Ring expansion-annulation strategy for the synthesis of substituted azulenes and oligoazulenes. 2. Synthesis of azulenyl halides, sulfonates, and azulenylmetal compounds and their application in transition-metal-mediated coupling reactions

A "ring expansion-annulation strategy" for the synthesis of substituted azulenes is described based on the reaction of beta'-bromo-alpha-diazo ketones with rhodium carboxylates. The key transformation involves an intramolecular Buchner reaction followed by beta-elimination of bromide, tautomerization, and in situ trapping of the resulting 1-hydroxyazulene as a carboxylate or triflate ester. Further synthetic elaboration of the azulenyl halide and sulfonate annulation products can be achieved by employing Heck, Negishi, Stille, and Suzuki coupling reactions. Reaction of the azulenyl triflate 84 with pinacolborane provides access to the azulenylboronate 91, which participates in Suzuki coupling reactions with alkenyl and aryl iodides. The application of these coupling reactions to the synthesis of biazulenes, terazulene 101, and related oligoazulenes is described, as well as the preparation of the azulenyl amino acid derivative 110.     

Intramolecular double or triple Suzuki coupling reaction of substituted di- or tribromobenzenes. An easy synthesis of fused tri- or tetracycles with a benzene core

Double or triple intramolecular Suzuki coupling reaction has been developed for the efficient synthesis of tri- or tetracyclic products with a benzene core in good yields. The reaction was realized via a one-pot procedure combining the hydroboration of the CC bond in the starting aryl halides and the intramolecular Suzuki coupling.     

Intermolecular coulomb couplings from ab initio electrostatic potentials: application to optical transitions of strongly coupled pigments in photosynthetic antennae and reaction centers

An accurate and numerically efficient method for the calculation of intermolecular Coulomb couplings between charge densities of electronic states and between transition densities of electronic excitations is presented. The coupling of transition densities yields the F?rster type excitation energy transfer coupling, and from the charge density coupling, a shift in molecular excitation energies results. Starting from an ab initio calculation of the charge and transition densities, atomic partial charges are determined such as to fit the resulting electrostatic potentials of the different states and the transition. The different intermolecular couplings are then obtained from the Coulomb couplings between the respective atomic partial charges. The excitation energy transfer couplings obtained in the present TrEsp (transition charge from electrostatic potential) method are compared with couplings obtained from the simple point-dipole and extended dipole approximations and with those from the ab initio transition density cube method of Krüger, Scholes, and Fleming. The present method is of the same accuracy as the latter but computationally more efficient. The method is applied to study strongly coupled pigments in the light-harvesting complexes of green sulfur bacteria (FMO), purple bacteria (LH2), and higher plants (LHC-II) and the "special pairs" of bacterial reaction centers and reaction centers of photosystems I and II. For the pigment dimers in the antennae, it is found that the mutual orientation of the pigments is optimized for maximum excitonic coupling. A driving force for this orientation is the Coulomb coupling between ground-state charge densities. In the case of excitonic couplings in the "special pairs", a breakdown of the point-dipole approximation is found for all three reaction centers, but the extended dipole approximation works surprisingly well, if the extent of the transition dipole is chosen larger than assumed previously. For the "special pairs", a large shift in local transition energies is found due to charge density coupling.     

N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二(9,9-二甲基芴-2-基)-9-己基-(4,4’-二胺基苯基)咔唑的合成方法及表征

以2,7-二溴咔唑为原料经过N-烷基化、Suzuki偶联反应、Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应合成了有机发光二极管(OLED)空穴传输材料N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二(9,9-二甲基芴-2-基)-9-己基-(4,4’-二胺基苯基)咔唑,利用NMR、IR和熔点等分析方法对产物结构进行了表征,并通过TG、UV-Vis及荧光光谱研究了物质的热稳定性和光学性能。     

Diastereoselective and enantioselective photoredox pinacol coupling promoted by titanium complexes with a red-absorbing organic dye

The pinacol coupling reaction, a reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds that proceeds through the formation of ketyl radicals in the presence of an electron donor, affords the corresponding 1,2-diols in one single step. The photoredox version of this transformation has been accomplished using different organic dyes or photoactive metal complexes in the presence of sacrificial donors such as tertiary amines or Hantzsch''s ester. Normally, the homo-coupling of such reactive ketyl radicals is neither diastereo- nor enantio-selective. Herein, we report a highly diastereoselective pinacol coupling reaction of aromatic aldehydes promoted by 5 mol% of the non-toxic, inexpensive and available Cp₂TiCl₂ complex. The key feature that allows the complete control of diastereoselectivity is the employment of a red-absorbing organic dye in the presence of a redox-active titanium complex. Taking advantage of the well-tailored photoredox potential of this organic dye, the selective reduction of Ti(iv) to Ti(iii) is achieved. These conditions enable the formation of the d,l (syn) diastereoisomer as the favored product of the pinacol coupling (d.r. > 20 : 1 in most of the cases). Moreover, employing a simply prepared chiral SalenTi complex, the new photoredox reaction gave a complete diastereoselection for the d,l diastereoisomer, and high enantiocontrol (up to 92% of enantiomeric excess).

A metallaphotoredox, diastereoselective and enantioselective pinacol coupling reaction promoted by titanium complexes with the use of a red-absorbing organic dye was developed.     

Homogeneous and supported copper(II) acetate as catalyst for CO coupling reactions

The reactivity of copper(II) acetate as catalyst in a standard CO coupling reaction has been systematically evaluated. Optimization of the reaction conditions resulted in a protocol involving stoichiometric amounts of reagents, a substoichiometric amount of base and 20 mol% catalyst, at 50 °C in 1,2-dichloroethane and under 1 atm O₂. Next, the reactivity of polymer-supported copper(II) acetate was evaluated. Although it is found that, in contrast to previous results obtained in related CN coupling reactions, the polymer-supported catalyst is in this case less efficient than the corresponding homogeneous one, the catalyst turns out to be conveniently recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration.     

Peptide synthesis using pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphate (FDP) as coupling reagent

Comparison of the reaction speed and yield with its analogues and some conventional peptide coupling reagents, pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphate (FDP) was shown to be a more preferable "active ester" type reagent for the peptide synthesis. The synthesis of oligopeptides using FDP was achieved with high yields. The influences of several reaction parameters such as solvent, base, additive and temperature on the coupling reaction were studied using HPLC method. The degree of racemization with FDP determined by HPLC or Young test was shown to be lower than that of DCCI. Octapeptide Gly-Cys(Bzl)-Ser-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ile-Cys(Bzl)-OH, corresponding to the amino acid sequence of gp41 of HIV-1, was successfully synthesized by 5+3 approach using FDP with high yield.     

基于氢键诱导的预组织模板的单环、双环及三环动态共价键自组装

利用氢键驱动的“之”字型芳酰胺为“引导”组分,本文报道了三个单环、双环及三环分子的动态共价键自组装。单环分子是一个四氨基衍生物,从“U”-型二醛和卟啉二胺的2+2缩合后经NaBH3CN还原制备。而双环及三环分子以刚性的三氨及四氨寡聚体为模板,从两个六组分反应制备得到。     

Ullmann CO coupling of sterically hindered secondary alcohols using excess amount of strongly coordinating monodentate ligands

A new effective copper catalyzed CO coupling reaction using excess amount of strongly coordinating monodentate ligands was successfully developed. Among the DMAP-type monodentate ligands, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine afforded the best results. The developed reaction is widely applicable for the synthesis of various hindered or acyclic secondary alkyl-aryl ethers. In this study, a novel and remarkable acceleration of the coupling reaction using excess amount of monodentate ligands was discovered.     

亮氨酸脱氢酶催化底物偶联法合成 α-酮异己酸

构建了亮氨酸脱氢酶(LeuDH)催化的底物偶联反应体系, 打破氧化脱氨反应平衡, 同时制得高附加值的α-酮异己酸(α-KIC)和L-2-氨基丁酸, 并实现辅酶NAD⁺的高效循环再生. 基于LeuDH的底物专一性和催化动力学参数, 考察了不同酮酸底物对于底物偶联反应效率的影响, 选择转化率最高的2-丁酮酸作为偶联底物, 使α-KIC产率由单步氧化反应的2.75%提高至66.82%. 通过考察底物浓度、 pH值、 N{\mathrm{H}}_4^{+}浓度和辅酶NAD⁺浓度等反应条件对偶联反应效率的影响, 使α-KIC产率进一步提高至83.25%, 同时辅酶NAD⁺的总转化数(TTN)达到5.88×10⁵. 通过改变底物L-亮氨酸和2-丁酮酸的摩尔比, 能够将α-KIC的产率进一步提高至92.74%.     

Preferential oxidative addition in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions across one fluorene unit

The Suzuki-type cross-coupling reaction of 2,7-dihalofluorenes with 1 equiv of arylboronic acid and Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu3) as a catalyst system is investigated. The exclusive formation of the diarylated coupling product demonstrates that "preferential oxidative addition" is also applicable to fluorene monomers due to a controlled intramolecular motion of the regenerated Pd(0) catalyst across the "large" distance between the 2- and the 7-position of one fluorene monomer.     

提高接肽缩合率的研究进展

本文针对多肽合成中缩合反应存在"困难肽段"的情况, 反析了影响缩合率的原因,归纳了改善缩合率的措施。 它们对提高经典液相法及固相法肽合成的质量均有实际意义。     

Reaction of bis-η3-allylnickel complexes with allyl halides

A study was carried out on the reaction between bis-³-allylnickel complexes and various allyl halides leading to 1,5-dienes. The combination of the allyl fragments may occur either as a result of their coupling in the bis-³-allylnickel complex or with the participation of the allyl halide. The reaction pathway is largely determined by the structure of the starting nickel complex and the yield of the coupling products increases with decreasing stability of the complexes. The structure of the allyl fragment and the nature of the halide in the allyl halide hardly affect the direction of the reaction. The rate-limiting step is the cleavage of the allyl-halide bond.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 371–375, May–June, 1990.     

Studies on selective β/β′ bromination of π-extended porphyrins and subsequent coupling reactions

Monobromination of β, β′-π-extended porphyrins was found to selectively occur at the β or β′ position of the porphyrins which is antipodal to the fused aromatic ring. Subsequent Sonogashira or Heck coupling of the resultant bromoporphyrin introduced a carboxylphenylethynyl group or an acrylic acid group to the π-extended porphyrin. The optimal reaction conditions were found for the Sonogashira and Heck coupling reaction. All of the coupling products have shown a broadening and red-shift of the Soret band and Q bands in the UV–Vis absorption spectra compared with the π-extended porphyrin starting materials and the original unmodified porphyrins.     

Intramolecular biaryl coupling reaction of benzyl benzoate and phenyl benzoate derivatives, and its application to the formal synthesis of (−)-steganone

Construction of the biaryl moiety of stegane and related compounds through an intramolecular biaryl coupling reaction is described. Undesired products were obtained by the intramolecular coupling reaction of benzyl benzoates (8, 13, and 14) because of their steric and electrostatic properties, and only that of phenyl benzoates (26b and 26c) afforded the desired biaryl lactones in good yields. An asymmetric formal synthesis of the title compound has been achieved using an enantioselective lactone-opening reaction followed by a four-step conversion to the known compound.     

Synthesis of 5-aryl-5′-formyl-2,2′-bithiophenes as new precursors for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials

A series of formyl-substituted 5-aryl-2,2′-bithiophenes 5 were synthesized using two different methods: Vilsmeier-Haack-Arnold reaction (VHA) or through Suzuki coupling. The synthesis of compounds 5 through the Vilsmeier-Haack-Arnold reaction, starting from inexpensive and easily available precursors such as acetophenones, gave the title compounds in low yields after four reaction steps. On the other hand Suzuki coupling of functionalized arylboronic acids 7 and the 5-bromo-5′-formyl-2,2′-bithiophene 6 gave compounds 5 in good yields in only one step.     

Reductive coupling of (azulen-1-yl)carbonyl compounds by low-valent titanium; pinacol/pinacolone rearrangement versus pinacol and alkene generation

The azulen-1-yl group strongly influences the course of the TiCl₄-Zn promoted McMurry coupling of 1-acetylazulene which afforded, along with the normal coupling products, pinacol 2dl and alkene 3, the pinacolone 4. The latter was likely formed via rearrangement of the pinacolate intermediate. An improved, microwave-assisted protocol was developed for this reaction that provided high yields of products in a short reaction time. The steric reaction route is consistent with the proposed mechanism.     

Pyridine dicarbanion-bonded Ag13 organometallic nanoclusters: synthesis and on-surface oxidative coupling reaction

Highly reactive organometallic nanoclusters in situ generated in metal-catalyzed reactions are pivotal in the comprehension of catalytic mechanisms. Herein, we develop a two-step synthetic method to achieve three unprecedented aryl dicarbanion-bonded Ag₁₃ nanoclusters by using protective macrocyclic ligands. Firstly, various aryl dicarbanion–Ag₄ cluster intermediates are acquired via a silver-mediated annulation reaction within a macrocyclic ligand. These Ag₄ cluster precursors are released from the surrounding macrocycle by protonation, and further undergo an inter-cluster coupling to generate bipyridine products and low-valence silver atoms. The remaining resurgent diide–Ag₄ clusters assemble with low-valence silver atoms to yield a series of organometallic Ag₁₃ nanoclusters. These Ag₁₃ nanoclusters feature a unique open-shell electronic structure as well as a chiral cluster architecture due to the asymmetric arrangements of surrounding aryl dianion ligands. Furthermore, the pyridyl diide ligands on the surface of the nanocluster further experience an intra-cluster oxidative coupling to produce bipyridine coupling products and large nanoparticles. The coupling reaction-driven cluster-to-cluster transformation is comprehensively tracked by high resolution mass spectroscopy. This work is not only reminiscent of the detailed evolution of cluster species upon the occurrence of coupling reactions, but also reproduces novel inter- and intra-cluster coupling steps at different reaction stages.

Unprecedented pyridine dicarbanion-bonded Ag₁₃ nanoclusters were constructed according to a macrocycle-involved two-step synthetic protocol.     

Solvent effects on environmentally coupled hydrogen tunnelling during catalysis by dihydrofolate reductase from Thermotoga maritima

Protein motions may be perturbed by altering the properties of the reaction medium. Here we show that dielectric constant, but not viscosity, affects the rate of the hydride-transfer reaction catalysed by dihydrofolate reductase from Thermotoga maritima (TmDHFR), in which quantum-mechanical tunnelling has previously been shown to be driven by protein motions. Neither dielectric constant nor viscosity directly alters the kinetic isotope effect of the reaction or the mechanism of coupling of protein motions to tunnelling. Glycerol and sucrose cause a significant increase in the rate of hydride transfer, but lead to a reduction in the magnitude of the kinetic isotope effect as well as an extension of the temperature range over which "passive" protein dynamics (rather than "active" gating motions) dominate the reaction. Our results are in agreement with the proposal that non-equilibrium dynamical processes (promoting motions) drive the hydride-transfer reaction in TmDHFR.     

Metal-free synthesis of quinolines by direct condensation of amides with alkynes: revelation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-aryl nitrilium intermediates by 2D NMR techniques

Employing triflic anhydride/2-fluoropyridine as an activation system, the coupling reactions of secondary N-aryl amides with terminal alkynes yielded substituted quinolines in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction tolerated both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups at the benzamide moiety. Electron-rich aryl acetylenes served as excellent coupling partners, and aliphatic terminal alkynes such as cyclopropyl and conjugate vinyl acetylenes could also be used as reaction partners. By means of 2D NMR techniques (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC)), nitrilium ions were probed as reactive intermediates which are in contrast with that suggested by Movassaghi on the basis of in situ IR monitoring experiments. On the basis of these results, a plausible mechanism for the formation of quinolines was suggested.