Combination and disproportionation of methyl and 2-propyl radicals with 1,1,2-trimethylallyl radicals

The combinations and disproportionations of the CH₃ and 2-propyl (iP) radicals with the 1,1,2-trimethylallyl (TMA) radical have been studied in the gas phase in the temperature interval of 389–451 K and 490–540 K, respectively. For the ratios of the terminal (t) and non-terminal (n) combinations of the CH₃ and iP radicals with the TMA radical, values of 1.9±0.1 and 2.84±±0.10 were obtained, respectively. The ratios of the tt and tn and nn to tn combinations of the TMA radical were 1.59 and 0.46, respectively. The disproportionation-combination rations were (CH₃ , TMA)=0.022±±0.012 and (iP, TMA)=0.026±0.011.

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CH ₃ 2- (iP) 1,1,2- (TMA) : 389–451 K 490–540 K. (t) (n) TMA 1,9±0,1 2,84±0,10, . tt tn nn tn TMA 1,59 0,46, . (CH ₃ , TMA)=0,022±0,012 (iP, TMA)=0,026±0,011.

     

Toluene disproportionation and coke formation over fluorided alumina and hydrogen-mordenite

Toluene transformation was investigated on a fluorided alumina and a protonic mordenite under hydrogen (0.8, 12 bar) and under nitrogen (12 bar). Hydrogen pressure considerably improves the catalytic stability of H-mordenite by inhibiting the formation of coke. Moreover, hydrogen eliminates part of the coke deposited by reaction under nitrogen, and regenerates the activity of the mordenite. On the contrary, hydrogen has no effect in the case of fluorided alumina. The particular behavior of the mordenite is attributed to its very strong acidity.

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(0,8, 12 ) (12 ). -, . , , , . , - . .

     

Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime p-toluenesulfonate on acidic catalysts

The Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime p-toluenesulfonate has been studied using several catalysts. The reaction is catalyzed by weakly acidic sites and seems to occur by way of O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)--caprolactim.

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- -, . - -(-)--.

     

Preparation and characterization of Ru?Pb supported catalysts

Decomposition of Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ during oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde was observed. Depending on the surface composition of the initial catalyst, the decomposition leads to less active but highly selective MnMoTeO₆ or to MnMoO₄ which is not selective in toluene oxidation.

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Mn₃Mo₂TeO₁₂ . , MnMoTeO₆, MnMoO₆.

     

Activity in CO oxidation of manganese dioxide for batteries

The low temperature oxidation of CO over MnO₂ containing samples for batteries has been investigated. It is found that the samples contain compositional and hydrate water and Mn⁴⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn²⁺ ions. The high efficiency is due to Mn⁴⁺ content.

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CO MnO₂, . , Mn⁴⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn²⁺. Mn⁴⁺.

     

Calculation of the mass transfer coefficient with a chemical reaction in a gas-liquid system

A solution of the problem of mass transfer in a turbulent boundary layer has been obtained with a first-order chemical reaction occurring in the liquid phase. The dependence of the enhancement factor for absorption and of the mass transfer coefficient on the model parameters can be used for building up a hierarchic model of the gas-liquid reactor.

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. .

     

Polyfunctional zeolite catalysts in the benzene-olefin-hydrogen system

Benzene alkylation by C₂–C₄ olefins in the presence of hydrogen over a steam-treated zeolite catalyst containing lanthanum and nickel, has been studied. The promoting action of hydrogen on benzene alkylation by propylene has been established.

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C₂–C₄ , . .

     

Thermogravimetric determination of oxygen in transition metal oxides with a derivatograph

The thermal decompositions of a series of complex copper oxides and some other transition metal oxides were studied by simultaneous TG-DTA. The oxygen stoichiometry was determined by thermogravimetry. For the compound YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x, the electrical properties and some structural peculiarities depend on the oxygen content.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung einer Reihe von komplexen oxidischen Kupferverbindungen sowie weiterer Übergangsmetallverbindungen wurde durch simultane TG-DTA untersucht. Die Sauerstoff-Stöchiometrie dieser Verbindungen wurde durch Thermogravimetrie ermittelt. Bei der Verbindung YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x wurde eine Abhängigkeit der elektrischen Eigenschaften und einiger struktureller Besonderheiten vom Sauerstoffgehalt gefunden.

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R . . , YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x .

     

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of various bases from HY zeolites

The temperature programmed desorption of several bases from a HY zeolite has shown that the activation energy of desorption represents a useful measure for characterizing the acidic properties.

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- HY , , .

     

Etude thermoanalytique de quelques steroides I — Monovalerianate d'estradiol et estriol

A thermoanalytical study of estradiol monovalerate (a) and estriol (b) revealed the thermal stability, the decomposition kinetics, and the temperatures and intervals of fusion. The degree of purity was calculated only for estradiol monovalerate: 99.72 ± 0.11 mol %. The fusion enthalpy (29.45±0.47 kJ mol^–1) and entropy for this compound were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. It was also possible to detect the polymorphism and the pseudopolymorphism of (a) and (b) after recrystallization from several solvents.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Stabilität, die Zersetzungskinetik sowie die Schmeiztemperaturen und -intervalle von Estradiol-Monovalerianat (a) und Estriol (b) wurden thermoanalytisch ermittelt. Nur der Reinheitsgrad von (a) wurde berechnet (99,72 ± 0,11 mol %). Die Schmelzenthalpie (29,45±0,47 kJ · mol^–1) und Schmelzentropie dieser Verbindung wurden mittels DSC bestimmt. Nach Rekristallisation in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln konnten Polymorphie und Pseudopolymorphie für (a) und (b) nachgewiesen werden.

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, . 99,72±0,11 %. (29,45±0,47 · ^–1) . , .

     

Oxidative elongation of lower paraffins

It is shown that the oxidative condensation of ethane on CoMo/-Al₂O₃ catalysts is in principle possible. The conceivable paths of this reaction are analyzed.

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- .

     

Study of the combustion of a fire retardant coating by thermal analysis and different complementary techniques

An intumescent fire retardant coating can effectively control fire spread and damage. Its dual purpose is to confine the surface spread of flame to the boundaries of an already established fire, and to retard the penetration of heat and flame to and through the coated surface. Our composition expanded and provided an insulation layer between the flame source and the combustion substrate, and liberated a quantity of primarily non-flammable decomposition products which tended to extinguish the flame. The main ingredients of the coating were cellulose acetate butyrate and HMDI (Desmodur N) for Polyurethane, and Chlorowax-70 (chlorinated paraffins) as fire retardant component. This fire retardant coating was applied to wood panels, and tested in a 2-foot tunnel, its flame spread rating being measured. The effects of three parameters of interest were investigated: the type of wood used, the percentage of Chlorowax, and the coating thickness. It was found of interest to study the oxidation of the coating using different techniques, e.g. flash pyrolysis under oxygen and GC/MS for analysis of the decomposed products. Combustion studies of the coating were also conducted using DSC and thermogravimetry, either with the scanning mode or under isothermal conditions. Comparisons were made between the results obtained from pyrolysis and combustion.

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Zusammenfassung Ein schwellender feuerhemmender Überzug kann Ausbreitung und Schäden von Feuer wirksam einschränken und wird zwei Zwecken gerecht: Verhinderung der Ausbreitung von ausgebrochenem Feuer und Schutz der überzogenen Oberfläche vor Hitze- und direkter Flammeneinwirkung. Die beschriebene Komposition quillt und bildet eine Isolationsschicht zwischen der Flammenquelle und dem brennbaren Material, liefert zugleich aber auch eine gewisse Menge von nichtbrennbaren, die Flamme erstickenden primären Zersetzungsprodukten. Die Hauptbestandteile des Überzugs sind Celluloseacetat und -butyrat und HMDI (Desmodur N) für Polyurethan sowie Chlorowax-70 (chlorierte Paraffine) als feuerhemmende Komponente. Dieser feuerhemmende Überzug wurde auf Holzplatten aufgebracht und in einem 2ft-Tunnel getestet, wobei die Flammenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit gemessen wurde. Der Einfluß von drei interessierenden Parametern wurde untersucht: Typ des benutzten Holzes, Anteil von Chlorowax und Überzugsschichtdicke. Es erwies sich als interessant, die Oxydation des Überzugmaterials mit verschiedenen Techniken zu untersuchen, z.B. durch Schnellpyrolyse und Analyse der Zersetzungsprodukte mittels GC/MS. Verbrennungsuntersuchungen des Überzugmaterials wurden auch mittels DSC und Thermogravimetrie entweder nach der scanning-Arbeitsweise oder unter isothermen Bedingungen ausgeführt. Die bei Pyrolyse und Verbrennung erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden miteinander verglichen.

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. -, , — . , . - ( ) ( ) . , . : , . , , , - . . , .

     

Evaluation of quantum yields in the presence of an absorbing additive

A method is proposed for the evaluation of quantum yields of photochemical reactions studied in the presence of absorbing additives using cylindrical sample tubes.

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.

     

Physico-chemical transformations during heating of phosphorites

The thermal behaviour of phosphorites in an oxygen or helium atmosphere was studied by means of simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA-gas titrimetric EGA. Thermal oxidation and/or decomposition steps of the contaminating organic materials, carbonate minerals and pyrite, and of the fluorocarbonate-apatite were identified. The evolution of CO₂ from the latter has its maximum at 750–850 °C and is accompanied by an increase in the lattice parametera ₀.

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Zusammenfassung Das thermische Verhalten von Phosphoriten in Sauerstoff- oder Heliumatmosphäre wurde durch simultane TG-DTG-DTA-EGA (mittels Gastitrimetrie) untersucht. Thermische Oxidations- und/oder Zersetzungsschritte der Verunreinigungen (organische Materialien, Carbonatminerale und Pyrit) und des Calcium-fluoro-carbonat-apatit wurden identifziert. Die CO₂-Abspaltung aus dem letzteren hat ihr Maximum bei 750–850 °C, sie ist begleitet von einer Vergrösserung des Gitterparametersa ₀.

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, , - . ( , , . 750–850° ₀.

     

IR investigation of phenol methylation on MgO

The adsorption of phenol, anisole, o-cresol and methanol on MgO was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The surface species of phenol, anisole and o-cresol were of the phenolate type and for methanol of the methoxide type.

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, , - MgO . , - , — .

     

Kinetics of CO2 formation in thermal destruction of brown coals

The previously suggested approach to the problem of kinetic system identification /1/ was used for the system of independent first order reactions. The analysis of the curves of CO₂ formation in thermal destruction of brown coal indicates that both structure and model parameters of real processs can be identified in terms of the continuity concepts.

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(I) ë . CO₂ , , .

     

Cyclohexanol conversion of Pt-and Co-promoted molybdena-alumina; Effect of S-uptake

The uptake of sulfur reduces the overall activity of PtMo/Al₂O₃ and enhances that of CoMo/Al₂O₃ in conversion of cyclohexanol. Significant changes in selectivity indicate the existence of different active sites of the initial catalyst for hydro-dehydrogenation and dehydration. The differences in catalytic activity expressed in terms of overall TOF decrease with increasing sulfur treatment like for Ru and Ir promoted catalysts.

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PtMo/Al₂O₃ CoMo/Al₂O₃. - . Ru .

     

M?ssbauer spectroscopic studies of passivated layers of iron-containing catalysts for ammonia synthesis

Combined conversion electron (CEMS) and transmission -ray (MS) Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to study the structure of passivated layers of promoted and unpromoted iron-containing catalysts. In both catalysts the oxide-coated films were found to consist of small paramagnetic (at 300 K) clusters of ferric oxide.

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. , ( 300 ) .

     

Product selectivity and qualitative reaction scheme for the dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of n-butane over supported ruthenium at high temperature

The dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of n-butane (n-C₄) over a Ru–Al₂O₃ catalyst (0.849 w/w% Ru) have been studied at 490°C at different time factors. Some runs have also been made on pure -Al₂O₃ at 490°C and on Ru-black at temperatures between 100 and 490°C, feeding n-butane and hydrogen. The analysis of the selectivity vs. time factor allows to prove that the initial reactions taking place are n-C₄ dehydrogenation to 1-butene and 2-butenes and skeletal isomerization to isobutane. The initial molar selectivity to the n-butenes reaches about 70%. A qualitative reaction scheme is proposed.

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- (-C₄) Ru–Al₂O₃ (0,849 .% Ru) 490°C . -Al₂O₃ 490°C Ru- 100–490°C - . , -C₄ 1- 2- . - 80%. .