Applications of Surfactants in Petroleum Industry

Surfactants find applications in different operations of petroleum production. They have become important in drilling, cement slurries, fracturing, acidization, demulsification, corrosion inhibition, transportation, cleaning, waterflooding, chemical, foam and steam flooding and- environment protection. They are essential to the improvement of production economics and total recovery of petroleum. This review describes those points of applications, logic behind their use and more common formulations.     

Unique Micellization and CMC Aspects of Gemini Surfactant: An Overview

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is an essential fundamental property of surfactant molecules, as the CMC value provides significant information regarding the surfactant for industrial use. The industrial efficacy of surfactant molecules totally depends on its CMC value. Without a complete perceptive approach of CMC, it is impractical to employ surfactant molecules efficiently. This article provides an elaborate discussion of dimeric gemini surfactant and pays particular attention to the aggregation behavior, that is, micelle formation, CMC, and thermodynamics of micellization. Micelles structures, packing parameters, and properties of the micelles are summarized. The principles and techniques involved in the determination of CMC are discussed. Thermodynamics of micellization of dimeric surfactants including free energy, enthalpy, and entropy is successively reviewed. Superiority of gemini surfactant in respect of their CMC values is interpreted.     

Field Assay of Polyacrylamide in Drilling Fluids

Abstract

A rapid and sensitive method of the assay of polyacrylamide in drilling fluids at the drill site for oil exploration is described. Base hydrolysis and a gas sensing electrode are utilized. Polyacrylamide was determined from 0.031 to 4.81 w/w% with an average error of 1.79% and an average standard deviation of 0.17.     

聚丙烯腈分离膜改性研究进展及其应用

综述了聚丙烯腈分离膜改性研究新进展,包括表面接枝、复合、共聚合、聚合物化学反应、分子印迹法等,着重介绍了改性聚丙烯腈分离膜在渗透蒸发、生物大分子的固定化、徽滤、超滤、气体分离、人工脏器以及模拟生物膜等方面的应用。     

Carboxymethylated Wood as a Chemical Reagent for Preparation of Drilling Fluids

Properties are studied of drilling solutions modified with carboxymethylated wood prepared by the suspension method under various conditions. Carboxymethylated wood is recommended as a chemical reagent for modification of drilling fluids.     

Ion Exchange in Hydrometallurgical Processing: An Overview and Selected Applications

Ion exchange has traditionally been employed for the purification of water and the removal of metal contaminants from dilute waste streams. More recently, its use in removing trace metallic impurities from hydrometallurgical process streams (with typical background metal concentrations of 50–100 g/L) has increased substantially. It is also used as a primary recovery and concentration unit operation for certain commodities, where both technical and cost advantages become apparent for complex flow sheets. This overview discusses selected modern applications of ion exchange in hydrometallurgical processes for uranium, precious metals, copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc, and identifies some opportunities for the future.     

甲基葡萄糖苷对钻井液性能的影响

甲基葡萄糖苷对钻井液性能的影响;甲基葡萄糖苷;抑制作用;膜效率;活度;钻井液     

计算机模拟技术在表面活性剂研究中的应用

根据表面活性剂溶液行为的模拟所需的时间和空间尺度,介绍了三种主要的计算机模拟方法:原子模拟、粗粒模拟和介观模拟.综述了这些模拟方法在表面活性剂单体、缔合体系及与聚合物相互作用等研究中的应用.指出了用计算机模拟方法研究表面活性剂体系的发展前景.     

分光光度法测定钻井液中示踪剂荧光素钠

研究了钻井液示踪剂荧光素钠的分光光度法测定方法。在pH9.0的乙酸钠缓冲介质中,用5cm比色皿于波长485nm条件下,分光光度法测定钻井水示踪剂荧光素钠的测量下限为0.005μg/mL。对荧光素钠含量为0.012μg/mL的水样,测量相对标准偏差(RSD)为8.7%,可以满足钻井水示踪技术要求。     

Organic Nanocarriers for Bevacizumab Delivery: An Overview of Development,Characterization and Applications

Bevacizumab (BCZ) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor, which is involved in the angiogenesis process. Pathologic angiogenesis is observed in several diseases including ophthalmic disorders and cancer. The multiple administrations of BCZ can cause adverse effects. In this way, the development of controlled release systems for BCZ delivery can promote the modification of drug pharmacokinetics and, consequently, decrease the dose, toxicity, and cost due to improved efficacy. This review highlights BCZ formulated in organic nanoparticles providing an overview of the physicochemical characterization and in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations. Moreover, the main advantages and limitations of the different approaches are discussed. Despite difficulties in working with antibodies, those nanocarriers provided advantages in BCZ protection against degradation guaranteeing bioactivity maintenance.     

纳米结构蛋白质分子印迹聚合物的研究进展

在生物技术和生命科学等领域常依赖抗体的特异识别作用来实现目标蛋白质的分离、分析和检测。以蛋白质为模板的分子印迹聚合物有望取代这些昂贵的抗体,但交联聚合物网络中大分子的传质限制是蛋白质分子印迹研究中面临的一个重要问题。纳米结构的蛋白质印迹材料具有较高的表面积与体积比及较浅的印迹位点,很大程度上可克服这一问题。本文详细介绍各种纳米蛋白质印迹聚合物的制备方法,分析各自的优势和不足,并简要介绍其应用。     

分子模拟在超临界流体领域中的应用

"分子模拟作为一种全新的研究手段已经在化学、化工、材料、生物等领域受到了广泛的关注。特别是在超临界流体技术方面,其应用不但可以获得许多结构、传递以及热力学信息,而且可以部分取代昂贵的超临界实验。本文从超临界流体在主体相和受限空间中的特性以及超临界萃取、反应等几个方面对现有的分子模拟方法和成果进行总结与评述,并对进一步发展的方向和面临的困难进行了讨论。     

Nanographite Oxide as Ultrastrong Fluid-Loss-Control Additive in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Nanographite oxide (GO) acting as an ultrastrong fluid-loss-control additive was prepared via modified Hummers’ method. The chemical structure and microtopography of GO were characterized through a combined use of FTIR, XRD, TG, TEM, and so on. The performance on fluid-loss control was evaluated through API filtration tests, and compared with several commonly used fluid-loss-control additives. The results show that GO performances are much better than the additives for comparison at relatively low concentration, due to the well aqueous dispersion of nanosheets. In addition, it is found that GO would exhibit outstanding effect on controlling fluid loss even in the absence of bentonite, which is a significant advantage over traditional polymer additives.     

An Assay for the Quantitation of Photofrin in Tissues and Fluids

A method for determining the concentration of Photofrin in tissues and biological fluids was developed. The procedure is based on the dissolution of biological material with Solvable a commercially available tissue so-lubilizer, followed by porphyrin-specific fluorescence detection and measurement. It was found necessary to use a quadratic standard curve for the estimation of unknown Photofrin concentrations. While this method is limited to compounds that are stable in strong base, it has the advantages of being sensitive, rapid and low cost .     

我国石油工业概观

石油在国民经济中占有非常重要的地位。中国是世界上最早发现和利用石油的国家之一。在中国古代,石油和天然气的开采和应用有着光辉的成就,走在世界的前列。但到了近代,中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建国家,在帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的侵略和压迫下,中国石油工业遭受严重打击,发展极为缓慢,旧中国的石油工业基础十分薄弱。新中国成立后,在中国共产党正确领导下,全国进行了石油地质普查勘探,开发建设了许多油田,原油产量从解放前年产12万吨发展到年产1.37多亿吨,宣告了“中国贫油论”的彻底破产,使一度依赖进口石油的中国,成为基本自给,并能少量出口石油的世界主要产油国家之一。     

A Study of the Influence of Nanoparticles on the Properties of Drilling Fluids

The effect of nanoparticles with different compositions and sizes on the rheological properties, filtration losses, and lubricating ability of drilling fluids has been experimentally studied. Nanoparticles of silicon, aluminum, and titanium oxides have been examined, while an aqueous bentonite suspension with a solid phase mass fraction of 5% has been used as a basic model of a drilling fluid. The concentrations and sizes of nanoparticles in the drilling fluids have been varied from 0.25 to 2 wt % and from 5 to 100 nm, respectively. It has been shown that the addition of nanoparticles substantially changes the properties of the drilling fluids. In contrast to suspensions of particles with macro- and microscopic sizes, the rheological parameters, filtration losses, and lubricating and sticking abilities of the suspensions containing nanoparticles depend on the size and nature of the latter and vary markedly already at low nanoparticle concentrations.     

分子模拟技术在石油相关领域的应用

分子模拟技术是近些年发展起来的一门新兴计算化学技术.它在辅助物质设计及分子结构理解方面所取得的一系列显著成绩使得它开始在与石油相关的油田化学、催化剂研制、高分子设计、化学工程以及重质油特征研究等方面有越来越广泛的应用.     

复合型改性木质素基钻井液用降粘剂的性能研究

以马尾松硫酸盐制浆黑液为原料,经化学改性制备复合型改性木质素基钻井液用降粘剂,并对其在钻井液中的降粘性能进行实验室评价。研究结果表明,该降粘剂既能发挥无机降粘剂良好的降粘作用,又具有木质素系降粘剂良好的抗温、抗盐效果,具有较好的协同作用。加入0.5%降粘剂的淡水基浆,降粘率可达96.7%。     

石油热裂化实验的改进

现行高中化学课本(必修)第二册(人教社版),关于石油裂化的实验是一个很难做的实验,耗时太多,现象也不明显,我们认为该实验并不难做,主要是在运用反应原理上略有欠缺,只要稍加改进就是一个很好的实验。石油热裂化是在高温下石油(实际是石油产品)中的大分子链烃被断裂为小分子烃。裂化的关键条件是温度,只有达到一定温度时才能发生裂化。石蜡的裂化温度是500℃左右,石蜡的沸点是360℃以