Sedimentation of Dispersed Particles and Evolution of Their Distribution Function

As a result of the sedimentation of dispersed particles in channels and ducts, distribution function with respect to the particle sizes changes. Particle sedimentation is affected by the gravitational forces and the diffusional migrations to channel walls. In this article, particle sedimentation in vertical and horizontal channels is investigated depending on Pe and Re_d numbers. Futhermore, new expressions for the calculation of sedimentation velocity depending on the diffusional migrations in turbulent flow were developed. Finally, a distribution function resulting from the particle sedimentaton was suggested. The suggested mathematical expressions were compared with the experimental results given in the literature and a very good aggrement was found.     

Modeling of a DC Plasma Torch in Laminar and Turbulent Flow

A mathematical 2D representation is developed describing the temperature and the velocity profiles in a DC plasma torch and in the resulting plume. It is based on the resolution of conservation equations using the Simple method after Patankar. In the first part, we illustrate the effects of the turbulence, using, on the one hand, two Prandtl's mixing length models and, on the other hand, a standard k – model. We also show the influence of physical parameters like the inlet mass flow rate, the current intensity, and the kind of gas (argon or air) on the characteristics of the plasma. The second part of this study presents a comparison of the model with experimental results encountered in the literature. The profiles obtained at the exit of the torch are compared to the mathematical formulation used as boundary condition by the models taking into account only the plasma jet.     

Experimental Study of Oil Deposition Through a Flow Loop

In this article, the effect of temperature, pressure, and flow rate on deposition rate has been investigated by using chemical analysis method for calculating the deposit thickness and comparing to heat transfer and pressure drop methods. To do so, an experimental high pressure flow loop setup was designed and constructed to conduct various experiments. Caliper readings at the end of each test showed the chemical analysis method in comparison to the heat transfer and pressure drop methods is superior for deposit thickness calculation.     

Chemical Vapor Deposition for Atomically Dispersed and Nitrogen Coordinated Single Metal Site Catalysts

Atomically dispersed and nitrogen coordinated single metal sites (M-N-C, M=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) are the popular platinum group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts for many electrochemical reactions. Traditional wet-chemistry catalyst synthesis often requires complex procedures with unsatisfied reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy to synthesize the promising M-N-C catalysts. The deposition of gaseous 2-methylimidazole onto M-doped ZnO substrates, followed by an in situ thermal activation, effectively generated single metal sites well dispersed into porous carbon. In particular, an optimal CVD-derived Fe-N-C catalyst exclusively contains atomically dispersed FeN₄ sites with increased Fe loading relative to other catalysts from wet-chemistry synthesis. The catalyst exhibited outstanding oxygen-reduction activity in acidic electrolytes, which was further studied in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells with encouraging performance.     

Deposition of Oral Bacteria and Polystyrene Particles to Quartz and Dental Enamel in a Parallel Plate and Stagnation Point Flow Chamber

The aim of this paper is to determine to what extent (i) deposition of oral bacteria and polystyrene particles, (ii) onto quartz and dental enamel with and without a salivary conditioning film, (iii) in a parallel plate (PP) and stagnation point (SP) flow chamber and at common Peclet numbers are comparable. All three bacterial strains showed different adhesion behaviors, and even Streptococcus mitis BMS, possessing a similar cell surface hydrophobicity as polystyrene particles, did not mimic polystyrene particles in its adhesion behavior, possibly as a result of the more negative ζ potentials of the polystyrene particles. The stationary endpoint adhesion of all strains, including polystyrene particles, was lower in the presence of a salivary conditioning film, while also desorption probabilities under flow were higher in the presence of a conditioning film than in its absence. Deposition onto quartz and enamel surfaces was different, but without a consistent trend valid for all strains and polystyrene particles. It is concluded that differences in experimental results exist, and the process of bacterial deposition to enamel surfaces cannot be modeled by using polystyrene particles and quartz collector surfaces.     

水热沉积法制备高分散W/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂

提出了一种用于制备高分散型W/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂的水热沉积法.该方法利用钨酸钠和盐酸在水热条件下的沉积反应生成纳米WO3,通过加入表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵可防止WO3颗粒的团聚,从而实现了WO3在Al2O3载体上的高分散负载.采用X射线光电子能谱、高分辨率透射电镜、N2物理吸附以及氢气程序升温还原等技术对W/Al2O3催化剂进行了表征,并以二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫作为模型反应评价了催化剂的催化性能.结果表明,与采用常规浸渍法制备的具有相同活性组分含量的催化剂相比,采用水热沉积法制备的催化剂具有更高的WO3分散度(表面W/Al原子比从0.051提高到0.061)、更大的比表面积和孔体积;活性组分与载体间的相互作用减弱,WO3的最高还原温度从1 030℃降低到1 015℃,预硫化后催化剂上的活性物种WS2具有更短的片层长度和更高的堆积程度,WS2片层的平均长度从7.78 nm减小到5.71 nm,平均堆积层数从1.23增加到1.41;催化剂对二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫活性比浸渍法制备的催化剂高15%~18%.     

The Effect of van der Waals Forces on the Deposition of Highly Dispersed Aerosol Particles on Ultrafine Fibers

The effect of van der Waals forces on the collection of highly dispersed aerosol particles with ultrafine fiber filters was studied theoretically. The capture coefficient was found from the numerical solution of the equation of convective diffusion with the account of the particle size, the effect of van der Waals forces acting between a particle and a fiber, and the gas slip effect at the surface of ultrafine fibers. It was shown that allowance being made for van der Waals forces markedly affects the capture coefficient within the maximal particle penetration range and that the radius of the most penetrating particles decreases with the rising effect of these forces.     

Effect of Turbulent Flow on Coil‐Globule Transition of λ‐DNA

Summary: The addition of spermidine (SPD) into turbulent flow as a condensing agent showed the abrupt change of turbulent drag reducing (DR) efficiency of λ‐DNA in turbulent flow for the first time. The resultant asymptote DR efficiency explains the origin of those changes, which can be conclusively verified via the electrophoresis experiment. Despite the different fluid conditions, with and without condensing agent, all λ‐DNA molecules possessed the same half‐cut dimension, implying that the discrete change of DNA conformation can dramatically alter the flow characteristics.

Coil‐globule transition of DNA by spermidine.     

液相沉积法制备TiO2颗粒表面包覆SiO2纳米膜

研究了用液相沉积法在TiO2颗粒表面包覆SiO2纳米膜的过程.通过透射电镜(TEM)和酸溶实验分析,证实本实验在TiO2颗粒表面包覆了一层连续、致密的SiO2纳米膜.ζ-电位分析表明,颗粒表面只需少量包覆就可以显著改变颗粒表面的电动力学行为.采用 X射线荧光光谱分析仪（XRF）测定SiO2包覆量随包覆过程的变化.通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析,获得Ti 2p、Si 2p及 O 1s电子结合能及其相对强度随包覆过程的变化规律,揭示硅酸分子在TiO2颗粒表面的包覆过程.分析表明,初期形成的活性硅酸分子与TiO2颗粒表面的羟基反应形成Ti－O－Si键,后期形成的硅酸分子与已键合在表面的硅酸发生缩合反应,形成连续致密的硅膜,膜层在陈化过程中继续缓慢生长.     

Preparation of Thick Films by Electrophoretic Deposition Using Surface Modified Silica Particles Derived from Sol-Gel Method

Thick films were prepared by the electrophoretic sol-gel deposition of organically modified, sub-micron silica particles. The silica particles were modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES). Smooth and crack-free films ca. 15 m thick were obtained when APS modified silica particles were used for the cathodic electrophoretic deposition. Thick films with decreased open spaces among particles were obtained when silica particles modified with VTES were co-deposited with an organic polymer, polyethylene maleate.     

Hollow Cu‐NP Spheres Made from Electroless Cu Deposition with Colloidal Particles as Templates

Summary: Hollow copper nanoparticle (Cu‐NP) spheres with different wall thicknesses were prepared with organic and inorganic colloids as core combining self‐assembly and electroless Cu deposition techniques. The hollow Cu‐NP spheres made from polymeric colloids possessed a thicker wall but were easy to break in the removal of the core by THF, while those from SiO₂ colloids had thinner wall and remained intact in the removal of the core by HF.

TEM image of the hollow Cu‐NP spheres.     

Numerical Simulation of Particle Dispersion and Deposition in Channel Flow Over Two Square Cylinders in Tandem

Numerical simulation of dispersion and deposition of aerosol particles in a channel flow over two square cylinders in tandem are performed. A Lagrangian particle tracking computational procedure is developed and is used to simulate particles transport and deposition. Drag, gravity, and buoyancy forces are included in the computational model. Ensembles of particles in asterisk arrangement are released from different source points to calculate their capture efficiency on walls and obstructions. The effects of source point location, gravity direction, size and density of released particles and the gap between obstructions on capture efficiency are discussed. Time evolution of dispersion of four different clusters of particles representing the worst possible situation, issuing from maximum obstruction capture efficiency, are also illustrated.     

Metallic Particles from Complexing Microcapsules Dispersed in a Silica Gel

A new process to control the distribution of metal nanoparticles is proposed. It involves the use of complexing microcapsules obtained by interfacial polycondensation. The latter are hollow spheres constituted of a polymer membrane, containing an insoluble active ingredient, such as a polyacrylic acid, which can complex Co²⁺ ions. These capsules are dispersed in a silica sol followed by thermal treatments and reduction under H₂ which results in metallic Co nanoparticles confined in the capsules domains. The particles do not diffuse in the matrix.     

电化学微流池富集-电热原子吸收法测定海水中(超)痕量镉

建立了电化学微流池与电热原子吸收光谱联用技术对(超)痕量镉进行测定的方法。利用自制电化学微流池对(超)痕量镉富集,后经反向电压和酸液洗脱,洗脱液由电热原子吸收光谱仪进行测定。优化了测定条件,实验结果表明,在0.05~0.80μg/L范围内成线性关系,相关系数为0.9912,检出限(3σ)达到0.004μg/L,富集倍率为11。将该方法应用到海水中(超)痕量镉的测定,相对标准偏差在2.2%~3.4%(n=3),回收率在86.0%~95.5%。     

特殊形态接枝高分子颗粒的合成

表面接枝高分子微球具有分子结构的可设计性 ,分散稳定性好 ,被用于高效催化剂的载体、药物释放控制和疾病治疗等生物医学领域 ,因而引起了许多高分子材料和生物医学工作者的极大兴趣[1～ 3] .我们用链转移自由基聚合法合成了一端为苯乙烯基封端的聚乙二醇 ( PEG)和聚 ( N -异丙基丙烯酰胺 )等亲水性大分子单体 .在与疏水性单体如苯乙烯等的二元分散共聚反应中 ,利用接枝共聚物在溶液中的自组装 ,制备了粒径分布均一 ,颗粒表面形态光滑 ,同时表面具有功能性高分子链的微球 [4～ 8] .传统的合成高分子微球的研究主要是以苯乙烯或甲基丙烯酸…     

Decoration of Carbon Nanomaterial Powders with Dispersed Platinum Metal Particles

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Carbon nanomaterials (fullerite, detonation nanodiamonds, Taunit, fullerenol, fullerene-containing black) were decorated with platinum group metal...     

An IR Study of the Dispersion Stability of Catalyst Powders Dispersed in Solutions of Linear Saturated Polyesters

The conformation of polymers at the solid-liquid interface has been the subject of considerable interest in the fundamental theory and applied practice. In paints and printing inks, dispersions of pigment or filler powders in polymeric binder solutions have to be maintained in the colloidal state. One of the stabilizing mechanisms for paint is the steric stabilization. On the other hand, in the formation reaction of polymer at the solid-liquid interface took place between monomer solutions and solid     

Production of Poly(acrylic acid) Particles Dispersed in Organic Media

Summary: A process for preparation of poly(acrylic acid) particles dispersed in oil is presented. The process comprises two steps: the first step involves the preparation of a poly(acrylic acid) solution, while the second step consists in the preparation of the polymer particles by dispersing the polymer solution in an organic phase. During the second step, modification of the polymer chain structure can be performed through chemical reactions. One of the advantages of the proposed process is the possibility to produce particles loaded with drugs or other chemical compounds. Besides that, if the continuous phase is vegetable oil, purification of the reaction medium may not be necessary.