A novel multipriority reservation protocol for plastic optical fiber access network

In this paper, a novel multipriority reservation protocol for plastic optical fiber access network based on optical code division multiplexing access (OCDMA) technology is proposed. Conventional OCDMA system only allows finite units to transmit and access simultaneously according to the number of channels. The protocol is proposed to resolve this problem. By using the reservation scheme and a distributed arbitration algorithm, channel collision and destination conflict can be avoided. The protocol can efficiently support the transmission of multimedia messages that require the different time-delays. At the same time, each optical network unit is equipped with a fixed optical encoder/decoder that is always tuned to channel for control and the tunable optical encoder/decoder that is tuned to any of channel for data. The network throughput and average delay have been investigated by numerical analysis and simulation experiments. It is shown that the multipriority reservation protocol in this POF access net     

一种用于塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议设计

提出一种基于光码分多址(OCDMA)技术的塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议.由于受传输误码率的限制,常规的光码分多址系统只允许有限个用户传输数据或接入网络,为了解决用有限的码字来实现多于码字数目的多媒体工作站间的信息通信,这种多优先级的控制协议通过使用预约和随机分配算法可以有效地解决信道冲突和目的地址的冲突问题, 该协议可以支持多媒体信息传输中各类信息不同的时间延迟要求.另外,在该接入网中,每个光网络单元均设有两套光编码器和光解码器,一套用于控制信道,另一套用于各个数据信道.利用本文提出的协议对塑料光纤接入网的网络吞吐量和平均延时时间进行了数值分析和仿真实验,结果证明了这种多优先级控制协议的有效性和高效性.     

A cognitive MAC protocol for QoS provisioning in ad hoc networks

In this paper, we consider an ad hoc network overlaying a legacy time-division multiple access (TDMA) system. This kind of ad hoc and infrastructure-based coexisting architecture can have an important application for the future cognitive radio (CR) network. To establish an overlaying ad hoc network in the presence of primary users, the medium access control (MAC) protocol shall achieve high spectrum utilization, avoid interfering the primary user and establish the link quickly. To this end, we propose four enhanced mechanisms for the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) MAC protocol: (1) a neighbor list establishment mechanism for recognizing spectrum usage opportunities, (2) a set of contention resolution methods to reduce the collision and delay variance, (3) an invited reservation procedure for meeting the delay requirements of real-time traffic, and (4) a distributed frame synchronization mechanism for coordinating transmission without a centralized controller. Compared to the legacy IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, the proposed CSMA/CA MAC protocol enhancement can improve the system throughput by 50% through analysis and NS-2 simulations, while keeping the dropping rate lower than 2% for delay-sensitive traffic. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the access delay is reduced by five times. With these QoS enhanced mechanisms, the proposed cognitive CSMA/CA MAC protocol can allow an ad hoc network to coexist with the legacy TDMA system.     

A data transmission method for particle physics experiments based on Ethernet physical layer

Due to its advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design for modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with the TCP/IP protocol stack, which makes it difficult to implement readout systems because designers have to use the operating system to process this protocol. Furthermore, TCP/IP degrades the transmission efficiency and real-time performance. To maximize the performance of Ethernet in physics experiment applications, a data readout method based on the physical layer(PHY) is proposed. In this method, TCP/IP is replaced with a customized and simple protocol, which makes it easier to implement. On each readout module, data from the front-end electronics is first fed into an FPGA for protocol processing and then sent out to a PHY chip controlled by this FPGA for transmission.This kind of data path is fully implemented by hardware. From the side of the data acquisition system(DAQ),however, the absence of a standard protocol causes problems for the network related applications. To solve this problem, in the operating system kernel space, data received by the network interface card is redirected from the traditional flow to a specified memory space by a customized program. This memory space can easily be accessed by applications in user space. For the purpose of verification, a prototype system has been designed and implemented.Preliminary test results show that this method can meet the requirements of data transmission from the readout module to the DAQ with an efficient and simple manner.     

基于双向长短期记忆网络的太赫兹光谱识别

特征提取是太赫兹光谱识别的关键处理步骤,通常利用降维方法作为特征提取手段。然而,当一些化合物的太赫兹光谱曲线整体差异度较小时,降维方法往往会缺失样本差异的重要特征信息,从而导致分类错误。如果不采用降维方法提取特征,传统机器学习分类算法对维数较高的原始太赫兹光谱数据又不能很好的分类。针对此问题,提出了一种基于双向长短期记忆网络（BLSTM-RNN）自动提取太赫兹光谱特征的识别方法。BLSTM-RNN作为一种特殊的循环神经网络,利用其LSTM单元可以有效解决原始太赫兹光谱数据维数较高使得模型难以训练问题。再结合模型的双向频谱信息利用架构模式,可以增强模型对复杂光谱数据自动提取有效特征信息的能力。采用三类、15种化合物太赫兹透射光谱作为测试对象,首先利用S-G滤波和三次样条插值对Anthraquinone,Benomyl和Carbazole等十五种化合物在0.9～6 THz内的太赫兹透射光谱数据进行归一化处理,然后通过构建一个具有双向长短期记忆的循环神经网络对太赫兹光谱的全频谱信息进行自动特征提取并利用Softmax分类器进行分类。通过试验优化网络结构和各项参数,最终获得了针对复杂太赫兹透射光谱数据的预测模型,并与传统机器学习算法SVM,KNN及神经网络算法MLP,CNN进行对比实验。结果表明,dataset-1和dataset-2分别作为差异度较大和无明显峰值特征的五种化合物太赫兹透射光谱数据集,其平均识别率分别为100%和98.51%,与其他方法相比识别率有所提高;最重要的是,dataset-3作为5种化合物谱线极为相似的太赫兹透射光谱数据集,其平均识别率为96.56%,与其他方法相比识别率提高显著;dataset-4作为dataset-1,dataset-2和dataset-3的透射光谱数据集集合,其平均识别率为98.87%。从而验证了BLSTM-RNN模型能自动提取有效的太赫兹光谱特征,同时又能保证复杂太赫兹光谱的预测精度。在选择模型训练优化算法方面,使用Adam优化算法要好于RMSProp,SGD和AdaGrad,其模型的目标函数损失值收敛速度最快。同时随着模型训练迭代次数增加,相似太赫兹透射光谱数据集的预测准确率也不断提升。可为复杂太赫兹光谱数据库的光谱识别检索提供一种新的识别方法。     

A Fault-Tolerant Transmission Scheme in SDN-Based Industrial IoT (IIoT) over Fiber-Wireless Networks

Driven by the emerging mission-critical and data-intensive applications in industrial intelligent manufacturing, the software-defined network (SDN) based fiber-wireless access network (FiWi) is attracting considerable attention thanks to its capability of central control and large bandwidth. However, the heterogeneity of the network leads to new challenges, since the packet loss can be caused either by the poor channel quality of wireless links or network component failures. A novel and adaptive mechanism combining sparse random linear network coding with parallel transmission (SNC-PT) is proposed to achieve the fault-tolerance against high packet loss rate and any network element malfunction. We illustrate the benefits of using the SNC-PT mechanism to improve fault tolerance by characterizing the network performance with respect to the completion time and goodput along with its relationship to channel quality and node failures. We show that significant performance gains can be obtained in comparison with conventional uncoded transmission based on transmission control protocol (TCP). The simulation results show that the SNC-PT mechanism is fault-tolerant, while it can significantly shorten the data transmission completion time to at least 12% of the baseline and increase the goodput by about 10% compared to other coding schemes such as random linear network coding.     

A single-channel single-winner auction model for homogeneous channel allocation in CRNs

Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel intelligent technology which enables opportunistic access to temporarily unused licensed frequency bands. A key functionality of CR is to distribute free channels efficiently amongst Secondary Users (SUs) boosting spectrum usage to assist the escalating wireless applications world wide. In this context, this paper introduces a channel allocation mechanism which enables SUs (CR enabled unlicensed users) to dynamically access unused spectrum bands to fulfill their spectrum needs. We model the channel allocation problem as a sealed-bid single-sided auction which primarily aims at maximizing the overall spectrum utilization. Market based spectrum auctions in CR networks motivate licensed users to participate and lease their under utilized radio resources to gain monetary benefits. Sequential bidding is applied to this model for auctioning homogeneous channels, which reduces communication overhead. Bid submission takes into account two major CR constraints, namely, dynamics in spectrum opportunities and differences in channel availability time, which on incorporation provide disruption free data transmission to the SUs. We reduce resource wastage in this model by performing multiple auction rounds. Application of second price auction determines winning bidders and their respective payments to auctioneer. The design of our auction mechanism is supported with the proofs of truthfulness and individually rational properties. Furthermore, experimental results indicate that our model outperforms an existing auction method. Spectrum utilization values show 22 to 75% improvement in our model with changing number of SUs, and 23 to 93% improvement in our model with changing number of channels.     

一种M2M网络中的能量有效媒体访问控制协议

为了减小M2M网络中MAC层的接入冲突,提高接入数据传输效率和节点能量利用效率,提出了一种新的混合分组协议HG-MAC(Hybrid and Grouping MAC)。HG-MAC混合利用基于调度与基于竞争的两种接入方式;对节点进行分组分层管理,减少接入冲突和提供QoS保障;采用休眠机制提高能量利用效率;引入动态调整机制和可变帧长度提高协议灵活性。通过建立二维马尔可夫链,对竞争时长与数据传输速率之间的关系进行了理论分析。利用OPNET仿真工具,将HG-MAC与CSMA/CA和TDMA的性能进行了仿真比较。结果表明HG-MAC在数据传输速率、能量效率和信道利用率上具有一定的优势。     

Traffic-Aware Green Cognitive Radio

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) has emerged as an effective solution to the spectrum under-utilization problem, by providing secondary users (SUs) an opportunistic access to the unoccupied frequency bands of primary users (PUs). Most of the current research on CRN are based on the assumption that the SU always has a large amount of data to transmit. This leads to the objective of SU throughput maximization with a constraint on the allowable interference to the PU. However, in many of the practical scenarios, the data arrival process of the SU closely follows an ON–OFF traffic model, and thus the usual throughput optimization framework may no longer be suitable. In this paper, we propose an intelligent data scheduling strategy which minimizes the average transmission power of the SU while maintaining the transmission delay to be sufficiently small. The data scheduling problem has been formulated as a finite horizon Markov Decision Process (MDP) with an appropriate cost function. Dynamic programming approach has been adopted to arrive at an optimal solution. Our findings show that the average transmitted power for our proposed approach can be as small as 36.5% of the power required for usual throughput maximization technique with insignificant increase in average delay.     

用于塑料光纤接入网的三优先级控制协议设计

为了解决用有限的码字来实现多于码字数目的多媒体工作站间的信息通信,提出一种基于光码分多址(Optical Code Division Multiple Access,OCDMA)技术的塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议. 该协议通过使用预约方案和仲裁算法可以有效地解决信道冲突和目的地址的冲突问题,可以支持多媒体信息传输中各类信息不同的时间延迟要求.通过建立一个离散马尔科夫链模型对塑料光纤接入网的网络吞吐量和平均延时时间进行了数值分析和仿真实验,结果证明,这种多优先级控制协议能够适应多媒体网络中各类业务对信号时延要求的不同进行信道的优先级分配.     

Comb-like optical transmission spectrum resulting from a four-cornered two-waveguide-connected network

In this Letter a four-cornered two-waveguide-connected network (FCTWCN) is proposed to generate comb-like optical transmission spectrum, where nearest-neighbor nodes are connected by two segments of one-dimensional waveguides. We investigate the band structure and transmission spectrum of electromagnetic waves propagating through FCTWCNs and find that the transmission through a FCTWCN exhibits periodic comb-like characteristic and the range, number and width of continuous equidistant frequency bands can be controlled by adjusting the lengths of the two types of segments. The comb-like frequency bands may be useful for the designing of optical switches, optical narrowband filters, high capacity telecommunications, and multichannel filters, etc.     

基于水声传感器网络的多路径协同多跳通信研究

针对水声网络高误码、大时延的特点,借鉴提出了一种多路径协同多跳通信协议,该协议通过多路径、多节点的协同多跳中继通信以及冗余判决,来完成网络中端对端的远程数据传输。通过数值仿真试验分析表明:与普通的点对点直接通信和单路径多跳中继通信方式相比,此协议具有低误码、高能效的特点(距离与能量相同时,误码率低一至两数量级;限定误码率时,每比特能耗降低一个数量级),能够减少数据重发几率,提高网络的通信效率和工作寿命,特别适于水声传感器网络应用。     

Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Cooperative Transmission Protocol in NOMA-Assisted Cognitive Radio Networks with Discrete Energy Harvesting

In this paper, we propose a spectrum-sharing protocol for a cooperative cognitive radio network based on non-orthogonal multiple access technology, where the base station (BS) transmits the superimposed signal to the primary user and secondary user with/without the assistance of a relay station (RS) by adopting the decode-and-forward technique. RS performs discrete-time energy harvesting for opportunistically cooperative transmission. If the RS harvests sufficient energy, the system performs cooperative transmission; otherwise, the system performs direct transmission. Moreover, the outage probabilities and outage capacities of both primary and secondary systems are analyzed, and the corresponding closed-form expressions are derived. In addition, one optimization problem is formulated, where our objective is to maximize the energy efficiency of the secondary system while ensuring that of the primary system exceeds or equals a threshold value. A joint optimization algorithm of power allocation at BS and RS is considered to solve the optimization problem and to realize a mutual improvement in the performance of energy efficiency for both the primary and secondary systems. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the analysis results and prove that the proposed transmission scheme has a higher energy efficiency than the direct transmission scheme and the transmission scheme with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technology.     

Bandwidth-efficient visible light communication system based on faster-than-Nyquist pre-coded CAP modulation

With the rapid development of the light-emitting diode(LED) industry, interest in visible light communication(VLC) is growing. The limited bandwidth of commercial LEDs is one of the main challenges to achieve highspeed VLC. In this Letter, a kind of bandwidth-efficient VLC system based on carrierless amplitude and phase(CAP) modulation is proposed, where a simple differential faster-than-Nyquist(FTN) pre-coding scheme is employed to compress the spectrum and further improve the overall system baud rate. The system is experimentally demonstrated with a data rate of 1.47-Gb/s over 1.5 m free space transmission. The results indicate that an improvement of 80 Mbaud is achieved by FTN-CAP4 at 20% subband overlap and 40 Mbaud rate improvement by FTN-CAP16 at 7.5% subband overlap. Compared with traditional CAP, the FTN pre-coded CAP shows a better performance in spectral efficiency(SE) and intercarrier interference resistance. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to employ FTN pre-coded CAP in indoor high-data-rate VLC systems.     

Study on Infrared Transmission Spectrum of Sildenafil Citrate Mixed in Traditional Chinese Medicine

The infrared transmission spectrum has been studied on the mixed medicine sample composed of sildenafil citrate (SDF or Viagra) and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The measured infrared spectra are composed of several broad absorption bands and many sharp absorption lines. Then the broad absorption bands are changed from sample to sample. It is identified that the sharp and broad absorption bands are from the Viagra and TCM, respectively. A numerical best fitting process has been used to extract the absorption spectrum from the spectrum of mixed sample. Combined with the numerical analysis, the Viagra component can be extracted from the mixed material even with a changeable broad absorption bands' background. It shows that the infrared transmission spectroscopy is a useful method to extract the component of chemical medicine from the mixed medicine.     

CEAR: A cooperation based energy aware reward scheme for next generation green cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) networks are envisioned as a key empowering technology of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication networks, which solves the major issues of 5G, like high-speed data transmission, seamless connectivity, and increased demand for mobile data. Another significant characteristic of the 5G network is green communications, as energy consumption from the communication field is predicted to rise remarkably by the year 2030. In this work, we are concerned about energy-related issues and propose a cooperation-based energy-aware reward scheme (CEAR) for next-generation green CR networks. The proposed CEAR scheme is based on the antenna and temporal diversity of the primary users (PUs). For providing the service to the PUs, the users of another network called cognitive users (CUs) work as a cooperative relay node, and, in return, they get more spectrum access opportunities as a reward from the primary network. The CUs with delay-tolerant data packets take a cooperative decision by recognizing the availability and traffic load of PUs, channel state information, and data transmission requirements. We utilize the optimal stopping protocol for solving the decision-making problem and use the backward induction method to obtain the optimal cooperative solution. The simulation results reveal notable enhancements in energy efficiency (EE) of CUs compared with other cooperative schemes. The proposed CEAR scheme is more energy-efficient for ultra-dense network deployment because results show that the CU’s EE, spectral efficiency (SE), and throughput improved with the increase of PUs.     

基于分组交换的量子通信网络传输协议及性能分析

量子纠缠交换能够建立可靠的量子远程传输信道, 实现量子态的远程传输. 然而, 基于纠缠交换的量子信道要求网络高度稳定, 否则会浪费大量纠缠资源. 为节省纠缠资源, 本文根据隐形传态理论, 提出了一种基于分组交换的量子通信网络传输协议, 建立了发送量子态所需的纠缠数目与所经过的路由器数、链路错误率的定量关系, 并与纠缠交换传输协议进行了比较. 仿真结果表明, 在链路错误率为0.1% 时, 分组传输协议所使用的纠缠数目少于纠缠交换的数目, 另外, 随着错误率的升高, 分组传输协议所需的纠缠数比纠缠交换协议明显减少. 由此可见, 基于分组交换的量子通信网络传输协议在网络不稳定时, 能够节省大量纠缠资源, 适用于链路不稳定的量子通信网络.     

基于三级队列缓存的FlexRay网络监控平台

FlexRay以其实时性、灵活性、高带宽的优势,被称为“下一代车载网络”;然而其协议相对复杂,网络组网调试过程较困难。目前的辅助调试工具如CANoe不能进一步分析网络性能,在应用上具有局限性。针对上述问题,提出了一种同时对多个数据采集与存储的解决方案,并以FPGA为核心设计了FlexRay网络监控平台,利用SPI和USB总线设计了通信协议,在数据缓存方面设计了三级队列缓存方案。本平台实现了通信数据监测功能,可以获取结点CPU中寄存器状态、记录数据帧到达时间,进而分析网络运行及故障状态,同时解决了大量数据缓存溢出的问题。经过测试表明：系统能够稳定运行,适用于快速、优化地设计FlexRay网络。     

Network-topology-adaptive quantum conference protocols

As an important application of the quantum network communication,quantum multiparty conference has made multiparty secret communication possible.Previous quantum multiparty conference schemes based on quantum data encryption are insensitive to network topology.However,the topology of the quantum network significantly affects the communication efficiency,e.g.,parallel transmission in a channel with limited bandwidth.We have proposed two distinctive protocols,which work in two basic network topologies with efficiency higher than the existing ones.We first present a protocol which works in the reticulate network using Greeberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and entanglement swapping.Another protocol,based on quantum multicasting with quantum data compression,which can improve the efficiency of the network,works in the star-like network.The security of our protocols is guaranteed by quantum key distribution and one-time-pad encryption.In general,the two protocols can be applied to any quantum network where the topology can be equivalently transformed to one of the two structures we propose in our protocols.     

Opportunistic spectrum access for TDMA-based cognitive radio networks

In this paper, opportunistic spectrum access is proposed for TDMA-based cognitive radio networks. In TDMA-based networks, the time is divided into slots with fixed length one by one. If a primary user (PU) needs to transmit data, one or several slots will be used. Otherwise, the slots are idle and can be utilized by secondary users (SUs). When SUs want to use the licensed channel, they should sense the channel at the beginning period of each slot. Then SUs exchange their sensing results and make the same decision about the channel state (idle or used by PUs), which could reduce the probability of false sensing. The aforementioned duration is called spectrum sensing phase. When SUs decide there is an idle channel, they contend to use the channel at the rest time of the slot. The duration is called access phase. In this period, SUs contend the channel with backoff counters. When the remaining time is less than one data transmission duration, SUs cannot transmit data packets. Therefore, the remaining time is wasted. To solve this problem, SUs transmit control packets with small length in the remaining time instead. The SU who exchange control packets successfully reserves the channel and sends a data packet prior to other SUs in access phase of the next idle slot. Obviously, this reserved transmission is without collision. The independent spectrum sensing, channel state decision and control packets reservation influence the performance of SUs. The proposed scheme is formulated with all above factors. Simulations which consist with the numerical results show the proposed access scheme achieve higher throughput than the existed scheme without channel reservation.