飞秒激光脉冲和液体等离子体相互作用产生的高能电子特性研究

文章研究了单脉冲和多脉冲飞秒激光和水等离子体相互作用产生的高能电子特性 ,发现多脉冲激光构型可以大幅度地增强超热电子的产生和提高其温度 .实验观测到在激光偏振面内 ,沿与激光轴反向夹角 4 6°的方向 ,对称地喷射出两束能量大于 2 5keV的高能电子 .二维粒子模拟结果和实验符合很好 .实验和理论都表明 ,这些超热电子是通过后续脉冲与前面脉冲形成的球形液滴相互作用产生的 ,具体机制为共振吸收 .     

飞秒脉冲激光作用下电子振荡导致的辐射空间分布特性

采用单电子模型研究了不同偏振、不同强度飞秒脉冲激光作用下电子振荡导致的辐射的空间分布特性。研究发现:随着激光强度的增加,对圆偏振激光脉冲,电子辐射的空间分布由全空间分布变为前向双叶型结构,而对线偏振激光脉冲,电子辐射的空间分布由类似于偶极天线辐射特性的四重对称双叶结构变为双重对称三叶型结构,这可以为实验研究电子的辐射提供空间分布的相关依据。     

飞秒脉冲激光作用下电子振荡导致的辐射空间分布特性

 采用单电子模型研究了不同偏振、不同强度飞秒脉冲激光作用下电子振荡导致的辐射的空间分布特性。研究发现:随着激光强度的增加,对圆偏振激光脉冲,电子辐射的空间分布由全空间分布变为前向双叶型结构,而对线偏振激光脉冲,电子辐射的空间分布由类似于偶极天线辐射特性的四重对称双叶结构变为双重对称三叶型结构,这可以为实验研究电子的辐射提供空间分布的相关依据。     

Time evolution of emission spectra from plasmas produced by irradiation of seawater surfaces by a femtosecond laser

The spectral and temporal characteristics of plasmas produced by femtosecond laser pulses acting on seawater surfaces are studied. The time dependence of the decay in the intensities of emission lines and the continuum are determined and the electron density is estimated using the three-body recombination time. It is shown that an atomic line with a low excitation potential is the most sensitive for femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.     

BEPCII横向束流反馈系统的梳状滤波器

BEPCII是一个多束团、大流强的装置, 由于高频腔的高次模和电阻壁阻抗等因素，不可避免地会出现束流不稳定性。BEPCII中采用束流反馈系统来抑制束流不稳定性。横向束流反馈系统主要包括前端电子学、信号处理电子学、反馈器件和放大器等几个部分。梳状滤波器是信号处理电子学的重要部件，利用两根长短不同的电缆以及一个功分器和合成器构成了一种简单有效的梳状滤波器，其梳状深度达到-41 dB，使用这种梳状滤波器的横向反馈系统成功地抑制了束流中出现的不稳定性。     

Electron dynamics and spatial characteristics of emission from electron oscillation driven by femtosecond laser pulses

The dynamics and characteristics of spatial distribution of emission are analyzed with a single electron model in the cases of different intensities and different polarized femtosecond laser pulses. It is discovered that with the increase of laser intensity, for circularly polarized laser pulse, the angular distribution is tipped forward more and more; for linearly polarized laser pulse, the radiation pattern is changed from the fourfold rotational symmetry bifoliate pattern same as that from a dipole antenna to twofold rotational symmetry trefoil pattern.     

Doppler shift of femtosecond laser pulses from solid density plasmas

Doppler-shift of short UV pulses (248 nm, 700 fs) reflected from aluminum, polystyrene and gold targets were measured at focused intensities up to 5×10¹⁵ W/cm². In spite of the fact that the Doppler-shifts are expected to be dependent on the atomic weight of the target material, experimentally similar shifts are found for all targets. A possible explanation is provided by the well known dependence of the Doppler shift on the plasma temperature, if different absorption coefficients are assumed for the different targets. This coefficient shows good agreement with that one deduced from a theory based on collisional absorption in the case of aluminum, but in the case of the other targets, however, the experimentally observed Doppler-shift suggests smaller absorption for lighter and larger absorption for heavier target materials. PACS 52.25.Mq; 52.25.Qt; 52.40.Nk; 52.50.Jm     

Ultrafast electron pulses from a tungsten tip triggered by low-power femtosecond laser pulses

We present an experimental and numerical study of electron emission from a sharp tungsten tip triggered by sub-8-fs low-power laser pulses. This process is nonlinear in the laser electric field, and the nonlinearity can be tuned via the dc voltage applied to the tip. Numerical simulations of this system show that electron emission takes place within less than one optical period of the exciting laser pulse, so that an 8 fs 800 nm laser pulse is capable of producing a single electron pulse of less than 1 fs duration. Furthermore, we find that the carrier-envelope phase dependence of the emission process is smaller than 0.1% for an 8 fs pulse but is steeply increasing with decreasing laser pulse duration.     

Localized multiphoton emission of femtosecond electron pulses from metal nanotips

Intense multiphoton electron emission is observed from sharp (approximately 20 nm radius) metallic tips illuminated with weak 100-pJ, 7-fs light pulses. Local field enhancement, evidenced by concurrent nonlinear light generation, confines the emission to the tip apex. Electrons are emitted from a highly excited nonequilibrium carrier distribution, resulting in a marked change of the absolute electron flux and its dependence on optical power with the tip bias voltage. The strong optical nonlinearity of the electron emission allows us to image the local optical field near a metallic nanostructure with a spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers in a novel tip-enhanced electron emission microscope.     

X-ray spectra from highly ionized dense plasmas produced by ultrashort laser pulses

Hydrogen-like and helium-like X-ray spectra (between 7.1 and 8.2 , i.e., 1500 to 17.50 eV, respectively) from solid aluminium targets irradiated with high intensity (up to 10¹⁷ W/cm²) subpicosecond (0.7 ps) laser pulses have been measured. The spectra show that the resonance lines are very broad and very asymmetric. Evidence for a Doppler-shifted reabsorption of the resonance line emission has been found. The spectra have been simulated by a computer code for the calculation of spectral-line intensities and linewidths. Electron densities exceeding the critical density have been estimated for different laser intensities by comparing the observed and simulated intensity ratio of different dielectronic satellite lines. From the X-ray spectra generated byp- ands-polarized radiation fat different laser intensities, the thresholds for the formation of hydrogen-like and helium-like ions have been determined.     

Spatial beam profiles of femtosecond X-ray pulses generated by laser Compton scattering from a low-emittance electron beam

Polarization-dependent spatial beam profiles of femtosecond X-ray pulses generated by a laser Compton scheme were measured. The X-ray pulses were generated by the interaction at an angle of 90° between 100-fs laser light and a 3-ps, 3π-mm mrad electron beam. The polarization of the laser light was linear in two different directions, either parallel or perpendicular to the electron beam axis. The measured profiles showed good agreement with theoretical results. Received: 5 July 2002 / Revised version: 17 October 2002 / Published online: 5 February 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-424/684477, E-mail: msf_yorozu@shi.co.jp     

Soft X-ray emission of continua from laser produced plasmas

Plasmas produced irradiating plane targets of low Z elements with moderate energy (3–10 J) lasers emit considerable amounts of free-free and free-bound continua in the soft X-ray region (10–100 Å) of the spectrum. With intensity calibrated grazing incidence spectrographs an intensity of the order of 10⁸ W sr^–1 Å^–1 cm^–2 emitted by the densest portion of the plasma inside the crater formed at the interaction was determined. This is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for a plasma of predetermined parameters. In case of high Z elements the continuum emitted has a very smooth wavelength dependence.     

Bi-directional terahertz emission from gold-coated nanogratings by excitation via femtosecond laser pulses

We report on the investigation of terahertz (THz) emission from gold-coated nanogratings (500 nm grating constant) upon femtosecond laser irradiation (785?nm, 150?fs, 1?kHz, ??1?mJ/pulse). Unlike common assumptions, THz emission is not only observed in case of rear side irradiation (through substrate (Welsh et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:026803, 2007; Welsh and Wynne in Opt. Express 17:2470?C2480, 2009)) of the nanograting, but also in case of front side excitation (through air). Furthermore in both cases, THz emission propagates in the direction of laser beam propagation and reverse. Based on these findings, we suggest a new approach to describe the newly observed phenomena. Using a highly sensitive and fast superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) as calorimeter, it was possible to directly measure the absolute energy of the emitted THz pulses in a defined spectral and spatial range, enabling for the first time a quantitative analysis of the THz emission process.     

Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications

We review the generation of broadband THz radiation from femtosecond photo‐induced gas plasmas, with an emphasis on the highly efficient “AC‐bias” case where the plasma is generated and driven by a superposition of fundamental and second‐harmonic optical fields. The dependence on experimental parameters such as pulse energy, air pressure, polarization and focusing are presented, and compared to the predictions from semi‐quantitative models for the THz generation process, namely (i) a microscopic photocurrent model and (ii) a four‐wave mixing model. We also employ these models to the case of few‐cycle pulses, where the observed THz emission is related directly to the carrier‐envelope phase of the pulses, and hence provides a mechanism with which to measure this phase.}     

空气中飞秒激光自聚焦等离子体通道的电导特性

通过电学探测法,采用不同焦距的聚焦透镜,在不同激光能量、不同极性外加电压的条件下,对大气中的飞秒激光自聚焦等离子体电离通道特性进行了实验研究。发现激光脉冲经不同焦距的聚焦透镜作用后均存在较长的电离通道,通道的等效电阻率有所变化,通常电阻率的最大值出现在透镜的几何焦点附近,并且焦距越长,此电阻率的局部峰值点离几何焦点位置越近。在外加不同极性电压时,自由电子受到所加静电场作用力、洛仑兹力以及有质动力的共同作用。焦点前,通道电流变化不明显,加正向电压产生的电流略微大于加负向电压时的电流;焦点后则是加负向电压产生的电流大于加正向电压时的电流。     

Spectroscopic studies of plasmas produced from thin foils by fast risetime nanosecond laser pulses

Studies of emission spectra in the region 20–250 ? from plasmas produced from thin foils of various materials 6?Z?26 by fast risetime nanosecond laser pulses are reported. Ionization and recombination occuring in these plasmas as deduced from the identification of the spectral lines and their intensities is discussed. Estimates of the plasma temperature are made. The results are compared with the predictions of a computer code based on a thermal wave model for the initial burn through the foil and subsequent hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma.     

空气中飞秒激光自聚焦等离子体通道的电导特性

 通过电学探测法,采用不同焦距的聚焦透镜,在不同激光能量、不同极性外加电压的条件下,对大气中的飞秒激光自聚焦等离子体电离通道特性进行了实验研究。发现激光脉冲经不同焦距的聚焦透镜作用后均存在较长的电离通道,通道的等效电阻率有所变化,通常电阻率的最大值出现在透镜的几何焦点附近,并且焦距越长,此电阻率的局部峰值点离几何焦点位置越近。在外加不同极性电压时,自由电子受到所加静电场作用力、洛仑兹力以及有质动力的共同作用。焦点前,通道电流变化不明显,加正向电压产生的电流略微大于加负向电压时的电流;焦点后则是加负向电压产生的电流大于加正向电压时的电流。     

Holographic interferometry of laser produced plasmas using picosecond pulses

Interferograms have been obtained using a holographic system illuminated by picosecond pulses. The technique has been applied to a picosecond laser produced plasma, and the total number of electrons present in the plasma has been measured to be at least 5 × 10¹⁴for a laser energy of 0.1 joule.