The width of the exponentially narrow stochastic layers

Exponentially small splitting of the separatrix has been calculated for a high frequency large amplitude perturbation and the correspondent correction to the width of the stochastic layer is obtained. The result can be applied to the large amplitude perturbation.     

Permalloy-copper-Permalloy sandwiches with perpendicular anisotropy axes in the magnetic layers

Layerd FeNi-Cu-FeNi structures with a mutually perpendicular orientation of the easy axes in the FeNi layers are fabricated in ultrahigh vacuum, and the physical properties of these structures are investigated: ferromagnetic resonance, quasistatic magnetization reversal, and the Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization of a light wave. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 45–48 (November 1997)     

Analysis of magnetization transition in perpendicular magnetic recording for narrow transition width

In order to achieve high linear density recording, a narrow transition width or small transition parameter, a, is imperative. Reducing the grain size improves transition jitter and also reduces the transition width. The correlation between transition width and transition jitter was examined. The observed discrepancy from simple, analytical expressions introduces more realistic magnetization transitions with island magnetization reversals. It was found that island reversals increase the transition width, rather than the transition jitter, which must be suppressed to attain high linear density.     

Patterned media with composite in-plane and perpendicular anisotropy recording layers

Magnetization reversal mechanism in nanostructures composed of exchange coupled bi-layers with in-plane and perpendicular anisotropy was investigated. Micromagnetic simulation was carried out for bit-patterned media with areal density of 5 Tb/in², as example. Magnetization of thermally stable recorded bit using a single layer may not switch under write field. However, a complete and fast switching is possible with an exchange coupling to a layer with in-plane anisotropy. By adjusting the thicknesses and intrinsic properties of the two layers, the composite recording layer still can retain perpendicular anisotropy. The exchange coupled structure with dual-anisotropy can be extended to magnetic memories.     

Thickness dependence of the perpendicular critical magnetic fields of Pb/Cu double layers

We have investigated the proximity effect of a normal metal (Cu) on the perpendicular critical magnetic fields H_c⊥ of superconducting Pb-films. Special attention was devoted to the dependence of H_c⊥ on the thickness of the superconducting layers. The experimental results are compared with calculations based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory.     

Measurements of the mass, total width, and two-photon partial width of the eta(c) meson

Using 13.4 fb(-1) of data collected with the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, we have observed 300 events for the two-photon production of ground-state pseudoscalar charmonium in the decay eta(c)-->K(0)(S)K-/+pi(+/-). We have measured the eta(c) mass to be [2980.4+/-2.3 (stat)+/-0.6 (syst)] MeV and its full width as [27.0+/-5.8 (stat)+/-1.4 (syst)] MeV. We have determined the two-photon partial width of the eta(c) meson to be [7.6+/-0.8 (stat)+/-0.4 (syst)+/-2.3 (br)] keV, with the last uncertainty associated with the decay branching fraction.     

New estimation methods of erase band width and track-edge noise in perpendicular magnetic recording

In order to realize higher track density, improving recording resolution and noise at track edge is one of the crucial issues. It has been considered that the erase band (EB), which appears at track-edge, can suppress the cross-talk noise from the adjacent track. On the other hand, the EB consists of a randomly magnetized area that may emanate track-edge noise. In this study, we estimated the accurate EB width by a newly proposed technique and derived analytical formula of the 747 curve with large EB noise. As a result, we found that the peak of track-edge noise was outside the EB and the EB was enough of a noise source at track edge and may be obstructive to the improvement of track density. A bump of 747 curve was produced in the case of little noise of EB. There is a close relationship between the shape of the 747 curve and the EB noise.     

Structural and magnetic properties of CoCrPt perpendicular media grown on different buffer layers

The influence of buffer layer characteristics on the structural and magnetic properties of CoCrPt perpendicular media has been investigated. Thin (∼10–15 nm) buffer layers consisting of Ta/Ru, Ta/Hf, or amorphous (CoCrPt)Ta₂₅ produced media layers having high perpendicular coercivity of nearly 3 kOe, but the coercivity was only 1.7 kOe when using a Ta/Ti buffer. X-ray diffraction rocking curves showed the highest degree of (0 0 0 2) texture for the Ta/Ru buffer. In-plane diffraction indicated that the Ta/Ru buffer also had the smallest lattice mismatch (5.6%) with the CoCrPt. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the Ta/Ru buffer promoted local epitaxy with the media layer. Amorphous transition regions were observed at the interfaces between the media and the Ta/Hf and Ta/Ti buffer layers. Some small CoCrPt grains were observed at the interface with the amorphous CoCrPtTa buffer.     

Angular dependence of the giant magnetoresistance for a current perpendicular to the plane of the layers in a magnetic sandwich

A quantum-statistical model using the Kubo formalism is proposed for describing the magnetoresistance of a multilayer structure with the current perpendicular to the plane of the layers. In particular, this model describes the case of noncollinear magnetization of consecutive ferromagnetic layers of the structure. Interference between electron wave functions with different directions of the spin projections onto the magnetization axis, which arises in the noncollinear configuration, is investigated along with the role of electron scattering, not only within the bulk of the layers, but also at their interfaces. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 1814–1818 (October 1999)     

Investigation of ferromagnetic coupling between Co layers in a Co/Pt multilayer with perpendicular anisotropy

The coercivity of a Co/Pt multilayer with out-of-plane anisotropy can be lowered greatly if it is grown onto an ultrathin NiO underlayer . By making use of this characteristic, a series of samples glass/NiO(10 Å)/[Co(4 Å)/Pt(5 Å)]₃/Pt(x Å)/[Co(4 Å)/Pt(5 Å)]₃ with different Pt spacer thickness have been prepared to determine the ferromagnetic (FM) coupling between Co layers across the Pt layer. The measurements of major and minor hysteresis loops have shown that the FM coupling between the top and bottom Co/Pt multilayers decreases monotonically with the Pt layer thickness and disappears above the Pt layer thickness of 40 Å. This thickness of 40 Å is much larger than that in the literature. In addition to the FM coupling between the top and bottom Co/Pt multilayers across the Pt spacer, there exists a weak biquadratic coupling, which induces the broad transition of the bottom Co/Pt multilayer.     

Strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 film sandwiched by MgO layers

Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS)-based multilayers sandwiched by MgO layers have been deposited and annealed at different temperatures. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) with the magnetic anisotropy energy density Ku ≈2.5×106 erg/cm3 (1 erg = 10-7 J) and the coercivity Hc = 363 Oe (1 Oe = 79.9775 A · m-1) has been achieved in the Si/SiO2/MgO (1.5 nm)/CFAS (2.5 nm)/MgO (0.8 nm)/Pt (5 nm) film annealed at 300 ℃. The strong PMA is mainly due to the top MgO layer. The structure can be used as top magnetic electrodes in half-metallic perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions.     

The conductivity of a two-dimensional electronic system of finite width in the presence of a strong perpendicular magnetic field and a random potential

Starting from the Kubo formula the conductivity tensor of a two-dimensional electronic system in a perpendicular magnetic field is evaluated. It is shown that at zero temperature only the states at the Fermi level contribute. The Hall conductivity of a purely periodic system of finite width is calculated and compared with earlier suggestions by Thouless et al. For a system described by a periodic and a random potential the Hall conductivity is calculated as a function of the electron density. The results emphasize the importance of disorder independent current carrying states for the Quantum Hall effect which extend along the boundaries of the system. The plateaux values of the Hall conductivity are related to the number of these states, and are independent of the existence of extended bulk states below the Fermi energy.     

Antiferromagnetic coupling between Co/Ni multilayers with perpendicular magnetization across MBE-grown Cu(111) layers

A cleat oscillatory exchange coupling has been observed for an epitaxial (111) M₁/Cu/M₂ structure, grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on a single crystal Cu(111) substrate. The magnetic layers M₁ and M₂ were designed to have perpendicular easy axis by using Co/Ni multilayers. The Cu layer was deposited in the form of a wedge. The magneto-optically measured hysteresis loops show, in the case of antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling, clear first-order spin-flip transitions between the saturated and antiparallel states. Signatures of a ferromagnetic or biquadratic component, observed earlier in loops of an AF coupled Co/Cu/Co(111) sandwich, were absent in the present loops. The absence of these signatures is believed to be a consequence of the relatively strong (perpendicular) uniaxial anisotropy of the present samples.     

Effect of Mo capping layers thickness on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in MgO/CoFeB based top magnetic tunnel junction structure

A detailed study of the magnetic characterizations of the top structure MgO/CoFeB/Mo is presented.The samples show strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy(PMA) when the thickness of CoFeB is 0.9 nm and 1.1 nm.The saturation magnetic moment and interface anisotropy constant are 1566 emu/cm~3 and 3.75 erg/cm~2,respectively.The magnetic dead layer(MDL) is about 0.23 nm in this system.Furthermore,strong capping layer thickness dependence is also observed.The strong PMA of 1.1 nm CoFeB only exists in a Mo cap layer thickness window of 1.2-2 nm.To maintain PMA,the metal layer could not be too thin or thick in these multilayers.The oxidation and diffusion of the metal capping layer should be respectively responsibility for the degradation of PMA in these thin or thick metal capping layer samples.     

Measurement of the miniband width in a superlattice with interband absorption in a magnetic field parallel to the layers

Interband magnetoabsorption measurements of a superlattice with GaAs/ GaAlAs layers, thin compared to the cyclotron radius, in a magnetic field parallel to the layers show interband Landau level transitions exclusively for radiation energies falling within the hole and the electron subband width. The data are quantitatively explained with energy levels of a Kronig-Penney model in a parallel magnetic field, and permit a direct observation of the superlattice bandwidth.     

Measurements of electron density and Stark width of neutral helium lines in a helium arc plasma

Electron densities in an atmospheric helium arc plasma have been measured with the Stark broadening parameters of helium spectral lines. The spatially distributed radiation intensities are converted to plasma emission coefficients at every wavelength by means of Abel inversion. From the inverted profiles of He I lines of 4713 ?, 5016 ?, and 6678 ? electron density has been calculated, which ranges from 0.5 ×10¹⁶ to 4 ×10¹⁶ cm^-3 for a helium arc with current 200 A. Stark widths of He I lines of 3889 ? and 7065 ? are determined based on the measurements and compared with existing data.     

Exchange-coupled perpendicular media

The potential of exchange spring bilayers and graded media is reviewed. An analytical model for the optimization of graded media gives an optimal value of the magnetic polarization of J_s=0.8 T. The optimum design allows for thermally stable grains with grain diameters in the order of 3.3 nm, which supports ultra-high density up to 5-10 Tbit/in². The switching field distribution is significantly reduced in bilayer media and graded media compared to single-phase media. For the graded media the switching field distribution is reduced by about a factor of two. For bilayer media the minimum switching field distribution is obtained for soft-layer anisotropies that are about one fifth of the hard-layer anisotropy. The influence of precessional switching on the reversal time and the reversal field is investigated in detail for magnetic bilayers. Exchange spring bilayers can be reversed with field pulses of 20 ps.     

Extensions of perpendicular recording

Gains in storage density in magnetic recording have fundamentally been achieved by scaling—reduced geometrical dimensions under the assumption that the recording physics does not change if all dimensions are scaled appropriately. It is becoming clear that evidence of the breakdown of scaling is now seen. We will here discuss ways to break the constraints on magnetic recording set by scaling. In particular, we will discuss energy-assisted recording, domain-wall-assisted recording, and bit-patterned media, with some emphasis on recording system considerations.