴趣的化合物选择合适的缓冲溶剂体系。     

Simultaneous extraction and determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in river water and sewage by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This study features the simultaneous extraction and quantification of 18 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). This is a pioneering method for the quantification of acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, atenolol, metoprolol, diethyltoluamide and oxybenzone in atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mode. The method was validated for high repeatability and reproducibility with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Instrument quantification limits for PPCPs were within the range of 0.05–1.0 µg L^?1, and the method quantification limits (MQLs) for ultrapure water were within the range of 0.3–15 ng L^?1. All samples were extracted using Oasis© hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced cartridges with optimised sample size and extraction conditions. Good accuracy was demonstrated, with solid-phase extraction recoveries above 80% for most PPCPs. In environmental matrices, the MQLs for river water, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and STP influent were 4–25, 10–153 and 38–386.5, respectively. The method was successfully applied to investigate occurrences of persistent PPCPs in Malaysian river and sewage samples.     

Determination of acidic herbicides in fruits and vegetables using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

The use of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was found to be the best combination for multiresidue determination of eight acidic herbicides in fruits and vegetables in terms of high recovery, short time of analysis, low cost and safety. Recent few articles were published for determination of different classes of acidic herbicides in single multiresidue method. In the present study, mass spectrophotometric conditions were individually optimised for eight acidic herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, bentazone, bromoxynil, fluazifop, fluroxypyr, imazethapyr, ioxynil and triclopyr to achieve maximum sensitivity and selectivity in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode allowing simultaneous identification and quantification in a single run. Identity confirmation and quantitation were attained by using negative electrospray ionisation LC-MS/MS (ESI?) in MRM mode. Due to LC-MS/MS signal suppression, determination of pesticide residues was based on matrix-matched standard calculations. Most of the evaluated compounds showed a recovery ranging from 81% to 113% with relative standard deviations less than 16 % indicating acceptable precision. The precision and accuracy of the method were determined from recovery experiments on six replicates of spiked blank strawberry and green beans samples at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg. The developed assay was linear over concentration range of 0.01–0.5 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99 at the limit of quantitation 0.01 µg/mL. The proposed assay was successfully applied for the analysis of the studied acidic herbicides residues in two proficiency test samples. This wide scope assay protocol is applicable for monitoring acidic herbicides residues in fruits and vegetables by national regulatory authorities and accredited labs in order to help ensuring the safety of such widely used food products.     

Optimization of a SPME/GC/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Waters

A headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography and MS detection (GC/MS) was optimized for the simultaneous determination of 21 target Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in water samples. The analytes included fragrances, UV-filters, antiseptics, estrogens, anti-inflammatory drugs, and pesticides. An on-fiber SPME derivatization, using silyl reagents, was performed for the analysis of more polar acidic compounds. An experimental design approach was applied to systematically investigate and optimize the operative parameters affecting the extraction recovery, namely: extraction temperature and time, derivatization time, desorption temperature and time. The optimum operating conditions were: extraction time of 125?min at a temperature of 40?°C; derivatization time of 30.5?min; desorption time of 2?min at a temperature of 300?°C. Under these conditions, good reproducibility was assessed as RDS% values ≤10% for underivatized PPCPs and ≤20% for derivatized compounds. The method detection limits (LOD) were between 0.7 and 9.0?ng?L^?1, with the highest values in the range 2.5–9.0?ng?L^?1 for the derivatized analytes. Method accuracy was evaluated on spiked tap water samples: recoveries varied from 85 to 103% and from 75 to 110% for non-derivatized and derivatized compounds, respectively.