反应注射成型聚氨酯互穿聚合物网络的进展

本文将介绍有关反应注射成型聚氨酯同步互穿聚合物网络（ＲＩＭ ＳＩＮ）方面的研究工作。综合文献报道和我们研究扬实验工作，重点描述了不饱和聚酯树脂或乙烯基酯树脂为刚性相的聚氨酯互穿聚合物网络，讨论了它们的生成反应动力学及其形态结构发展进程，并与样品力学性能相关联。     

聚合物反应注射成型

本文简要地介绍了反应注射成型(RIM)的发展,RIM的化学体系,RIM过程和制品的成型,RIM过程的主要特点及RIM聚氨酯的主要组分。     

变温红外光谱研究多嵌段聚氨脂脲的微相分离行为

用傅里叶变换红外光谱方法研究了热处理对由聚环氧丙烷聚醚多元醇、３．５－二乙基甲苯二胺和４，４－二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯组成的多嵌段聚氨酯脲（ＳＰＵＵ）的微相分离行为的影响．从室温逐步升温到３１０℃的过程中，氨基甲酸酯键（ＵＴ）之间形成的氢键大量解离，而脲键（ＵＡ）之间形成的、具有平面状双分叉结构的氢键在１３０～２００℃范围却大量生成；从３１０℃缓慢冷却到室温后，部分游离的ＵＴ重新形成氢键，而硬段之间形成的ＵＡ氢键的含量又有所增加．结果表明：高温热处理可以有效地提高ＳＰＵＵ的微相分离程度．     

RIM聚氨酯脲的微相分离的DSC研究──硬段结构和含量对微相分离的影响

用ＤＳＣ法研究了二乙基甲苯二胺和４，４＇－氨基二苯基甲烷（ＭＤＡ）扩链的硬段含量为２７％～６０％的两个系列的反应注射成型（ＲＩＭ）聚氨酯脲（ＰＵＵ）弹性体的微相分离。聚合反应动力学对ＲＩＭＰＵＵ的微相分离有很大影响．随着硬段浓度的增加微相分离程度下降，ＭＤＡ扩链系列聚合总反应速度快，微相分离驱动力弱，在硬段生成反应比软段生成反应快的条件下，该系列的微相分离程度较低。聚合总反应快，且硬段间氢键化作用很强的性质造成ＲＩＭＰＵＵ非平衡的形态。聚合总反应速度的增加相当于微相分离驱动力的下降。     

CAMDA扩链聚氨酯脲的硬段对形态与性能的影响

由红外光谱、核磁共振及质谱分析证实了所合成的3-氯-3’-甲氧基-4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷(CAMDA)具有预期的化学结构.用RIM方法制成的CAMDA基聚氨酯脲(PUU)性能接近于DETDA扩链的PUU.用快速手工浇注法制备了一系列由CAMDA扩链的不同硬段含量的PUU样品.采用DSC、SEM观察了硬段含量由10％增加到45％PUU形态的变化,并测量了力学性能.实验结果表明:随着硬段含量增加,PUU的形态由平行间隔的软、硬链段富集区经相互穿叉的软、硬段富集区,进一步聚集成硬链段富集球状超级结构,强度亦相应提高.     

反应注射成型聚氨酯互穿聚合物网络研究：刚性网络对于体系形…

用微型反应注射成型机制备了以聚氨酯（ＰＵ）为弹性相的两类同步互穿聚合物网络（ＳＩＮ），其刚性相分别采用保留仲羟基的乙烯基酯树脂（ＶＥＲＨ）以及封闭仲羟基的乙烯基酯树脂（ＶＥＲＡ）。用傅里叶变换红外光谱在线跟踪了这类互穿网络的生成过程，发现刚性网络抑制了ＰＵＣ网络中硬段有序结构的形成，两个网络间有一定程度的互穿，而两个网络间的化学键作用进一步削弱氢键强度。自旋－自旋驰豫时间的测定进一步表明网络间存在     

二胺扩链剂对RIM聚氨酯－脲弹性体的结构与性能的影响

采用实验室小型ＲＩＭ机制备了一组不同芳香二胺扩链的嵌段聚氨酯－脲（ＰＵＵ）弹性体，借助于ＩＲ、ＤＳＣ、ＤＭＴＡ、ＳＥＭ以及拉伸试验等测试手段对其结构与性能进行了研究。     

聚双环戊二烯反应注射成型

本文介绍了国外有关聚双环戊二烯反应注射成型的研究进展，讨论了国内进行聚双环戊二烯反应注射成型开发研究的现实意义，并对这一领域的发展进行了展望     

二胺扩链剂对RIM聚氨酯－脲弹性体的结构与性能的影响

采用实验室小型ＲＩＭ机制备了一组不同芳香二胺扩链的嵌段聚氨酯－脲（ＰＵＵ）弹性体，借助于ＩＲ、ＤＳＣ、ＤＭＴＡ、ＳＥＭ以及拉伸试验等测试手段对其结构与性能进行了研究．通过比较由ＭＤＡ、ＤＥＴＤＡ以及ＣＡＭＤＡ三种不同活性和结构的芳香二胺扩链剂与二异氰酸酯反应形成的硬链段对ＲＩＭＰＵＵ弹性体的结构与性能的影响，表明：ＭＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ中软、硬链段微区界面作用指数很小，微相分离程度却很大，其性能最差；ＤＥＴＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ弹性体有理想的界面作用指数，以及适当的微相分离程度，其性能位于三者之中最佳．ＤＭＴＡ研究证实在一定的温度范围内ＤＥＴＤＡ基ＲＩＭＰＵＵ的模量稳定性最好．     

硬链段浓度对RIM交联聚氨酯结构和性能的影响

用l-MDI/1,4-BDO/PPO-EO快反应体系,考察硬段浓度对聚氨酯结构与性能的影响。发现样品的交联度、模量和抗张强度随硬段浓度增加而提高,交联趋向均匀,断裂伸长率在浓度30％处出现最大值。ATR-FTIR和DSC分析表明,微相分离程度随硬段浓度增大而降低。     

Phase separation in segmented poly(urethane urea) copolymers during reaction injection molding (RIM) polymerization

In situ experiments were performed with a portable RIM (reaction injection molding) minimachine interfaced to an FTIR spectrophotometer to follow the reaction chemistry and monitor phase separation of copoly(urethane urea)s during RIM polymerization. The PUU copolymers were based on ethylene oxide-capped poly(propylene oxide) polyether diol, 3,5-diethyltoluenediamine (DETDA), and uretonimine liquefied 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The effect of catalyst concentration on the degree of phase separation in the as-molded RIM PUU copolymers was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetery and scanning electron microscopy as supplementary methods. The results suggested that an increase of degree of phase separation and a decrease of the size of hard-segment-rich domains take place with a rise of catalyst concentration. The morphological feature was a consequence in combination with the increase in relative rate of urethane formation and the ordering of hydrogen bonding through urea groups. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35 : 865–873, 1997.     

Study on sequence distribution of segmented poly(urethane urea)s by 13C-NMR spectroscopy: Effect of polymerization procedures

The segmented poly(urethane urea) copolymers were synthesized by one- and two-step polymerization procedures. The copolymers were based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 3,5-diethyltoluene diamine, and ethylene oxide-capped poly(propylene oxide) diol. The mean sequence lengths of polyurethane soft block and polyurea hard block as well as the sequence distribution of the hard block in the copolymers were estimated from the signals of aromatic carbons in ¹³C-NMR spectra. The results indicated that two-step polymerization led to longer mean sequence lengths and broader hard block sequence distribution than one-step polymerization did. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Evidences of phase separation in moisture‐cured poly(urethane urea)s by means of temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry

The degree of phase separation in several moisture‐cured poly(urethane urea)s (PUUs) was studied by FTIR spectroscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). This latter technique was shown to be particularly useful in analysing the degree of phase separation in PUU polymers. Both phase mixing and phase segregation coexisted in the PUUs and the degree of phase separation increased as the urea hard segment (HS) content in the PUU increased. The maximum solubility of urea HSs into the polyol soft segments (SSs) was achieved for 50 wt % urea HS content in diol‐based PUUs, whereas for triol‐based PUUs the highest solubility between HS and SS was reached for lower urea HS amount. Finally, the higher the urea HS content the higher the extent of phase separation in the PUU. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3034–3045, 2007     

Structural and end‐group effects on bulk and surface properties of hyperbranched poly(urea urethane)s

The hydroxy end groups of aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched poly‐(urea urethane)s prepared with an AA* + B*B₂ one‐pot method were modified with phenylisocyanate, butylisocyanate, and stearylisocyanate. The success of the modification reaction was verified with ¹H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Linear model poly‐(urea urethane)s were prepared, too, for comparison. The bulk properties of OH functionalized hyperbranched poly(urea urethane)s, compared with those of linear analogues and modified hyperbranched poly(urea urethane)s, were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and temperature‐dependent Fourier transform infrared measurements. Transparent and smooth thin films could be prepared from all polymer samples and were examined with a light microscope, a microglider, and an atomic force microscope. The properties of the polymer surface were examined by measurements of the contact angle and zeta potential. For all samples, the properties were mainly governed by the strong interactions of the urea and urethane units within the backbone, whereas the influence of the nature of the end groups and of the branched structure was reduced in comparison with other hyperbranched polymer systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3376–3393, 2005     

A Non-isocyanate Route to Poly(ester urethane) with High Molecular Weight: Synthesis and Effect of Chemical Structures of Polyester-diol

A series of non-isocyanate linear high molecular weight poly(ester urethane)s(PETUs)were prepared through an environmentallyfriendly route based on dimethyl carbonate,1,6-hexanediol and 1,6-hexanediamine.In this route,the polyurethane diol was first prepared by the reaction between bis-1,6-hexamethylencarbamate(BHC)and 1,6-hexanediol.A series of polyester soft segments of polyurethane have been synthesized from the polycondensation of adipic acid and different diols,including butanediol,hexanediol,octanediol and decanediol.The subsequent polycondensation of polyurethane diol and polyester diol led to linear PETUs.The resultant polymers were characterized by GPC,FTIR,¹H-NMR,¹³C-NMR,DSC,WAXD,TGA and tensile test.The results indicated that PETUs possess weight-average molecular weights higher than 1×10⁵ and the tensile strength as high as 10 MPa.The thermal properties,crystallization behavior,microphase separation behavior and morphology were studied by DSC and AFM,and the results indicated that the degree of phase separation was affected by two factors,the crystallization and hydrogen bonding interaction between soft segment and hard segment.     

Synthesis and characterization of (AB)n-type poly(l-lactide)-poly(dimethyl siloxane) multiblock copolymer and the effect of its macrodiol composition on urethane formation

An (AB)_n-type multiblock copolymer containing alternating poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) segments was synthesized by chain extension of hydroxyltelechelic PLLA-PDMS-PLLA triblock copolymers, which were prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide initiated by α,ω-functionalized hydroxyl poly(dimethyl siloxane), using 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate as a chain extender. The triblock and the multiblock copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR and GPC. From the results of thermal analysis, two glass transition temperatures which were measured by DSC showed the occurrence of phase separation phenomena in the triblock and multiblock copolymers because of the difference of solubility parameters between PLLA and PDMS segments. The effect of the chemical composition of the triblock copolymers, including the Mw and the constitutive segment chain length of the macrodiol, on the development of the Mw of the multiblock was discussed based on diffusion effect. Furthermore, the consumption of the isocyanate groups was determined by FT-IR to investigate the dependence of the reaction kinetics of the urethane formation on the chemical composition of the triblock copolymer. The results reveal that the order of the chain extension reaction depended on the Mw of the triblock copolymer: a second order reaction was transformed into a third reaction as the Mw of the triblock copolymer increased from 7000 to 25,000 (g/mol) perhaps because of the inhibition of the formation of an active complex involved in the catalyzed-urethane reaction by the polymer chain aggregation. Finally, the mechanical properties of the multiblock copolymers demonstrated that the introduction of the extremely flexible PDMS segment substantially improved the elongation at breakage, and the tensile strength and the tensile modulus declined due to the intrinsic elasticity of such segments.     

Tunable microstructures and mechanical deformation in transparent poly(urethane urea)s

Transparent poly(urethane urea) (TPUU) materials offer an avenue to enable material designs with potential to achieve simultaneous enhancements in both physical and mechanical properties. To optimize the performance required for each application, the molecular features that influence the microstructure, the glass transition temperature (T_g), the deformation mechanisms, and the mechanical deformation behavior must be understood and exploited. In this work, a comprehensive materials characterization of select model PUUs with tunable microstructures is addressed. Increasing the hard segment (HS) content increases the stiffness and flow stress levels, whereas altering the soft segment (SS) molecular weight from 2000 to 1000 g/mol leads to an enhanced phase mixing with a SS T_g shifted ～17 °K toward higher temperatures as well as broadening of the SS relaxation closer to room temperature. As a result, the 1K TPUU materials display greater rate‐dependent stiffening and strain hardening on mechanical deformation over the broad range of strain rates covered in this work (10^?3 to 10⁴ s^?1). In such case of similar urea‐based HS content, the molar content of the urethane linkages, per stoichiometric requirements, is much higher in the 1K TPUUs than the 2K TPUUs. These additional urethane moieties lead to an increase in the extent of intermolecular interactions, via hydrogen bonding between the HS and the SS, providing not only further phase mixing and stronger rate sensitivity but also provide 1K TPUUs with drastically improved barrier properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

Preparation and characterization of waterborne poly(urethane urea) with well‐defined hard segments

A series of polyester‐based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) aqueous dispersions with well‐defined hard segments were prepared from polyester polyol, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, 1,4‐butanediol, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic‐type aqueous dispersions had good dispersity in water and were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 1 year. For these aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the hard‐segment content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.10). Films prepared with the PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 5.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 103° (this led to a hydrophobic surface). The water‐resistant property of these waterborne PUU films could be well correlated with some crystallites and ordered structures of the well‐defined hard segments formed by hydrogen bonding between the urethane/urethane groups and urethane/ester groups, as well as the degree of microphase separation between the hard and soft segments in the PUU systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2606–2614, 2005     

折叠链聚酯脲的合成与表征及其自组装行为研究

利用四甲基胍促进二羧酸与二溴代化合物的高效酯化聚合反应,设计、合成了一种新型手风琴式折叠链结构的聚酯脲.具有特殊结构的单体分别是4,4′-二羧基二苯基脲和3,5-二(溴代烷氧基)-苯甲酸酯,因此得到的聚酯脲具有类似接枝共聚物的结构.通过核磁氢谱(~1H-NMR)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对聚酯脲的结构及分子量进行了表征,结果显示,得到了分子量接近2×10~4的聚酯脲.通过核磁跟踪研究聚合反应动力学,结果表明,聚合反应速度与二溴单体的烷基链长度有关,二溴单体的烷基链较长时,聚合速率较慢.热重分析(TGA)结果显示,这种聚酯脲具有良好的热稳定性;由示差扫描量热(DSC)测试结果获知聚酯脲的熔融温度为57°C,表明它具有结晶性.脲基之间的氢键作用和苯环产生的π-π相互作用驱动这种聚酯脲在溶液中进行自组装.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究聚酯脲的自组装行为,结果表明,该聚酯脲在氯仿和甲醇的混合有机溶剂中,静置4 h后,组装成片层结构;继续静置到3天后,形成了稳定的囊泡结构的聚集体,囊泡壁厚度约7 nm,接近折叠链宽度的预测值;小角X射线(XRD)测试结果表明聚酯脲是有序结构,进一步证实了合成的聚酯脲具有折叠链构象.