Infrared dim moving target tracking via sparsity-based discriminative classifier and convolutional network

Infrared dim and small target tracking is a great challenging task. The main challenge for target tracking is to account for appearance change of an object, which submerges in the cluttered background. An efficient appearance model that exploits both the global template and local representation over infrared image sequences is constructed for dim moving target tracking. A Sparsity-based Discriminative Classifier (SDC) and a Convolutional Network-based Generative Model (CNGM) are combined with a prior model. In the SDC model, a sparse representation-based algorithm is adopted to calculate the confidence value that assigns more weights to target templates than negative background templates. In the CNGM model, simple cell feature maps are obtained by calculating the convolution between target templates and fixed filters, which are extracted from the target region at the first frame. These maps measure similarities between each filter and local intensity patterns across the target template, therefore encoding its local structural information. Then, all the maps form a representation, preserving the inner geometric layout of a candidate template. Furthermore, the fixed target template set is processed via an efficient prior model. The same operation is applied to candidate templates in the CNGM model. The online update scheme not only accounts for appearance variations but also alleviates the migration problem. At last, collaborative confidence values of particles are utilized to generate particles' importance weights. Experiments on various infrared sequences have validated the tracking capability of the presented algorithm. Experimental results show that this algorithm runs in real-time and provides a higher accuracy than state of the art algorithms.     

Adaptive Two-Step Bearing-Only Underwater Uncooperative Target Tracking with Uncertain Underwater Disturbances

The bearing-only tracking of an underwater uncooperative target can protect maritime territories and allows for the utilization of sea resources. Considering the influences of an unknown underwater environment, this work aimed to estimate 2-D locations and velocities of an underwater target with uncertain underwater disturbances. In this paper, an adaptive two-step bearing-only underwater uncooperative target tracking filter (ATSF) for uncertain underwater disturbances is proposed. Considering the nonlinearities of the target’s kinematics and the bearing-only measurements, in addition to the uncertain noise caused by an unknown underwater environment, the proposed ATSF consists of two major components, namely, an online noise estimator and a robust extended two-step filter. First, using a modified Sage-Husa online noise estimator, the uncertain process and measurement noise are estimated at each tracking step. Then, by adopting an extended state and by using a robust negative matrix-correcting method in conjunction with a regularized Newton-Gauss iteration scheme, the current state of the underwater uncooperative target is estimated. Finally, the proposed ATSF was tested via simulations of a 2-D underwater uncooperative target tracking scenario. The Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the proposed ATSF in bearing-only underwater uncooperative tracking missions.     

粒子区别性稀疏表征的小弱运动目标跟踪算法

评估每个粒子的重要性是确保粒子滤波法跟踪目标准确性的重要因素。针对背景杂波和噪声干扰形成的大量虚警导致小弱目标跟踪识别的随机性和不确定性问题, 提出了一种基于粒子区别性稀疏表征的小弱目标跟踪方法。该方法根据红外图像信号自适应构建分类超完备字典, 即反映目标信号特征的目标字典和表示背景杂波的背景字典, 有利于突出目标粒子和背景粒子在联合分类字典的稀疏表征差异程度;建立基于目标粒子和背景粒子稀疏重构残差差异性的粒子滤波观测模型, 采用随机估计法对字典子空间进行在线更新, 实现对目标状态估计与跟踪。理论分析和试验结果表明, 该方法增强了随机粒子的状态估计能力, 提升了粒子稀疏表征对小弱运动目标的适应能力和跟踪识别准确度。     

基于广义M估计的鲁棒容积卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪算法

为减小测量异常误差对非线性目标跟踪系统的影响, 提出了一种基于广义M估计的鲁棒容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 首先将非线性测量方程等价变换, 利用约束总体最小二乘准则构建广义M估计极值函数, 在不进行线性化近似的前提下将其引入到容积卡尔曼滤波求解框架中. 然后根据Mahalanobis距离构建异常误差判别量, 利用卡方分布的置信水平确定判决门限, 并建立改进的三段Huber权函数, 使其能够降低小异常误差权值, 剔除大异常误差. 理论分析表明, 该方法具有无需求导、跟踪精度高、实时性好等优点, 且无需已知异常误差的统计特性; 实验结果表明, 所提算法能够有效减小异常误差的影响, 在实际非线性物理系统中具有广阔的应用空间.     

基于音视频信息融合的目标检测与跟踪算法

针对单一视觉跟踪算法易受遮挡影响的缺陷,提出一种基于音视频信息融合的目标检测与跟踪算法。整个算法框架包括视频检测与跟踪、声源定位、音视频信息融合跟踪3个模块。视频检测与跟踪模块采用YOLOv5m算法作为视觉检测的框架,使用无迹卡尔曼滤波和匈牙利算法实现多目标的跟踪与匹配;声源定位模块采用十字型麦克风阵列获取音频信息,结合各麦克风接收信号的时延计算声源方位;音视频信息融合跟踪模块构建音视频似然函数和音视频重要性采样函数,采用重要性粒子滤波作为音视频融合跟踪的算法,实现对目标的跟踪。在室内复杂环境下对算法性能进行测试,结果表明该算法跟踪准确率达到90.68%,相较于单一模态算法具有更好的性能。     

Guided filter and convolutional network based tracking for infrared dim moving target

The dim moving target usually submerges in strong noise, and its motion observability is debased by numerous false alarms for low signal-to-noise ratio. A tracking algorithm that integrates the Guided Image Filter (GIF) and the Convolutional neural network (CNN) into the particle filter framework is presented to cope with the uncertainty of dim targets. First, the initial target template is treated as a guidance to filter incoming templates depending on similarities between the guidance and candidate templates. The GIF algorithm utilizes the structure in the guidance and performs as an edge-preserving smoothing operator. Therefore, the guidance helps to preserve the detail of valuable templates and makes inaccurate ones blurry, alleviating the tracking deviation effectively. Besides, the two-layer CNN method is adopted to obtain a powerful appearance representation. Subsequently, a Bayesian classifier is trained with these discriminative yet strong features. Moreover, an adaptive learning factor is introduced to prevent the update of classifier’s parameters when a target undergoes sever background. At last, classifier responses of particles are utilized to generate particle importance weights and a re-sample procedure preserves samples according to the weight. In the predication stage, a 2-order transition model considers the target velocity to estimate current position. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented algorithm outperforms several relative algorithms in the accuracy.     

基于混合粒子滤波的水下小目标跟踪

针对水下小目标粒子滤波估计过程中“粒子贫化”引起的估计性能下降,提出了混合粒子滤波算法。该算法在常规粒子滤波算法基础上,在每一步迭代估计过程中进行量测的再次随机采样,以丰富随机粒子多样性,缓解水下小目标状态估计过程中的“粒子贫化”的影响。对算法进行了仿真分析,并将该方法用于水下小目标探测实验的数据处理,结果表明,相比于常规的粒子滤波算法,所提出的混合粒子滤波得到了误差更小且稳定的状态估计结果,有效地改善水下小目标跟踪的精度和稳健性。     

基于自适应Kalman滤波的机器人运动目标跟踪算法

针对足球机器人比赛时的模型变化及其环境噪声先验估计不准确的问题,提出一种基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的足球机器人视觉跟踪算法。该算法将一种基于减背景的运动目标识别的方法与自适应卡尔曼滤波跟踪模型进行结合,对背景进行实时更新,并通过形态学滤波去除残留的小区域,从而准确的识别运动目标,通过自适应的在线调整运动模型参数来保证模型预测值的准确性,进而提高了目标跟踪时的匹配效率,实现了目标的精准、迅速跟踪。通过实验证明,该算法是很有效的,具有推广价值。     

Design of Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Model Based Intelligence Computing for Efficient State Estimation of Underwater Passive Target

In this study, an intelligent computing paradigm built on a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) feedback neural network model with the strength of deep learning is presented for accurate state estimation of an underwater passive target. In underwater scenarios, real-time motion parameters of passive objects are usually extracted with nonlinear filtering techniques. In filtering algorithms, nonlinear passive measurements are associated with linear kinetics of the target, governing by state space methodology. To improve tracking accuracy, effective feature estimation and minimizing position error of dynamic passive objects, the strength of NARX based supervised learning is exploited. Dynamic artificial neural networks, which contain tapped delay lines, are suitable for predicting the future state of the underwater passive object. Neural networks-based intelligence computing is effectively applied for estimating the real-time actual state of a passive moving object, which follows a semi-curved path. Performance analysis of NARX based neural networks is evaluated for six different scenarios of standard deviation of white Gaussian measurement noise by following bearings only tracking phenomena. Root mean square error between estimated and real position of the passive target in rectangular coordinates is computed for evaluating the worth of the proposed NARX feedback neural network scheme. The Monte Carlo simulations are conducted and the results certify the capability of the intelligence computing over conventional nonlinear filtering algorithms such as spherical radial cubature Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter for given state estimation model.     

A target group tracking algorithm for wireless sensor networks using azimuthal angle of arrival information

<正>In this paper,we explore the technology of tracking a group of targets with correlated motions in a wireless sensor network.Since a group of targets moves collectively and is restricted within a limited region,it is not worth consuming scarce resources of sensors in computing the trajectory of each single target.Hence,in this paper,the problem is modeled as tracking a geographical continuous region covered by all targets.A tracking algorithm is proposed to estimate the region covered by the target group in each sampling period.Based on the locations of sensors and the azimuthal angle of arrival(AOA) information,the estimated region covering all the group members is obtained.Algorithm analysis provides the fundamental limits to the accuracy of localizing a target group.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing hull algorithm due to the reduction in estimation error,which is between 10%and 40%of the hull algorithm,with a similar density of sensors.And when the density of sensors increases,the localization accuracy of the proposed algorithm improves dramatically.     

融合检测机制的鲁棒相关滤波视觉跟踪算法

为了解决相关滤波视觉跟踪算法在复杂场景中产生的跟踪漂移问题, 提出一种融合检测机制的相关滤波跟踪框架。利用时空正则化滤波器作为跟踪器, 同时使用线性核相关滤波器作为检测器。当跟踪器与目标进行相关计算得到的响应图为多个峰值时, 激活检测器, 对多个峰值进行相关匹配, 获得重检测结果; 同时, 使用平均峰值相关能量的滤波器模型更新策略得到更加可靠的检测器, 以达到提高跟踪精度和算法鲁棒性的目的。在OTB2015、Temple color 128和VOT2016数据平台上的实验结果表明, 与近年提出的性能较出色的跟踪算法相比, 本文算法在目标运动模糊、相似背景干扰和光照变化等复杂场景中具有更好的鲁棒性和准确性, 且跟踪精度和成功率上均有提高。     

基于Huber的高阶容积卡尔曼跟踪算法

为改善高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法的滤波精度和鲁棒性, 提出了一种新的基于Huber的高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 在采用统计线性回归模型近似非线性量测模型的基础上, 利用Huber M 估计算法实现状态的量测更新. 进一步结合高阶球面-径向容积准则的状态预测模块构成基于 Huber的高阶容积卡尔曼跟踪算法. 重点分析了Huber代价函数的调节因子对算法跟踪性能的影响. 通过对纯方位目标跟踪和再入飞行器跟踪两个实例验证了所提算法的跟踪性能优于传统高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法.     

基于CamShift和Kalman组合的改进目标跟踪算法

针对应用CamShift算法进行目标跟踪过程中,当目标被严重遮挡、目标被与目标颜色相近的背景干扰时易丢失跟踪目标的问题,提出了一种基于CamShift和Kalman滤波组合的改进跟踪算法;为克服目标因严重遮挡而丢失的缺陷,利用自适应算法改进了传统的CamShift算法,扩大了搜索窗口,使运动目标位于搜索窗口内;为解决目标因颜色相近背景干扰而丢失的问题,改善跟踪准确率,利用卡尔曼滤波预测目标运动空间位置,作为下一帧搜索窗口的质心坐标;基于上述改进,利用C++语言,研发了改进的CamShift目标跟踪软件模块,给出了该模块的算法流程;实验结果表明,改进后的目标跟踪算法能有效地克服传统CamShift算法的缺陷,大大提高运动目标跟踪的准确性;所提的算法可以应用于运动小车跟踪,人脸识别等领域。     

水平线列阵方位—相速度联合的卡尔曼滤波方法*

传统的水下被动测向方法通过波束形成估计目标角度,水平线列阵波束形成中的参考声速应使用声传播的相速度,在被动测向中,由于声源距离未知,因此在对目标角度估计时选取的参考声速与接收阵处的相速度往往存在偏差,从而影响测向精度。本文提出了一种水平线列阵方位-相速度联合的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,该方法引入相速度作为估计状态量以此校准参考声速,提高测向精度,进而改善了由于测向误差较大引起的纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法跟踪结果发散的问题。浅海传播条件下的数值仿真结果表明,改进方法较常规纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法具有更高的跟踪精度及稳健的跟踪性能。     

基于粒子滤波的多普勒信息辅助目标定位跟踪算法

多基地声呐探测系统主要通过测量回波的时延和方位信息进行目标定位与跟踪,定位精度受声速、时延和方位测量误差的影响较大,可以通过多普勒信息辅助进一步提高定位跟踪精度.现有的多普勒信息辅助定位跟踪算法多适用于单基地声呐系统,多基地中的多普勒测量值与目标状态的关系更为复杂,需要研究新的融合方法.该文提出了一种适用于多基地声呐系...     

利用黑洞原理改进稀疏外观模型跟踪算法

为了解决跟踪漂移问题,提出了一种利用黑洞原理改进的稀疏外观模型目标跟踪算法,用来提高目标跟踪的鲁棒性。利用黑洞原理从目标模板中搜索聚类中心来降低目标模板数量。通过学习分类器用于构造目标特征;用黑洞原理获取模板字典表示目标;采用高斯分布运动模型获取目标样本,在贝叶斯框架下根据观测模型获取最优目标位置实现跟踪。不同视频序列被用于改进的稀疏外观模型跟踪算法和其他先进目标跟踪算法进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,实现了目标跟踪的目的,有效地降低了目标局部遮挡问题的影响,提高了目标跟踪精度。     

最优控制在车载惯性平台稳定回路中的应用

在分析车载惯性平台数学模型的基础上,针对平台的扰动特性，提出了稳定伺服回路的一种改进型线性二次高斯 (LQG) 控制方法。该方法在反馈中加入了积分项，可以消除稳态偏差，并且依据滤波器收敛性的判据，分别利用Sage Husa自适应滤波算法和强跟踪Kalman滤波器进行状态估计,既保证了估计精度，又具有跟踪突变状态的能力。仿真和实验表明：该方法在一定程度上降低了对系统模型误差和噪声统计特性误差的要求。     

自动选取辅助目标的建筑物目标间接定位方法

针对序列图像中目标因不显著、被遮挡等情况而出现的虚警或丢失问题，提出一种基于自动选取辅助目标的建筑物目标间接定位方法，提高目标跟踪稳定性。该方法首先自动选取红外图像中形状稳定、灰度显著的区域作为辅助目标。定位建筑物目标后，提取其与目标相对位置关系, 之后利用该相对位置间接定位，最后融合直接识别及间接定位结果定位目标，并能实时更新辅助目标，保证其时刻处于视场中。实验结果表明:通过间接定位能解决目标虚警或丢失问题，提升目标定位过程中算法的准确性及鲁棒性。     

A computational sensorimotor model of bat echolocation

A computational sensorimotor model of target capture behavior by the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus, was developed to understand the detection, localization, tracking, and interception of insect prey in a biological sonar system. This model incorporated acoustics, target localization processes, flight aerodynamics, and target capture planning to produce model trajectories replicating those observed in behavioral insect capture trials. Estimates of target range were based on echo delay, azimuth on the relative intensity of the echo at the two ears, and elevation on the spectral pattern of the sonar return in a match/mismatch process. Flapping flight aerodynamics was used to produce realistic model trajectories. Localization in all three spatial dimensions proved necessary to control target tracking and interception for an adequate model of insect capture behavior by echolocating bats. Target capture using maneuvering flight was generally successful when the model's path was controlled by a planning process that made use of an anticipatory internal simulation, while simple homing was successful only for targets directly ahead of the model bat.     

Dim moving target tracking algorithm based on particle discriminative sparse representation

The small dim moving target usually submerged in strong noise, and its motion observability is debased by numerous false alarms for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A target tracking algorithm based on particle filter and discriminative sparse representation is proposed in this paper to cope with the uncertainty of dim moving target tracking. The weight of every particle is the crucial factor to ensuring the accuracy of dim target tracking for particle filter (PF) that can achieve excellent performance even under the situation of non-linear and non-Gaussian motion. In discriminative over-complete dictionary constructed according to image sequence, the target dictionary describes target signal and the background dictionary embeds background clutter. The difference between target particle and background particle is enhanced to a great extent, and the weight of every particle is then measured by means of the residual after reconstruction using the prescribed number of target atoms and their corresponding coefficients. The movement state of dim moving target is then estimated and finally tracked by these weighted particles. Meanwhile, the subspace of over-complete dictionary is updated online by the stochastic estimation algorithm. Some experiments are induced and the experimental results show the proposed algorithm could improve the performance of moving target tracking by enhancing the consistency between the posteriori probability distribution and the moving target state.