机械剥离折叠石墨烯粘附与纳米摩擦性质

本文用原子力显微镜研究了空气和氮气两种不同气氛环境下的机械剥离石墨烯粘附力,发现氮气环境下的粘附力更小,且石墨烯边缘的粘附力比内部区域大.在氮气环境下探究了折叠石墨烯粘附力与层数的关系及其摩擦性能,结果表明粘附力与折叠石墨烯层数无明显关系,折叠石墨烯各区域的摩擦性能都远超二氧化硅基底,且单层、单层上折叠、双层以及双层上折叠区域的摩擦系数依次降低,分别为0.049,0.031,0.023和0.021,摩擦力也依次降低,折叠处由于层与层之间的结合力弱于相同层数的石墨烯,摩擦性能有所降低,但未发现粘附力与摩擦力之间的明显关系.在采用尖针和球针测量粘附力时,测量历史不会对后续粘附力产生明显影响.对空气环境下出现的新鲜折叠石墨烯的研究表明新鲜折叠石墨烯的折叠区域摩擦力较未折叠区域显著增大.     

Thermo-mechanical properties of the cell surface assessed by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in lateral force mode was applied to assess the microscale thermo-mechanical (frictional) properties of the air-dried cell surface in the wide temperature range (288-363K/15-90°C). AFM-investigated cell surface layer can be represented as a biocomposite composed of several layers including the glycocalyx, the membrane and the intercellular layer containing membrane (cortical) cytoskeleton. The cells with two different cytoskeleton structures, erythrocytes and thymocytes, were studied. Above a certain temperature (T(g)), the significant change in friction force with temperature was revealed for the both cell types whereas there was no similar change in their topography parameters. The experimentally determined value T(g) for erythrocyte samples was lower than that for thymocyte ones. Treating living cells with the cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde, led to the weakening of the temperature dependence of air-dried cell surface frictional properties in the studied temperature range. Addition of oxidizing agent, peroxynitrite, to living cell suspensions changed the temperature dependence of air-dried cell surface frictional properties depending on cell type and peroxynitrite concentration. The obtained data indicate that the study of thermo-mechanical properties of air-dried cells with AFM in lateral force mode provides expanded information on the structural characteristics of the living cell surface layer, and sets the stage for the development of AFM-based method (with using a lateral force mode) for the cell pathology diagnostics.     

Effects of a self-assembled monolayer on the sliding friction and adhesion of an Au surface

The friction and adhesion mechanisms with and without a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) in nanotribology were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The MD model consisted of two gold planes with and without n-hexadecanethiol SAM chemisorbed to the substrate, respectively. The molecular trajectories, tilt angles, normal forces, and frictional forces of the SAM and gold molecules were evaluated during the frictional and relaxation processes for various parameters, including the number of CH₂ molecules, the interference magnitude, and whether or not the SAM lubricant was used. The various parameters are discussed with regard to frictional and adhesion forces, mechanisms, and molecular or atomic structural transitions. The stick–slip behavior of SAM chains can be completely attributed to the van der Waals forces of the chain/chain interaction. When the number of CH₂ molecules was increased, the SAM chains appeared to have bigger tilt angles at deformation. The magnitude of the strain energy that was saved and relaxed is proportional to the elastic deformable extent of the SAM molecules. The frictional force was higher for long chain molecules. With shorter SAM molecules, the adhesion force behavior was more stable during the compression and relaxation processes. A surface coated with a SAM can increase nano-device lifetimes by avoiding interface effects like friction and adhesion. PACS 52.65.Yy; 81.40.Pq; 81.16; 68.35.-p     

Tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon film with different tribo-pairs: A size effect study

A friction force microscope (FFM) with different probes and a ball-on-disk (BOD) tribo-meter were used to investigate the tribological properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. DLC films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method by altering the deposition parameters, and their morphologies and structural information were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Raman spectrum. The wear traces of the DLC films after frictional tests were analyzed by an optical microscope. It is found that surface roughness and adhesion play important roles in characterizing the tribological properties of DLC films using FFM. Moreover, the debris accumulation is another significant factor affecting the frictional behavior of DLC films, especially for the sharp tip. The difference in coefficients of friction (COFs) obtained by the BOD method among different DLC films under water lubrication is much smaller than the case without water lubrication. The variation trends in COF for the flat tip and the BOD test are similar in comparison with the result obtained with the sharp tip. The wear traces after frictional tests suggest that DLC films under water lubrication are prone to be damaged more readily.     

Measurement of the frictional forces in fretting fatigue

This paper presents the results of a study of the frictional forces associated with the tangential harmonic displacements of a slider in the frequency range from 20 to 1000 Hz.On the basis of our experiments, we establish that the frictional interaction creates a normal periodic force which, in turn, creates normal vibrations leading to a change in the actual load and hence in the peak value of the force of friction.A change in the force of friction with the frequency of the tangential displacements has also been noted elsewhere [1]; however, the causes of this behavior have not previously been ascertained.We show that the force of friction depends significantly not only on the amplitude of the normal vibrations but also on the phase-frequency-relations between the vibrations in the normal and tangential directions.     

Anisotropy of sliding friction on the triglycine sulfate (010) surface

The frictional properties of freshly cleaved (010) surfaces of the ferroelectric TriGlycine Sulfate (TGS) were investigated by combined scanning and friction force microscopy under ambient conditions. A frictional contrast could be observed between domains with different electrical polarity, as well as between terraces inside individual domains which are separated by steps of half of the unit-cell height or an odd multiple of this value. The latter contrast mechanism originates from the arrangement of the molecules at the surface which is chemically homogeneous, but structurally rotated by 180° between different terraces. The resulting asymmetric surface potential gives rise to a frictional anisotropy in different directions that can be detected by the force microscope, as well as to a change of the frictional force between forward and backward scan direction.     

纳米级随机粗糙表面微观滑动摩擦力的计算研究

表面形貌很大程度上决定了摩擦副的摩擦性能, 而所有的表面都不可能是绝对光滑的.由于摩擦表面形貌的随机性, 决定了实际的摩擦过程具有随机性的特点, 因此为了获得与随机形貌对应的摩擦特性, 建立合理的随机摩擦模型是必要的. 本文基于Lennard-Jones势能建立了纳米级随机粗糙表面和原子级光滑的刚性平面间的随机摩擦模型; 模型中, 界面势能由法向载荷和界面间平衡距离决定.通过数值计算的方法, 推导了微观滑动摩擦力的计算公式和摩擦力与法向载荷之间的关系. 研究结果表明摩擦力随着法向载荷的增加而增加, 但不是线性增长. 结果也说明界面间的表面势能可能是微观摩擦力的本质起源. 关键词： 随机粗糙表面 Lennard-Jones势能 微滑动摩擦力 微摩擦     

基于耦合振子模型的摩擦力计算研究

以界面摩擦为研究对象,探讨了基于耦合振子模型(coupled-oscillator model)的滑动摩擦微观机理,分析了滑动过程中的能量耗散问题. 采用Maugis-Dugdal接触模型替代界面摩擦中的Lennard-Jones势能,并将该模型融入耦合振子模型之中,通过计算振子在一个周期内的能量增加值,推导出了界面摩擦力的理论计算公式. 理论分析表明,对于探针-试样接触系统,滑动摩擦力近似随着法向载荷的2/3次方增加,这与纳米摩擦学经典理论是相符的.理论计算结果与超高真空原子力显微镜镀铜探针在Cu(111)晶面扫描实验结果符合良好,表明本文提出的理论和方法可行. 关键词： 耦合振子模型 界面摩擦 摩擦力 法向载荷     

Casimir friction force between a SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> probe and a graphene-coated SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> substrate

The possibility of mechanical detection of Casimir friction with the use of a noncontact atomic force microscope is discussed. A SiO₂ probe tip located above a graphene-coated SiO₂ substrate is subjected to the frictional force caused by a fluctuating electromagnetic field produced by a current in graphene. This frictional force will create the bend of a cantilever, which can be measured by a modern noncontact atomic force microscope. Both the quantum and thermal contributions to the Casimir frictional force can be measured using this experimental setup. This result can also be used to mechanically detect Casimir friction in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems.     

Influence of the normal force and contact geometry on the static force of friction of an oscillating sample

The paper is devoted to an experimental and theoretical investigation of the static friction force between a rapidly oscillating sample and a steel plate. The static frictional force is studied experimentally as function of the oscillating amplitude, the normal force and the contact geometry. A simplest model of tangent contact with a constant friction coefficient is proposed and shows a good agreement with experiment. The static friction force is proved to be a universal function of the ratio of the oscillation amplitude, the indentation depth and to the friction coefficient.     

Influence of wall friction on granular column

Granular packings under gravity in frictional and frictionless silos were simulated and the influence of the wall friction on the normal force distribution was investigated. Although there is an obvious Janssen effect in frictional silos, only a slight influence on the geometry of packing was found. The law of normal force distribution is different for frictional and frictionless walls, which is related to the pressure profile. A modified formula with consideration of the pressure profile was well fitted to the simulation results.     

Differential friction force spectroscopy of micropatterned organosilane self-assembled monolayers

Frictional properties of organosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and hydrated silicon oxide (SiOH) surfaces on a single sample substrate were studied; the frictional force difference between the surfaces was measured by employing one as a standard. Using a lateral force microscope (LFM), differential frictional force microscopic data were obtained by measuring the difference in the friction forces of the two surfaces with respect to the vertical load force applied to the LFM probe. The SAMs were prepared from n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane [ODS, H₃C(CH₂)₁₇Si(OCH₃)₃], n-(6-aminohexyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane [AHAPS, H₂N(CH₂)₆NH(CH₂)₃Si(OCH₃)₃], 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane [FAS3, F₃C(CH₂)₂Si(OCH₃)₃] and heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydro-decyl-1-trimethoxysilane [FAS17, F₃C(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂Si(OCH₃)₃] by chemical vapor deposition. In the vertical force range of 0 to 600 nN, the SAMs showed no damage at all, and frictional force on the SAM surfaces increased linearly with the vertical force. The order of the frictional force magnitudes determined with the SiOH-terminated probe was SiOH > AHAPS > FAS3 > FAS17 > ODS. In addition, the frictional force difference did not become zero even at a vertical force of 0 nN, that is, the frictional differences could even be imaged by LFM through probe-sample adhesion.     

Friction and normal forces of model friction modifier additives in simulations of boundary lubrication

ABSTRACT

Interaction forces between solid surfaces are often mitigated by adsorbed molecules that control normal and friction forces at nanoscale separations. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted of opposing semi-ordered monolayers of united-atom chains on sliding surfaces to relate friction and normal forces to imposed sliding velocity and inter-surface separation. Practical examples include adsorbed friction-modifier molecules in automatic transmission fluids. Friction scenarios in the simulations had zero, one, or two fluid layers trapped between adsorbed monolayers. Sliding friction forces increased with sliding velocity at each stable separation. Lower normal forces were obtained than in most previous nanotribology molecular simulations and were relatively independent of sliding speed. Distinguishing average frictional force from its fluctuations showed the importance of system size. Uniform velocities were obtained in the sliding direction across each adsorbed film, with a gradient across the gap containing trapped fluid. The calculated friction stress was consistent with measurements reported using a surface forces apparatus, indicating that drag between an adsorbed layer and trapped fluid can account sufficiently for sliding friction in friction modifier systems. An example is shown in which changes in molecular organisation parallel to the surface led to a large change in normal force but no change in friction force.     

基于超声波微驱动的摩擦改性

提出了一种超声波微驱动摩擦改性的思想。通过激励超声波马达振子的两个对称的夹心式换能器前端头作旋转方向相反的椭圆运动,使摩擦副处于超声波动力润滑状态,同时控制两个夹心式换能器振幅,实现在低速运动时对摩擦力的主动控制达到减小摩擦力的目的。利用气浮导轨、力传感器、低速电机建立了摩擦力模糊控制系统。初步的实验表明,摩擦力大大减小,当振子和负载总质量为3.8kg,电机拖动速度0.5mm/s时,摩擦系数达到0.0053。     

Coefficient of friction between a rigid conical indenter and a model elastomer: Influence of local frictional heating

We investigate the coefficient of friction between a rigid cone and an elastomer with account of local heating due to frictional dissipation. The elastomer is modeled as a simple Kelvin body and an exponential dependency of viscosity on temperature is assumed. We show that the coefficient of friction is a function of only two dimensionless variables depending on the normal force, sliding velocity, the parameter characterizing the temperature dependence as well as shear modulus, viscosity at the ambient temperature and the indenter slope. One of the mentioned dimensionless variables does not depend on velocity and determines uniquely the form of the dependence of the coefficient of friction on velocity. Depending on the value of this controlling variable, the cases of weak and strong influence of temperature effects can be distinguished. In the case of strong dependence, a generalization of the classical “master curve” procedure introduced by Grosch is suggested by using both horizontal and vertical shift factors.     

Frictional duality observed during nanoparticle sliding

One of the most fundamental questions in tribology concerns the area dependence of friction at the nanoscale. Here, experiments are presented where the frictional resistance of nanoparticles is measured by pushing them with the tip of an atomic force microscope. We find two coexisting frictional states: While some particles show finite friction increasing linearly with the interface areas of up to 310 000 nm(2), other particles assume a state of frictionless sliding. The results further suggest a link between the degree of surface contamination and the occurrence of this duality.     

Thermomechanical properties of polymer nanolithography using atomic force microscopy

The temperature-dependent mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers are investigated using force-distance curves, adhesion force, and atomic force microscope (AFM) nanolithography combined the heating techniques. The results show that the width of grooves on the polymers at 20-60 °C were in the range of 14-363 nm. The wear depth of the polymers increased with increasing heating temperature. A volume of 251.85-2422.66 μm(3) at a load of 30-50 nN with heating to 30-60 °C was removed, as compared to that of 26.60-70.30 μm(3) obtained at room temperature. The contact forces of PET started increasing at 9 nN, whereas the size of the holes was average at a pressure. The results may be of importance in explaining the heating relationship among adhesion force, volume removal rate, and pressure.     

C60 molecular bearings

An ultralubricated system is reported which confines a C60 monolayer between graphite plates. C60 molecules act as molecular bearings, assisted by the nanogears of six-membered carbon rings between C60 molecules and graphite, in which the mean dynamical frictional forces are zero up to a high load of 100 nanonewtons. A stick-slip rolling model with a step rotation of a C60 molecule is proposed. This ultralubricated system, very promising for the realization of nano- and micromachines, is expected to open a new field of molecular bearings.     

3 GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定

 在温度标定和围压标定的基础上,采用轴压循环方法,对3 GPa固体介质三轴高温高压实验系统的轴压摩擦力进行了标定,分析了围压、温度、轴向位移速率、装样方式（盐套类型）等实验条件对轴压摩擦力的影响。结果表明：静摩擦力、挤压摩擦力和滑动摩擦力3种轴压摩擦力对轴向应力的影响不同,其中静摩擦力和挤压摩擦力对轴向应力的影响很小,影响应力精度的主要是滑动摩擦力。静摩擦力及滑动摩擦力与围压正相关;静摩擦力与轴向位移速率正相关,但受其影响较小,滑动摩擦力不受其影响;静摩擦力和滑动摩擦力与温度负相关,并且受其影响较显著;盐套类型对轴压摩擦力的影响较大,当实验条件接近盐套熔点时,轴压摩擦力显著降低,当样品周围的盐套处于熔融状态时,轴压摩擦力最小。基于此,确定了标定轴压摩擦力的具体步骤,并对角闪岩的应力-应变曲线进行了轴压摩擦力标定。对比轴压摩擦力校正前、后的应力-应变曲线发现,经过轴压摩擦力校正的应力-应变曲线能更好地反映样品的实际变形情况。     

Frictional effect of ultrasonic-vibration on upsetting

The ultrasonic-vibration ring compression test and finite element analysis were performed on aluminum alloy specimens to explore the frictional effect of superimposing ultrasonic-vibration during upsetting. The extrapolated compression test was first adopted to obtain the frictionless material properties for finite element analysis. Experimental results of extrapolated compression test also indicate that ultrasonic-vibration can reduce the compressive force when friction is eliminated and can increase the temperatures of a material at the same time.The following results of the hot extrapolated compression test and the hot ring compression test reveal that increasing temperature by ultrasonic-vibration may reduce the flow stress and increase the interfacial friction. Finally, finite element analysis was conducted to derive the friction calibration curves and to evaluate the friction factor.