Thermosensitive and photocleavable polyaspartamide derivatives for drug delivery

The development of novel thermo‐ and photo‐dual‐responsive biodegradable polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic polyaspartamide derivatives (NB‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG) for anticancer drug delivery is reported. The obtained polymers containing hydrophobic photocleavable o‐nitrobenzyl groups exhibit thermo‐ and photosensitivity. The micelles and paclitaxel‐loaded micelles based on the thermo‐ and photo‐dual‐sensitive polymers were prepared by a quick heating method without using toxic organic solvent. The paclitaxel release from the drug‐loaded micelles can be triggered under photoirradiation. Enhancement of the anticancer activity against HeLa cells was observed for paclitaxel‐loaded NB‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG micelles after light irradiation, while the empty NB‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG micelles with or without irradiation did not show any toxicity. Therefore, the thermo‐ and photo‐dual‐responsive NB‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG micelles have a promising future applied as a light controlled drug delivery system for anticancer drugs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 2855–2863     

Facile synthesis of thermosensitive functional polyaspartamide derivatives by click chemistry

Biodegradable and thermosensitive polyaspartamide derivatives containing pendant azide groups P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPAs were synthesized from poly(l ‐succinimide) via the ring‐opening reaction with 2‐azidoethylamine (Az) and 5‐hydroxypentylamine (HPA). Then hydrophobic phenethyl (PEA) and imidazole (IMZ) moieties were introduced successfully with very high reaction efficiency above 90% to the side chains of P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA by click reaction to obtain thermoresponsive polyaspartamide derivatives containing pendant aromatic rings P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA‐PEAs and the thermo/pH‐responsive polyaspartamide derivatives containing pendant imidazole rings P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA‐IMZs, respectively. The thermoresponsive behaviors of P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA‐PEAs and P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA‐IMZs were confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmittance measurements, and the cloud point can be tuned by designed amounts of azide groups and can be further adjusted by the grafting molar percentage of hydrophobic phenethyl or imidazole moieties to the side chains of P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA via click chemistry. The pH‐responsive behavior of P(Asp‐Az)_X‐HPA‐IMZs can also be tuned. These results indicate that the obtained polyaspartamide‐based functional polymers can be further functionalized with hydrophilic long PEG chain and/or targeted moieties via click chemistry for drug delivery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1296–1303     

Synthesis of poly(cystine bisamide)‐PEG block copolymers grafted with 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)imidazole and their phase transition behaviors

New biodegradable and pH‐sensitive block copolymers were prepared by grafting 1‐(3‐aminopropyl) imidazole onto a backbone polymer formed via condensation polymerization between l ‐cystine and EDTA‐dianhydride. The copolymer with a graft ratio of 79% exhibited a good buffering capacity and pH sensitivity. These are attributed to protonation–deprotonation of the imidazole ring at around pH 7. The copolymers with less imidazole content did not show any apparent responses to changes in pH. The particle size of the copolymer aggregate formed under basic conditions was around 200 nm and increased with decreasing pH. The critical aggregation values at pH 6.0 and 8.0, derived from the changes of intensity ratios (I₁/I₃) in the emission spectrums of pyrene, were approximately 0.17 and 0.05 mg/ml, respectively. The surface charge of the aggregates increased with the decreasing pH as a result of the increase in protonation of imidazole and the tertiary amine in the polymer chain. The microviscosity of hydrophobic domains was estimated using 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene. The decrease of the anisotropy value under acidic conditions reflects a disruption of hydrophobic interaction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis,spectral, and biological studies of transition metal chelates of N-[1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole]salicylaldimine

Tridentate chelate complexes M[LX?·?2H₂O], where M?=?Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) have been synthesized from the Schiff base L?=?N-[1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole]salicylaldimine and X?=?Cl. Microanalytical data, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility, IR, ¹H-NMR, mass, and EPR techniques were used to confirm the structures. Electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest square-planar geometry for copper complex and octahedral for other metal complexes. EPR spectra of copper(II) complex recorded at 300?K confirm the distorted square-planar geometry of the copper(II) complex. Biological activities of the ligand and metal complexes have been studied on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans by the well diffusion method. The activity data show the metal complexes to be more potent than the parent ligand against two bacterial species and one fungus. The electrochemical behavior of the copper complex was studied by cyclic voltammetry.     

Synthesis and endosomolytic properties of poly(amidoamine) block copolymers

The poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) ISA 1 and ISA 23 display pH-dependent conformational change and pH-dependent membrane perturbation. These properties confer potential for use as endosomolytic polymers for intracytoplasmic delivery of toxins and genes. Both polymers are relatively non-toxic, and moreover ISA 23 has the beneficial property in vivo, of being non hepatotropic when administered intravenously. Although ISA 23 and ISA 1 demonstrate ability to transfect cells, ISA 1 is also able to promote intracellular delivery of non-permeant toxins. The aim of this study was to synthesise random and block copolymers of ISA 1 and ISA 23 and investigate whether these second generation hybrids would allow optimisation of PAA biological characteristics. Random and block copolymers of ISA 1 and ISA 23 were synthesised by hydrogen transfer polyaddition to generate a library of PAAs with an ISA 23:ISA 1 molar ratios of 2:1 to 4:1. The resultant polymers have a pI slightly below 7.4 and a M(w) of 19,900-49,000 g/mol and a M(n) of 13,100-24,100 g/mol. Whereas none of the random or block copolymers were haemolytic at pH 7.4 all demonstrated pH-dependent membrane activity. At pH 5.5 they caused 50-60% haemoglobin (Hb) release over 1 h. This was slightly less than that seen for ISA 23 (80% Hb release). None of the copolymers were cytotoxic against B16F10 cells during a 72 h incubation (IC(50) > 2 mg/ml; MTT assay). The ability of the random and block copolymer PAAs to deliver the toxin gelonin was also examined, but only ISA 1 and the block copolymer B2 (ISA 23:ISA 1 at a 2:1 molar ratio) were able to promote intracellular delivery, as measured by cytotoxic activity. It would be interesting to study the body distribution of B2 and determine whether this toxin-delivering PAA is able to escape liver capture.     

Micelle formation and sol–gel transition behavior of comb‐like amphiphilic poly((PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA) copolymers

Comb‐like amphiphilic poly(poly((lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)) methacrylate (poly((PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA)) copolymers were synthesized by radical polymerization. (PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA macromonomer was prepared by ring‐opening bulk polymerization of DL ‐lactide and glycolide using purified poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA) as an initiator. (PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA macromonomer was copolymerized with PEGMA and/or acrylic acid (AA) by radical polymerization to produce comb‐like amphiphilic block copolymers. The molecular weight and chemical structure were investigated by GPC and ¹H NMR. Poly((PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA) copolymer aqueous solutions showed gel–sol transition behavior with increasing temperature, and gel‐to‐sol transition temperature decreased as the compositions of the hydrophilic PEGMA and AA increased. The gel‐to‐sol transition temperature of the terpolymers of the poly((PLGA‐b‐PEG)MA‐co‐PEGMA‐co‐AA) also decreased when the pH was increased. The effective micelle diameter obtained from dynamic light scattering increased with increasing temperature and with increasing pH. The critical micelle concentration increased as the composition of the hydrophilic monomer component, PEGMA and AA, were increased. The spherical shape of the hyperbranched polymers in aqueous environment was observed by atomic force microscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1954–1963, 2008     

pH‐ and β‐cyclodextrin‐responsive micelles based on polyaspartamide derivatives as drug carrier

A novel kind of graft polymer poly(aspartic acid)‐ethanediamine‐g‐adamantane/methyloxy polyethylene glycol (Pasp‐EDA‐g‐Ad/mPEG) was designed and synthesized for drug delivery in this study. The chemical structure of the prepared polymer was confirmed by proton NMR. The obtained polymer can self‐assemble into micelles which were stable under a physiological environment and displayed pH‐ and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD)‐responsive behaviors because of the acid‐labile benzoic imine linkage and hydrophobic adamantine groups in the side chains of the polymer. The doxorubicin (Dox)‐loaded micelles showed a slow release under physiological conditions and a rapid release after exposure to weakly acidic or β‐CD environment. The in vitro cytotoxicity results suggested that the polymer was good at biocompatibility and could remain Dox biologically active. Hence, the Pasp‐EDA‐g‐Ad/mPEG micelles may be applied as promising controlled drug delivery system for hydrophobic antitumor drugs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1387–1395     

Biodegradable and thermosensitive micelles of amphiphilic polyaspartamide derivatives containing aromatic groups for drug delivery

The preparation, characterization, release, and in vitro cytotoxicity of a biodegradable polymeric micellar formulation of paclictaxel (PTX) were investigated. The micelles based on thermosensitive and degradable amphiphilic polyaspartamide derivatives containing pendant aromatic structures (phe‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG) were prepared by a quick heating method without using toxic organic solvent. Dynamic light‐scattering results show that the micelles are stable upon dilution under physiological conditions and the destabilization of the micelles is pH‐dependent and the phe‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG polymers are biodegradable. PTX was loaded into the phe‐g‐PHPAs‐g‐mPEG micelles with encapsulation efficiency of >90%, resulting in a high drug loading content (up to 29%). PTX‐loaded micelles had a mean size around 70 nm with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index, <0.1). The PTX‐loaded micelles showed sustained drug release and obvious anticancer activity similar to Taxol against HepG2 cells, whereas blank micelles were nontoxic. The present results suggest that the thermosensitive and biodegradable phe‐g‐PHPA‐g‐mPEG micelles are a promising delivery system for the hydrophobic drugs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 3917–3924     

A novel pH‐ and thermo‐sensitive PVP/CMC semi‐IPN hydrogel: Swelling,phase behavior,and drug release study

Poly(N‐vinyl‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogel has been considered as a very interesting and promising thermosensitive material. The most vital shortcoming of PVP hydrogel as thermosensitive material is that it does not exhibit thermosensitivity under usual conditions. In this work, semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels based on PVP and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were prepared. The volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the hydrogels was determined by swelling behavior and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the VPTT was significantly dependent on CMC content and the pH of the swelling medium. The amount of CMC in the semi‐IPN hydrogels was 0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 g, the VPTT in buffer solution of pH 1.2 was 29.9 °C, 27.5 °C and 24.5 °C, respectively. In addition, the VPTT occurred in buffer solution of pH 1.2, but did not appear in alkaline medium. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug was loaded and the in vitro release studies were carried out in different buffer solutions and at different temperatures. The results of this study suggest that PVP/CMC semi‐IPN hydrogels could serve as potential candidates for protein drug delivery in the intestine. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1749–1756, 2010     

Phase behavior and properties of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin blends with novel pH‐dependence

A novel change of phase behavior and properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gelatin blends as a function of pH was reported. The PVA/gelatin blends were found to be completely miscible in acidic condition (pH < 4), partially miscible in basic condition (pH > 8), and immiscible in neutral condition (pH was ca. 6). As a result, the membranes cast from acidic condition showed the highest tensile strength and the lowest alcohol vapor permeation (AVP) rate; those obtained from neutral condition showed the lowest tensile strength and highest AVP rate; the properties of membranes cast from basic condition lay in between. The interaction between PVA and gelatin was investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Zetasizer measurement. The novel pH‐dependence of the blends was ascribed to the protonation of amino groups of gelatin in acidic condition, which resulted in a strong electrostatic attraction between ? NH of gelatin and ? OH of PVA. The partial miscibility in basic condition was due to the ionization of carboxyl groups of gelatin, which caused a stretching of gelatin via electrostatic repulsive force and a breakage of the H‐bonding among the molecular chains, leading to a limited interaction between PVA and gelatin and forming a partially miscible blend. In neutral conditions, there were almost no charges (very limited protonation and ionization) at the weak polyampholyte gelatin, and the strong H‐bonding among gelatin molecules themselves or PVA molecules themselves caused the phase separation between gelatin and PVA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 239–247, 2009     

Investigation on thermoresponsive behavior of biodegradable poly(γ‐glutamic acid)‐graft‐L‐phenylalanine ethyl ester

The thermosensitivity of biodegradable and non‐toxic amphiphilic polymer derived from a naturally occurring polypeptide and a derivative of amino acid was first reported. The amphiphilic polymer consisted of poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA) as a hydrophilic backbone, and L ‐phenylalanine ethyl ester (L ‐PAE) as a hydrophobic branch. Poly(γ‐glutamic acid)‐graft‐L ‐phenylalanine (γ‐PGA‐graft‐L ‐PAE) with grafting degrees of 7–49% were prepared by varying the content of a water‐soluble carbodiimide (WSC). γ‐PGA‐graft‐L ‐PAE with a grafting degree of 49% exhibited thermoresponsive phase transition behavior in an aqueous solution at around 80°C. The copolymers with grafting degrees in the range of 30–49% showed thermoresponsive properties in NaCl solution. A clouding temperature (T_cloud) could be adjusted by changing the polymer concentration and/or NaCl concentration. The thermoresponsive behavior was reversible. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Dual‐responsive supramolecular self‐assembly of inclusion complex of an azobenzene‐ended poly(ε‐caprolactone) with a water‐soluble pillar[6]arene and its application in controlled drug release

Dual photo‐ and pH‐responsive polymeric vesicles are constructed from a host–guest complex between a water‐soluble pillar[6]arene and an azobenzene ended functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone). Reversible morphological transitions between vesicles and solid aggregates are achieved upon repeated UV stimulus and pH stimulus. Moreover, the polymeric vesicles present excellent cytocompatibility toward HepG2 cells and can be further applied for controlled release of a hydrophilic model drug, DOX?HCl. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 2477–2482     

Arborescent micelles: Dendritic poly(γ‐benzyl l‐glutamate) cores grafted with hydrophilic chain segments

Amphiphilic copolymers were obtained by grafting arborescent poly(γ‐benzyl l ‐glutamate) (PBG) cores of generations G1–G3 with polyglycidol, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), or poly(l ‐glutamic acid) (PGA) chain segments. The PBG substrates were synthesized by two methods: (1) subjecting PBG samples with a dispersity ? = M_w/M_n < 1.1 to partial acidolysis of the benzyl ester groups, to produce randomly distributed carboxylic acid functionalities, and (2) using PBG chains containing a glutamic acid di‐tert‐butyl ester initiator fragment in the last grafting cycle of the PBG core synthesis, and selective acidolysis of the tert‐butyl ester groups to obtain substrates with carboxylic acid termini. Linear polymers with ? < 1.20 and a primary amine terminus were also synthesized to serve as hydrophilic shell materials: Polyglycidol and PEO by anionic polymerization, and PGA by N‐carboxyanhydride ring‐opening polymerization. These polymers, combined with the two different PGB substrate types, allowed the evaluation of the usefulness of random versus chain‐end grafting in producing arborescent copolymers useful as unimolecular micelles in organic and aqueous media. Size exclusion chromatography served to determine the grafting yield, molar mass, dispersity, and branching functionality of the copolymers. Dynamic light scattering measurements provided information on their aggregation behavior in aqueous environments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1197–1209     

Synthesis,self‐assembly,drug‐release behavior,and cytotoxicity of triblock and pentablock copolymers composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly(L‐lactide), and poly(ethylene glycol)

Biocompatible and biodegradable ABC and ABCBA triblock and pentablock copolymers composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly(L ‐lactide) (PLA), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO) with controlled molecular weights and low polydispersities were synthesized by a click conjugation between alkyne‐terminated PCL‐b‐PLA and azide‐terminated PEO. Their molecular structures, physicochemical and self‐assembly properties were thoroughly characterized by means of FT‐IR, ¹H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. These copolymers formed microphase‐separated crystalline materials in solid state, where the crystallization of PCL block was greatly restricted by both PEO and PLA blocks. These copolymers self‐assembled into starlike and flowerlike micelles with a spherical morphology, and the micelles were stable over 27 days in aqueous solution at 37 °C. The doxorubicin (DOX) drug‐loaded nanoparticles showed a bigger size with a similar spherical morphology compared to blank nanoparticles, demonstrating a biphasic drug‐release profile in buffer solution and at 37 °C. Moreover, the DOX‐loaded nanoparticles fabricated from the pentablock copolymer sustained a longer drug‐release period (25 days) at pH 7.4 than those of the triblock copolymer. The blank nanoparticles showed good cell viability, whereas the DOX‐loaded nanoparticles killed fewer cells than free DOX, suggesting a controlled drug‐release effect. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Synthesis,complex formation,and dilute‐solution associative behavior of linear poly(methacrylic acid)‐graft‐poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)*

Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOZO) are a polyacid/polybase pair capable of forming reversible, pH‐responsive, hydrogen‐bonding complexes stabilized by hydrophobic effects in aqueous media. Linear PMA was modified with long‐chain (number‐average molecular weight: 10,000) PEOZO via statistical coupling reactions in organic media to prepare a series of PMA‐graft‐PEOZO copolymers. Potentiometric titrations revealed that the presence of tethered PEOZO markedly increases the pK_a values for PMA‐g‐PEOZO copolymers as compared with simple PMA/PEOZO mixtures at degrees of ionization, α, between 0.0 and 0.1. The dilute‐solution PMA–PEOZO intramolecular association has been probed by monitoring the PEOZO NMR spin–spin (T₂) relaxation as a function of pH. Covalently attached PEOZO side chains participate in complexation at higher values of α than untethered PEOZO. Surprisingly, most PEOZO side chains did not take part in hydrogen bonding at low α, and the highest level of PEOZO incorporation induced a decrease in the number of PMA/PEOZO hydrogen bonds. The polymer self‐diffusion as a function of α was measured with dynamic light scattering. At low pH, the copolymers had no charge and they were in a collapsed form. At high pH, the expected conformational expansion of the PMA units was enhanced at moderate levels of PEOZO incorporation. However, the highest PEOZO incorporation induced the onset of intramolecular associations between PEOZO units along the copolymer chains. Low shear rheometry and light scattering measurements were used in conjunction with the T₂ NMR measurements to propose a model consistent with the aforementioned behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2520–2533, 2004     

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) via a novel precipitation polymerization in the controlled delivery of sulfasalazine

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) have been prepared via a novel precipitation polymerization using sulfasalazine (prodrug used in the diseases of the colon) as template. The sulfasalazine was incorporated into SMIPs and into a spherical non-imprinted polymer (control), and then the release rate of the bioactive agent at different pH values was evaluated. Considerable differences in the release characteristics between imprinted and non-imprinted polymers have been observed. This opens the possibility of the development of drug release systems capable of modulating the release of a specific molecule. Photomicrography of spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs).     

Multistimuli responsive grafted poly(ether tert‐amine) (gPEA): Synthesis,characterization and controlled morphology in aqueous solution

Multistimuli responsive grafted poly(ether tert‐amine) (gPEAs), which were comprised of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) in backbone and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as grafted chain, were successfully synthesized through nucleophilic addition/ring‐opening reaction of commercial poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and Jeffamine L100. These gPEAs exhibit very sharp response to temperature, pH and ionic strength with tunable cloud point (CP). The CP of gPEA aqueous solution increases with increasing the PEO content or decreasing pH value, varying from 27 to 77 °C. Compared with linear PEA101, gPEA110 of completely grafted structure in aqueous solution exhibits sharper response to temperature with ΔT around 1 °C. The results obtained from TEM and dynamic light scattering reveal that gPEAs are dispersed as uniform sized nano‐micelles in aqueous at room temperature, which can further aggregate into mesoglobules of complex structure at high temperature (>CP). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6353–6361, 2009     

Bioreducible and core‐crosslinked hybrid micelles from trimethoxysilyl‐ended poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐S‐S‐poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers: Thiol‐ene click synthesis and properties

Bioreducible and core‐crosslinked hybrid micelles were for the first time fabricated from biodegradable and biocompatible trimethoxysilyl‐terminated and disulfide‐bond‐linked block copolymers poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐S‐S‐poly(ethylene oxide), which were prepared by combining thiol‐ene coupling reaction and ring‐opening polymerization. The molecular structures, physicochemical, self‐assembly, and bioreducible properties of these copolymers were thoroughly characterized by means of FTIR, ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy. The core‐crosslinking sol‐gel reaction was confirmed by ¹H NMR, and the core‐crosslinked hybrid micelles contained about 3 wt % of silica. The bioreducible property of both uncrosslinked and core‐crosslinked micelles in 10 mM 1,4‐dithiothreitol (DTT) solution was monitored by DLS, which demonstrated that the PEO corona gradually shedded from the PCL core. The anticancer doxorubicin drug‐loaded micelles showed nearly spherical morphology compared with blank micelles, presenting a DTT reduction‐triggered drug‐release profile at 37 °C. Notably, the core‐crosslinked hybrid micelles showed about twofold drug loading capacities and a half drug‐release rate compared with the uncross‐liked counterparts. This work provides a useful platform for the fabrication of bioreducible and core‐crosslinked hybrid micelles potential for anticancer drug delivery system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

PNVCL‐PEGMA nanohydrogels with tailored transition temperature for controlled delivery of 5‐fluorouracil

Sensitive nanohydrogels were prepared via surfactant free emulsion copolymerization of N‐vinylcaprolactam and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, and either N‐vinylpyrrolidone (VP) or 2‐methacryloyloxybenzoic acid (2MBA) to adjust the transition temperature (T_tr). The crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was used for the polymer network construction. The resulting nanohydrogel sizes are between 120 and 300 nm. ρ‐Parameter, obtained from light scattering studies, suggests that core‐sell nanogels of flexible chains were obtained. T_tr increases with increasing comonomer content (VP or 2MBA) and decreases with decreasing pH for 2MBA containing nanohydrogels. Nanohydrogels containing 15.5% of 2MBA exhibit T_tr close to 38 °C. Nanogels are able to control the release of the loaded antineoplastic drug 5‐fluorouracil. For the prepared T/pH‐sensitive nanogels, the release is slower at pH 7.4 and 37 °C than at tumor conditions: pH 6 and 40 °C. Mathematical models were applied to evaluate the kinetics of drug release; Peppas model fitted best indicating a Fickian diffusion trough a sphere. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 2662–2672