THE EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS ON CRYSTALLIZATION PHENOMENA

Crystallization phenomena and processes may be greatly affected by the addition of surfactants, which play an important rote in nucleation and growth kinetics and can substantially modify both habit and size distribution of crystal products. Moreover, scaling in industrial equipments and caking in storage tanks can be reduced and re-dissolution more easily accomplished. All these effects are related to adsorption of surfactant molecules onto crystal faces. Other applications of surfactants in crystallization processes involve nucleation induced by amphiphilic films, and micelle or microemulsion solubilization of nuclei. The above aspects are thoroughly reviewed through literature data.     

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND PHASE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS OF LIPIDS FROM RYE AND TRITICALE IN RELATION TO WHEAT LIPIDS

In connection with studies of technical functionality of lipids in cereals, the aqueous systems of lipids from rye and tri-ticale flour are described and compared to different wheat culti-vars. Rye lipids give a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase with very small ordered regions, and this phase is continuously changed into an L2-phase with increasing water content. Triticale lipids exhibit phase equilibria in between lipids of wheat and of rye. Evidence is given for a significant role of the lamellar liquid--crystalline phase with regard to technical functionality when the cereal flour is worked in water to give a dough.     

热致型液晶聚合物的等温和非等温晶化动力学

利用等温和非等温方法详细研究了芳香族聚酯──热致型聚合物对，对’－联苯二甲酸二辛酯的结晶相和液晶相形成机理，并计算了相变过程中的表面自由能与温度系数，研究结果表明：从介晶相开始的结晶过程是二维异相成核、三维线性增长的，而从各向同性液相开始的液晶相形成过程则是二维异相成核二维线性增长的．对两个晶化过程的表面自由能的研究表明，该聚合物液晶相形成过程的相转变表面自由能比结晶过程小得多，预示了它将具有更大的晶化速率．研究还发现，该聚合物的液晶相形成过程具有比结晶过程大得多的温度敏感性．     

MODIFICATION OF FATS AND OILS BY LIPASES

Enzymatic modification of fats and oils using lipases has recently come into limelight, giving rise to a breakthrough in modification technology. This paper describes the latest development and future trend of this new technology with respect to the enzyme lipases, lipase reactions, and bioreactor systems. Particular attention is paid to the utilization of this technology in industrial production of functional fats and oils. A new topic of the reasearch work of an enzymatic reaction of conversion from diglycerides to triglycerides in crude palm olein is presented in detail.     

聚乙烯在氧化铝模板中的结晶与取向行为

用多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板制备了直径为200nm的聚乙烯(PE)纳米纤维,并用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、偏光显微镜(PLM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)方法研究了PE在二维圆柱状受限条件下的结晶与取向行为.FTIR研究表明,由于模板的限制作用,PE纳米纤维的结晶度低于本体.同时,PE纳米纤维晶体的b轴平行于模板孔洞的方向取向,而a轴垂直于孔洞的方向取向.XRD结果进一步证明,在纳米孔洞中PE晶体的b轴平行于纳米孔洞方向.PLM结果表明,在结晶过程中,晶体主要是在模板与本体的界面处成核,然后晶体呈发散状向本体和纳米纤维中竞争生长.由于PE晶体的b轴是其生长速率最快的方向,在本体中形成典型的环带球晶形貌;而在二维圆柱受限条件下,只有沿孔洞方向生长的晶体才能增长,而其它生长方向则受到抑制,造成PE晶体的b轴沿孔洞方向优先取向.     

聚合物熔体冷却阶段结晶行为的多尺度模拟

针对结晶型聚合物熔体冷却过程的结晶行为,建立了偶合宏观温度场与微观结晶形态的多尺度模型.该模型揭示了宏观温度的变化会引起晶核数、晶体生长速率的改变,从而影响微观结晶形态;而微观结晶释放的潜热也将导致宏观温度的改变.为了求解上述多尺度模型,提出了有限体积/像素法偶合的多尺度算法,即在粗网格上采用有限体积法对宏观温度场进行求解,而在细网格上采用像素法对微观结晶形态进行模拟.基于多尺度模型及多尺度算法,文中对二维聚合物熔体模壁等速降温的冷却问题进行了研究,考察了温度、相对结晶度的变化及结晶形态的演化,并比较了不同冷却速率、初始温度对温度、相对结晶度及结晶形态的影响.数值结果表明,冷却速率是影响结晶行为的关键.高冷却速率下,温度平台出现较早,持续较短;结晶过程对应的温度范围较广;且平均晶体直径较小.而初始温度只影响温度平台及结晶行为出现的早晚,与其持续时间几乎无关。     

APPLICATION OF LIPIDS IN PHARMACEUTICALS

Recent development of the application of lipids in pharmaceutical utilization is reviewed. We have paid particular emphasis to the phospholipid-based dispersion systems, particularly liposome and lipid microsphere, which have high potency for the utilization in drug delivery systems. Physical chemical properties related to physiological characteristics are widely reviewed. The pharmaceutical effects of free fatty acids are also prersented.     

热致型液晶聚合物的晶化动力学

本文探讨了液晶聚合物的结晶与液晶相转变动力学机理。通过不同温度下液晶化与结晶化过程的Avrami指数与生长速率的变化,提出了各聚合物液晶生长和结晶生长所可能采取的方式。此外,还对一些液晶聚合物结晶时形成的球晶进行了分析和讨论。     

INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA IN FOOD EMULSIONS

The importance of proteins to provide steric stabilization of food emulsions is discussed. In aerated emulsions like ice cream and whipped cream, a partial destabilization of the fat globules is needed to obtain a satisfactory product. The destabilization process is controlled by surface active lipids (emulsifiers) which promote desorption of the interfacial protein film under specific temperature conditions. The formation of liquid crystalline films in o/w emulsions without proteins is also briefly discussed.     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的玻璃化转变和结晶化的正电子湮没研究

研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的玻璃化转变和结晶过程对正电子湮没寿命谱的影响.结果表明,结晶过程对正电子湮没的长寿命组份τ_3的寿命值不敏感,用这种方法测得的“T_g”不随结晶度而变化,而长寿命组份的相对强度则随结晶度的增加而减小.     

NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LIPIDS

This paper reviews how intricately dietary fat regulates cholesterol metabolism. The effects of fats on plasma cholesterol are far more complex than predicted. Not only the fatty acid composition but also the triacylglycerol configuration of dietary fat influence its function. Extensive comprehension is thus required for this problem.     

线性低密度聚乙烯在与丁苯橡胶的共混体系中的结晶行为

本工作采用DSC、X-射线衍射、小角激光光散射、偏光显微镜等手段,研究了线性低密度聚乙烯/丁苯橡胶共混体系中聚乙烯的结晶结构、平衡熔点和结晶动力学。     

不同结晶速率的PET薄膜在拉伸过程中的结晶与取向

用多种方法对两个结晶速率不同的PET样品在拉伸过程中的结晶和取向进行了研究。结果表明在同样的拉伸条件下,结晶速率较快的样品的结晶度和取向程度均比另一样品要高得多,这种结构变化上的差别说明把拉伸行为的差别归因于结晶速率的不同是合理的。     

RADICAL PROCESSES IN LIPIDS. SELECTIVITY OF HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION FROM LIPIDS BY BENZOPHENONE TRIPLET

Laser photolysis techniques have been used to measure the reactivity of benzophenone triplet (3BZP) toward various fatty acids and two glycerides in benzene solution. Eight compounds varying both in number and in the configuration of olefinic bonds have been examined. It has been found that the rate constant for hydrogen abstraction from these compounds by 3BZP may be related to the number of secondary, allylic and doubly allylic hydrogens in each molecule by the equation: kH = [0.023[H sec] + 0.112[H allylic] + 1.78[H doubly allylic]] x 10(7) M-1s-1     

高分子结晶理论的新概念与新进展

回顾了传统的高分子结晶成核与生长模型,指出了该模型在应用中遇到的一些问题;同时总结了Strobl根据近年小角X射线散射结果提出的高分子结晶新机理-中介相机理.介绍了Strobl等构建的热动力学图解对熔体、中介相和片晶的转变过程,阐述了各相间的平衡转变温度、潜在的转变热以及表面自由能,说明了处于熔体和晶体之间的中介相的热动力学性质是理解高分子结晶过程的重要依据.     

THE SELF-RHYTHM PHENOMENA IN EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY

The structure of earthquake series on the Chinese mainland and in the main seismic provinces has a very good rhythm of nature. Strong earthquakes take 8 times of passing hrough the mid-strong earthquake as a section and occur on section points in this way (or multiple 8). The rhythmic activities of strong earthquakes indifferent provinces are both similar and independent, and are not related to the time of occurrence. These phenomena indicate that the earthquake activities are a regular behaviour of self-organization with self-rhythm.     

最快结晶速率温度与结晶参数的关系

以经典的结晶速率与温度的关系为基础,对T_(c,max)与结晶参数的关系进行了研究.结果表明,T_(c,max)同平衡熔融温度(T_m)的比值仅与成核参数(φ)同扩散活化能(E_d)之比有关.高聚物的结晶过程可用二次成核模型近似.当结晶速率与温度的关系采用下式时 G=G_0exp[-E_d/RT-φT_m~2/T~2(T_m-T)]T_(c,max)与结晶参数的关系为 T_(c,max)=2/3T_m[1-(1+9α)~(1/2)cos(1/3)arccos1/(1+9α)~(3/2)+240°]或 α=φR/E_d=T_(c,max)(T_m-T_(c,max)~2/T_m?2(3T_(c,max)-2T_m)