Determining the angle of repose of sand under low-gravity conditions using discrete element method

This study is a comparative investigation of data, collected through experimental and numerical means, related to the flow of sand particles through a hopper under low-gravity conditions. During a parabolic airplane flight simulating low-gravity conditions, we determined effects of gravity on the angle of repose of sand pile particles by flowing dry sand from a hopper. The gravity effects on the angle of repose of the sand were negligible. Two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the angle of repose. Results were compared to observations made during the low-gravity experiments. Effects of varying parameters such as the friction coefficient and coefficient of rolling friction were determined by running various DEM simulations. Moreover, the effect of the elemental radius on the angle of repose was investigated using DEM. The angle of repose is influenced by certain changes in the friction coefficient and rolling friction values, but the elemental radius has only a negligible effect on the angle of repose within the range of variation. Results show that the DEM model used for this study might be applicable to determine terramechanical interactions under lunar surface gravity conditions, provided that parameters are adjusted and an extended period of simulation is achieved.     

Discrete element parameter calibration and the modelling of dragline bucket filling

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is useful for modelling granular flow. The accuracy of DEM modelling is dependent upon the model parameter values used. Determining these values remains one of the main challenges. In this study a method for determining the parameters of cohesionless granular material is presented. The particle size and density were directly measured and modelled. The particle shapes were modelled using two to four spheres clumped together. The remaining unknown parameter values were determined using confined compression tests and angle of repose tests. This was done by conducting laboratory experiments followed by equivalent numerical experiments and iteratively changing the parameters until the laboratory results were replicated. The modelling results of the confined compression tests were mainly influenced by the particle stiffness. The modelling results of the angle of repose tests were dependent on both the particle stiffness and the particle friction coefficient. From these observations, the confined compression test could be used to determine the particle stiffness and with the stiffness known, the angle of repose test could be used to determine the particle friction coefficient. Usually DEM codes do not solve the equations of motion for so-called walls (non-granular structural elements). However, in this study a dynamic model of a dragline bucket is developed and implemented in a commercial DEM code which allows the dynamics of the walls to be modelled. The DEM modelling of large systems of particles is still a challenge and procedures to simplify and speed up the modelling of dragline bucket filling are presented. Using the calibrated parameters, numerical results of bucket filling are compared to experimental results. The model accurately predicted the orientation of the bucket. The model also accurately predicted the drag force over the first third of the drag, but predicted drag forces too high for the subsequent part of the drag.     

填料粒径对Cu/PTFE复合材料摩擦学性能影响的数值模拟

利用离散元方法对Cu/PTFE复合材料与45钢摩擦副建立滑动摩擦模型,重点探讨了填充质量一定时,Cu颗粒粒径对Cu/PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.模拟结果表明:Cu/PTFE复合材料与45钢滑动摩擦过程中,在45钢表面形成一层转移颗粒层,转移颗粒层的形成可以降低PTFE基复合材料的磨损;随着Cu粒径的增大,摩擦转移量呈增加趋势,说明一定范围内,较大粒径的Cu填充PTFE基复合材料更加有利于转移颗粒层的形成;滑动摩擦系数随着Cu粒径的增大呈减小趋势;PTFE基复合材料的磨损量、磨损率均随Cu粒径的增大先增加后减小.     

高速铁路碎石道砟振动的离散元模拟

道砟振动对其磨损、破碎和道床累积变形有显著影响,为揭示高速车辆移动荷载作用下道砟动态响应特性,建立有砟道床离散元模型,开展车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算得到离散元模型输入荷载,模拟分析高速车辆以不同速度通过时有砟道床的振动响应,并与车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,轨枕、道砟和道床块振动位移波形相似,位移幅值沿道床深度方向减小,道床块振动位移与轨枕底面以下0.3m处道砟的振动位移相当;轨枕、道床块振动速度与加速度随行车速度提高而增大;受道砟颗粒间复杂相互作用的影响,道砟振动加速度会出现突变。道床离散元模型能合理反映道砟颗粒的振动响应特性,道床块模型体现了道床层在有砟轨道结构中的动力传递与减振特性,两种道床模型的计算结果具有一定的相似性。     

一种滞弹簧耗能的新型离散元滚动阻力模型研究

颗粒间滚动阻力对颗粒体系的稳定性起着重要作用. 在传统的离散元法中, 滚动阻力模型通常由转动弹簧、转动黏壶和摩擦元件表达, 颗粒滚动动能由黏滞力(矩)和摩擦力做功耗散. 由于黏滞力(矩)与滚动速度相关, 临近静止状态的颗粒滚动速度变小, 动能耗散减弱, 传统的离散元模拟得到颗粒由滚动到静止耗费的时间比试验观测的结果要长. 为解决这一问题, 基于摩擦学理论分析了滚动阻力产生的材料滞弹性机理, 将其引入离散元滚动阻力模型, 提出了一种速度无关型动能耗散的滞弹簧, 给出了滞弹簧的弹性恢复力计算公式, 建立了一种新型的离散元滞弹性滚动阻力模型(HDEM). 为验证新型滚动阻力模型的正确性, 通过一个光学物理试验对单个圆形颗粒试件的自由滚动过程进行了测量, 将测量数据与新型的滞弹型离散元模型和传统离散元模型计算结果进行了对比. 结果显示, 基于滞弹性滚动阻力模型HDEM计算结果与试验数据吻合程度更高, 而且模拟得到的颗粒摆动频率更符合试验现象.      

基于球形颗粒几何排列的离散元试样高效生成方法

在球体离散元数值模拟中,颗粒的初始排列状态是影响计算效率和计算结果的重要环节。本文采用前进面几何构造算法,提出了一种基于网格搜索的球形颗粒随机排列高效算法。通过求解空间三边方程,满足了粒径设置的任意大小的颗粒依次置入前进面的外侧,并与构成前进面的三个颗粒相互接触。为获得高体积分数的颗粒簇,该算法允许颗粒改变其粒径大小。采用颗粒网格化方法可以简化前进面的搜索,并由此提高排列效率。通过计算平均配位数、体积分数和二阶结构张量的特征值,对不同粒径比下得到的立方体试样进行了分析,得到试样配位数及体积分数均随着粒径比的增大而增大,且得到的试样为各向同性。此外,空间网格的大小和初始颗粒的生成点对随机排列的效率均会产生显著的影响。最后,对非规则铁路道砟进行了精细构造及压碎模拟,发现DEM模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与试验结果基本吻合,验证了该算法得到的颗粒试样在模拟道砟裂纹起裂、扩展等过程的有效性。     

Calibration of granular material parameters for DEM modelling and numerical verification by blade-granular material interaction

The discrete element method (DEM) is a promising approach to model blade-granular material interactions. The accuracy of DEM models depends on the model parameters. In this study, a calibration process was developed to determine the parameter values. The particle size was the same as the real material and the particle shape was modelled using two spherical particles rigidly clumped together to form a single grain. Laboratory shear tests and compressions tests were used to determine the material internal friction angle and stiffness, respectively. These tests were replicated numerically using DEM models with different sets of particle friction coefficients and particle stiffness values. The shear test results are found to be dependent on both the particle friction coefficient and the particle stiffness. The compression test results show that it is only dependent on the particle stiffness. The combination of shear test and compression test results can be used to determine a unique set of particle friction and particle stiffness values. The calibration process was validated experimentally and numerically by modelling a blade moving through granular material. Results show that the forces acting on the blade can be accurately modelled with DEM and the maximum error is found to be 26%. The relative particle-blade displacements were used to predict the position and shape of the shear lines in front of the blade. A good qualitative correlation was achieved between the experiments and the DEM simulations.     

土工格栅加强下有砟铁路道床动力特性的离散元-有限元耦合分析

本文提出了一种可用于分析土工格栅与道砟颗粒间相互作用的离散元-有限元耦合方法。道砟颗粒采用镶嵌单元模拟,土工格栅采用梁单元计算,并在接触面上实现了离散元和有限元域间力学参数的传递。通过循环载荷作用下的计算,对比分析了土工格栅对道砟颗粒的加固性能。通过加筋后道砟颗粒的直剪试验进一步揭示了土工格栅加固作用的内在机理。结果表明：土工格栅可有效地降低有砟道床横向位移以及顶部沉降量,加筋后道砟材料的内聚力和摩擦角都有所提高。由此可见,土工格栅能够增加道砟颗粒间的自锁作用,提高道砟材料的强度,并有效地阻止剪切带从上部道砟箱向下部道砟箱贯穿。     

不同尺度分布散粒材料砂堆形成过程的二维离散元模拟

用作者开发的离散元程序,模拟不同尺寸分布的砂堆形成过程.把散体颗粒简化为圆形颗粒,模拟过程分三步:首先利用参考网格生成颗粒的松散堆积结构;为了避免颗粒下落的冲击作用对砂堆安息角的影响,先模拟颗粒在重力作用下在圆柱容器内的自由下落与堆积,直至堆积达到稳定;最后,移除容器,只保留一个底部边界,模拟颗粒体系的散落过程,直至形成一个稳定的砂堆.模拟结果表明,在其他参数保持相同的情况下,随着颗粒尺寸的减小,砂堆的安患角逐步减小并趋向于一常值.对模拟中的两组颗粒体系进行相同条件下的砂堆形成实验,结果表明,模拟与实验所得安息角大体相当.     

基于离散单元法和人工神经网络的近壁颗粒动力学特征研究

颗粒与壁面的相互作用往往对颗粒流动具有显著影响. 为研究颗粒与壁面作用机理, 对滚筒内颗粒流动过程进行离散单元法(DEM)数值模拟. 基于模拟结果统计分析靠近壁面处颗粒的运动特征, 结果表明, 小摩擦系数时颗粒平动和旋转速度均近似满足正态分布, 但由于壁面影响, 摩擦系数增大时颗粒沿滚筒轴向的旋转速度偏离正态分布, 颗粒动力学理论推导壁面边界条件时应考虑速度正态分布的修正及速度脉动的各向异性. 采用人工神经网络(ANN)构建了颗粒无因次旋转温度、滑移速度和平动温度之间的函数模型, 进而可以在常规双流模型壁面边界条件中考虑颗粒旋转的影响. 基于DEM模拟及结果分析可以为壁面边界条件的理论构造和半经验修正提供基础数据和封闭模型.      

点载荷作用下密集颗粒物质的传力特性分析

利用颗粒离散元商业软件PFC3D, 模拟了在2m*1m*0.01m容器中直径分别为0.01m, 0.008m和0.006m的颗粒各1*10$^4$个, 受重力作用下的静态密集堆积; 以此为初始条件, 在表层随机选择7个颗粒分别施加5.2*10$^{ - 2}$N(100倍最大颗粒重量)的点载荷, 进行应力传播特点研究. 结果表明: 力的传递在局部范围内呈现很强的各向异性; 应力涨落随着距离的增加呈指数下降; 在大于5倍最大颗粒粒径时, 其分布可以使用弹性力学理论来计算. 探讨了摩擦系数$\mu =0$, 0.2, 1对应力传递的影响, 随着摩擦系数的增加, 各向异性范围减小.     

散料在料仓内流动特性的实验研究

用振动筛测量多种散料的筛分尺寸，测量散料的容积密度、安息角，用应变直剪仪进行散料内摩擦角、壁面摩擦角的测量，分析了散料颗料的形状、尺寸对散料的安息角、内摩擦角、壁面摩擦角的影响。用示踪法进行了圆筒内散料重力场中颗粒流线和等时线的试验，以及出口直径与流量的关系、筒仓内散料高度对流量的影响的试验，流量与筒仓内散料高度关系的试验。分析了散料各物性参数对散料流动性的影响，为散料存贮和运输设备的结构设计提供实验依据。     

EFFECT OF INTERGRANULAR FRICTION ON THE BOTTOM FORCE CHAIN OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE PILES WITH POINT DEFECTS1)

力链对颗粒物质的宏观与微观力学性质起着决定性的作用。在离散元法的基础上,建立二维规则排列的颗粒物质系统,分别研究无缺陷颗粒系统在集中载荷变化与有缺陷颗粒系统在缺陷区域改变时,粒间摩擦系数对颗粒系统底部接触力分布规律的影响。结果表明：在无缺陷颗粒系统中,颗粒系统底部接触力的分布形式受摩擦系数和集中载荷的大小影响。随摩擦系数的增大,底部接触力由双峰形式经平台过渡,逐渐向单峰形式转变。在有缺陷颗粒系统中,摩擦系数和缺陷尺寸对底部接触力分布均有影响。同种载荷作用下,随缺陷尺寸的增大,底部接触力峰值显著增大;底部平均力被明显削弱,力向边界的传递增强。系统中轴线上缺陷的存在使底部中间区域受力削弱,当缺陷尺寸超过2 层以上时,底部中间力随摩擦系数的变化特征由递增曲线演变为线形衰减曲线。     

煤仓内煤散料流动状态与力学行为影响因素

针对煤仓内煤散料流动问题及其力学行为,采用三维颗粒流模拟程序PFC3D建立了某型号煤仓与某种煤散料的离散元模型,简述了其力学模型与求解步骤,模拟分析了煤仓内煤散料卸料流动状态。通过分析水平向侧压力、颗粒速度场和接触力场,重点讨论了煤仓下部锥体内壁面摩擦系数、锥仓倾角和卸料口径等对煤散料颗粒流动状态和力学行为的影响。结果显示,深仓卸料流动为整体流动与中心流动混合状态,煤仓内壁摩擦系数、锥体倾角和卸料孔开口半径均对煤散料流动和水平侧压力有较大影响。     

基于颗粒物质力学的铁粉末压制中摩擦特性对力链演化影响

结合颗粒物质力学理论,通过离散元法实现铁粉末压制过程模拟并通过压制方程进行验证,针对粉末体系中的力链演化问题,提出力链特征定量分析方式,进一步通过分析不同颗粒间摩擦系数、侧壁摩擦系数与颗粒运动状态转变的方式,探讨摩擦特性对力链量化特征的影响,从而建立摩擦行为与力链演化间的联系. 研究结果表明:随颗粒间摩擦系数增大,整体力链数目变少,力链方向系数、承载不均匀度及单位屈曲度均变大,而随侧壁摩擦系数增大,力链特征差异较小,则颗粒间摩擦系数较侧壁摩擦系数对力链特征演化具有更显著影响. 同时发现,颗粒接触状态的改变与力链特征演化间具有对应性. 研究成果将进一步拓展粉末压制中考虑摩擦行为及力链演化过程在内的粉体致密化行为理论.      

Effect of particle breakage on the behavior of simulated angular particle assemblies

Many attempts have been made to find various relationships for different parameters and some kinds of constitutive models for studying the behavior of particulate media. All these models are based on concepts of continuous media. Using a numerical method such as discrete element method, one can figure out what is happening through a discontinuous media where soil particles play the main role in introducing the shear strength and deformation characteristics. The behavior of the media with breakable particles is studied in this paper and compared with that of the assembly with non-breakable particles. In this paper, the hyperbolic elastic model is investigated for the assembly of polygon shaped particles in two different test series. In addition, evolution of different macro parameters of the assembly such as volume strain, angle of friction, angle of dilatancy and elastic modulus is studied during the simulation tests both for non-breakable and breakable soil particles. At the end, a parametric study is performed on the effect of strength of particle breakage on the assembly behavior.     

针对有砟道床动力特性分析的嵌入式离散元-有限元耦合方法

在离散元-有限元耦合方法中,离散元和有限元交界面处的耦合方式对整体有砟道床的力学行为影响显著.采用基于球形单元的镶嵌单元或粘结单元模拟有砟道床时,由于球形单元和有限单元表面的自锁能力较差,使道砟层在列车载荷作用下容易产生侧向滑移,导致数值模型不稳定.此外,在实际铁路道床中,底部道砟均不同程度地嵌入路堤.为此,发展了一种...     

Three dimensional simulation of lunar dust levitation under the effect of simulated sphere body

Four typical models of irregular lunar dust are built based on the particle shape. Parameters of the simulated sample are determined by dimensional analysis and simulated triaxial test. The simulation was performed by a simulated sphere body acting as the lunar explorer experiencing free fall landing on moon surface from a certain height. Tracking the movement of lunar dust, the motion characteristics and levitation distribution were statistically analyzed. The influences of the landing speed of the simulated sphere body, friction coefficient and stiffness of the particles on the levitation of the dust were also discussed. Results show that the landing speed and the friction coefficient have greater influence on the number and height of levitating particles than other factors. The number and height of levitating particles increase with landing speed. While the friction coefficient increases, the number of levitating particles increases but the levitation height decreases. The stiffness of particle also has some influence on levitation height. The larger the stiffness of particles is, the smaller the levitation height. But it has little effect on the number of levitating particles.     

凹形多面体离散单元的水平集函数接触算法

多面体模型理论上可构造任意颗粒形态,然而受单元接触算法的限制,仅用于凸形颗粒材料的离散元模拟。对于具有凹形特征的多面体单元,单个接触点的搜索算法难以精确计算单元间的作用力。考虑多面体单元间存在单个或多个接触点的计算特性,本文发展了适用于凸形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的水平集函数接触算法。该方法通过点-三角形单元距离计算方法和奇-偶数判定方法建立多面体单元的零水平集函数和空间水平集函数,并对水平集函数进行三线性插值,可得到多面体单元间的单个或多个接触点。为检验水平集函数接触算法的可靠性,对球形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的堆积和倒塌过程进行离散元模拟,并分析颗粒形状对堆积密度和休止角的影响规律。