Effect of Polycarboxylic Acid Used as High-Performance Dispersant on Low-Rank Coal-Water Slurry

A new polycarboxylic (PC) acid was prepared from copolymerization of 2-methyl-1-butylene alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (HPEG), acrylic acid (AA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and used as a high-performance dispersant in low-rank coal-water slurry (CWS). The optimized conditions are as follows: the reaction temperature is 80°C, the mole ratio of HPEG, AA, and AMPS is 1:3:0.3, and the inherent viscosity of PC polymer is 49.26 ml/g. The molecule structure of PC polymer was characterized by means of FTIR. Moreover, the apparent viscosity, static stability, and rheological property of CWS with the concentration of 63.0 and 65.0 wt% were all determined by adding PC hyper-dispersant or naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde (NSF) condensate dispersant at 0.5 wt% dosage. The result shows that PC dispersant has better properties than commercial NSF product in low-rank CWS. The effect was well rationalized by a combination of electrostatic repulsion force, wetting property, and steric hindrance provided by PC polymer.     

Influence of Interfacial Rheological Properties on Stability of Asphaltene-Stabilized Emulsions

A series of oscillating droplet measurements have been performed on asphaltenes at the oil/water interface, in order to correlate the interfacial rheological behavior to their ability to stabilize emulsions. In the concentration sweep, the elastic modulus goes through a maximum around an asphaltene concentration of 0.05–0.10 g/l. This behavior was not in good correspondence with emulsion stability, which increased consistently from low to high concentrations. The decrease above 0.10 g/l was most likely an effect of diffusion of asphaltenes in the bulk to the interface, which became more significant at higher bulk concentrations. The rheology data as a function of concentration has been fitted to Butler's surface equation of state and the Lucassen–van den Tempel model. A decent correlation was found between emulsion stability and elasticity for both the effect of solvent aromaticity and pH. The elastic modulus displayed a gradual increase when xylene was mixed with heptane as the solvent, as was seen with emulsion stability. This was not caused by a significant increase of the adsorbed amount of asphaltene at the interface, as shown by a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), but a more efficient reorganization of the already adsorbed asphaltenes. The ability asphaltenes displayed in stabilizing emulsions was significantly increased at both low and high pH, according to a previous study. The elastic modulus, on the other hand, only showed a very weak increase at pH 2, but a better correlation with emulsion stability above pH 8. From this it would appear that the dissociation of acid groups in the asphaltene structure at high pH has a bigger impact on the interfacial activity than the protonation of bases at low pH, while their effect on emulsion stability was the same.      

Influence of Polycarboxylate Dispersants with Different Molecular Structures on the Performance of Coal Water Slurry

Polycarboxylate dispersants have variable structures and can be designed according to practical needs. Further study on the influence of molecular structures on the performance of coal-water slurry (CWS) has vital significance. A variety of polycarboxylate dispersants was designed and synthesized with different monomers. The performance of each dispersant for the low-rank China CWS (i.e., Shenfu coal) was evaluated. Results showed that sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SSS) was the most efficient monomer with better adsorption performance on the surface of coal particles and lower apparent viscosity (i.e., mole ratio of SSS and acrylic acid (AA) sodium 65:35, CWS concentration 63 wt%, dispersant dosage 0.5 wt%). Polyethylene glycol acrylate (PA) was also effective. In addition, 5 wt% cationic monomer methyl acryloyl oxygen ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) was introduced into the structure. The polycarboxylate dispersant with optimal molecular structure was applied in Shenfu coal. The performance of water slurry could meet the national standards well (i.e., apparent viscosity 920 mPa · s), displaying good rheological property and stability.     

HDEHP和HEHEHP界面性质及添加剂对界面性质的影响

测定了HDEHP、HEHEHP、TOPO、TBP、SDS和CTMAB的煤油溶液与硫酸盐水溶液所构成的液-液体系的界面张力,考察了水相pH对界面张力的影响,求得这些化合物的界面吸附常数,计算出饱和吸附时界面吸附分子的截面积,提出了用Cmin计算活性剂分配比的方法,研究了向HDEHP或HEHEHP体系中添加TOPO(或TBP)、SDS、CTMAB时界面张力的变化及其对萃取速率的影响。界面化学反应控制的萃取金属阳离子过程的速率将因添加剂占据界面和(或)形成界面负电层而降低,因添加剂与萃取剂形成界面活性较强的分子缔合物对金属的萃取而提高。     

Physicochemical Properties of Calcium Lignosulfonate with Different Molecular Weights as Dispersant in Aqueous Suspension

Five purified calcium lignosulfonate (CL) fractions with different molecular weights were obtained by fractionation using ultrafiltration and dialysis. The influence of molecular weight on their physicochemical properties was investigated by determining the properties of five fractions. TEM and ESEM imaging indicated that CL has a globular structure to form locally regular colloidal assemblies with the diameter of approximately 200 ～ 300 nm. Fraction3 (M _w is 7621) with the molecular weight of 5,000–l0,000 has more sulfonic and carboxyl group, so the highest zeta potential (?36 mV) can be charged on the TiO₂ particles. With the increase of molecular weight, the hydrophobicity and surface activity of CL in aqueous solution increase, so Fraction5 (M _w is 21646) which molecular weight is more than 30000 has the biggest adsorption amount. The adsorption characteristic of CL on solid-water interface have great impact on the dispersive properties of TiO₂ particle in aqueous solution and the higher adsorption capacity is helpful to improve the dispersive ability of CL. On the other hand, the surface charge of TiO₂ particle absorbing CL is another important factor to the dispersive ability of CL. Furthermore, when the CL concentration in TiO₂ suspension is less than 4 mg/mL, Fraction3 has the best dispersive ability because the electrostatic repulsion effect is controlling factor. The dispersive ability of CL increases with the increase of molecular weight when the CL concentration in TiO₂ suspension is more than 4 mg/mL, so Fraction5 has the best dispersive ability owing to the steric hindrance effect.     

Effect of pH and Salt on Rheological Properties of Aerosil Suspensions

Ionic strength and pH will influence the zeta potential of suspended particles, and consequently particle interactions and rheological properties as well. In this study the rheological properties and aggregation behaviour of Aerosil particles dispersed in aqueous solutions with various pH and salt concentration were studied. The potential energy was estimated by the DLVO theory and short range hydration forces and compared to the experimentally determined zeta potential. The strongest attraction between particles occurs at the isoelectric point (pH 4) and resulted in large aggregates, which gave relatively higher values of viscosity, yield stress, moduli, and shear thinning effects. The relative viscosity as a function of volume fraction was fitted to the Krieger and Dougherty model for all the suspensions. Oscillation measurements showed that the suspensions display elastic behaviour at low pH and viscous behavior at high pH. Furthermore, suspensions with high salt content had higher storage moduli. A power law dependency of storage moduli with volume fraction could be used to indicate the interaction strength between particles.     

Effects of Salts Containing Mono-, Di-, and Trivalent Ions on Electrical and Rheological Properties of Oil-Water Interface in Presence of Cationic Surfactant: Importance in the Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Many industrial applications of oil-in-water emulsions involve salts containing ions of different valence. The properties of the oil-water interface (e.g., interfacial tension, zeta potential and interfacial shear viscosity) are strongly influenced by the presence of these salts. This work investigates the role of NaCl, CaCl₂ and AlCl₃ on these properties of the hexane-water interface in presence of a cationic surfactant, viz., hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Addition of salt enhanced the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the hexane-water interface, which increased the interfacial charge density, and consequently, the zeta potential. Interfacial shear viscosity significantly decreased in the presence of salt. The effectiveness of salt at a given concentration was in the sequence: AlCl₃ > CaCl₂ > NaCl. The hexane-in-water emulsions coarsened with time due to the coalescence of hexane droplets. The increase in droplet size with time was analyzed by a model based on the frequency of rupture of the thin aqueous film. The rate constants for coalescence were determined. The rate of coalescence increased in presence of salt.      

Study on the Relationship between Emulsion Properties and Interfacial Rheology of Sugar Beet Pectin Modified by Different Enzymes

The contribution of rheological properties and viscoelasticity of the interfacial adsorbed layer to the emulsification mechanism of enzymatic modified sugar beet pectin (SBP) was studied. The component content of each enzymatic modified pectin was lower than that of untreated SBP. Protein and ferulic acid decreased from 5.52% and 1.08% to 0.54% and 0.13%, respectively, resulting in a decrease in thermal stability, apparent viscosity, and molecular weight (Mw). The dynamic interfacial rheological properties showed that the interfacial pressure and modulus (E) decreased significantly with the decrease of functional groups (especially proteins), which also led to the bimodal distribution of particle size. These results indicated that the superior emulsification property of SBP is mainly determined by proteins, followed by ferulic acid, and the existence of other functional groups also promotes the emulsification property of SBP.     

原油溶胶-凝胶等温转变过程中的流变性研究

使用RS75流变仪，采用小振幅振荡剪切方法和稳态剪切方法对含蜡原油在溶胶 -凝胶等温转变过程中的流行了研究．结果表明，等温转变成的凝胶原油的结构在 很大程度上决定于预剪切速率，非牛顿含蜡原油在结构恢复过程中表现出不可逆的 触变特性．而凝胶原油在外力作用下向溶胶状态转变的过程中，要经历从线性粘弹 性变形，到非线性粘弹性变形，再到结构屈服的过程，且高剪切应力下的溶胶原油 结构与预剪切速率无关．     

界面作用对PMMA/MCM-41/OMMT复合材料性能的影响

通过单体插层原位本体聚合的方法, 制备了多种不同含量的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/蒙脱土/介孔分子筛(无模板剂)复合材料. 研究了不同结构填料与基体间的界面作用, 以及不同结构填料的比例变化对复合材料性能的影响. 研究结果表明: 有机蒙脱土(OMMT)与介孔分子筛MCM-41(无模板剂)共同作为填料, 与基体发生较强的界面效应, 形成新型网络复合结构, 两种粒子起到了协同增强作用|当有机蒙脱土(OMMT)/介孔分子筛(MCM-41)混合填料(比例为1∶1)含量为0.5%时, PMMA基纳米复合材料的拉伸强度达到最大值49.0 MPa, 比PMMA提高了15%|同时添加OMMT和MCM-41的PMMA基纳米复合材料的热稳定性高于单独添加OMMT或MCM-41的PMMA基复合材料.     

嵌段共聚偶联剂对玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯界面粘结的影响

合成了苯乙烯与丁二烯及含C==C硅烷的嵌段共聚偶联剂。采用该嵌段共聚物对玻璃纤维进行了表面处理,通过单丝临界长度法测定了玻璃纤堆增强聚丙烯的界面剪切强度。结果表明：采用嵌段共聚偶联剂对玻璃纤维进行处理,可以有效地改善玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯的界面粘结,其界面改性效果优于普通小分子偶联剂;嵌段共聚偶联剂的分子结构对界面粘结有影响,采用适当的嵌段长度,可获得较好的界面粘结;在基体树脂中加入功能化聚丙烯。可改善复合体系的界面粘结;基体树脂分子链较长或流动性好、粘度低,有利于基体与歼堆的的界面粘结。     

水煤浆分散剂与煤之间的相互作用 Ⅷ木质素磺酸钠对煤的成浆性与水煤浆流变特性的影响

水煤浆分散剂与煤之间的相互作用 Ⅷ木质素磺酸钠对煤的成浆性与水煤浆流变特性的影响;水煤浆; 流变特性; 成浆性; 木质素磺酸钠; 吸附特性     

亲水性修饰的量子点的结构对荧光性能的影响研究

亲水性量子点的荧光性能是其作为生物检测探针的一个重要质量指标. 不同结构的量子点在亲水性修饰过程中, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力差异较大. 设计与制备具有不同结构和成分的核、核壳量子点, 再通过双亲性高分子对其亲水性改性, 利用荧光光谱监测亲水性修饰过程中的荧光性能变化来度量所合成量子点的光化学稳定性. 实验结果表明,在表面亲水性修饰过程中, 未包覆壳层的裸核量子点其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力最弱; 包覆壳层的核壳量子点, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力增强, 且壳层越多, 抵抗能力越强. 壳层的结构和成分直接影响核壳量子点抵抗荧光淬灭的能力, 具有合理晶格匹配的核壳量子点, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力较强. 另外, 通过优化设计与制备的核壳量子点经表面亲水性修饰后, 再偶联叶酸, 构建出特异性生物荧光探针, 对乳腺癌细胞进行靶向性标记后, 利用流式细胞仪进行细胞检测分析. 实验结果表明, 通过优化制备的核壳量子点, 亲水性修饰后仍具有很好的荧光性能, 偶联叶酸后具有较好的细胞靶向性.     

低固相含量SiO2分散体系流变性研究

以甘油(GL)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散介质, 研究了低体积分数(Φ＜8%)的SiO₂分散体系的稳态和动态的流变性能, 发现体系都具有可逆的剪切变稀和剪切增稠现象. 在剪切速率大于临界剪切速率(γ^_.＞γ_^.c)时, 体系具有明显的剪切增稠现象, 而当γ^_.＜γ_^.c, GL体系只有轻微的剪切变稀现象, PEG体系剪切变稀现象却很明显. 在动态试验中考察了模量以及损耗角正切tg δ随剪切应力(σ)的变化. 在所研究的应力范围内, 体系中耗能模量G"都大于储能模量G', tg δ大于1, 体系主要表现为粘性. 用“粒子簇”生成机理能较好地解释这种剪切变稀和剪切增稠现象, 即剪切变稀是由于连续的空间网络结构被破坏, PEG体系剪切变稀现象较GL体系明显应该与PEG高分子链的松弛以及体系中较少的氢键有关; 剪切增稠是由于粒子簇的生成引起的.     

聚合物分散剂对氟铃脲水悬浮剂流变性质的影响

采用控制应力流变仪研究了聚合物分散剂苯乙烯丙烯酸无规共聚物（MOTAS）用量、分子量及氟铃脲质量分数等对氟铃脲水悬浮剂流变性质的影响。 结果表明,以聚合物MOTAS为分散剂制备的氟铃脲水悬浮剂的流变行为符合Herschel-Bulkley模型。 在固定氟铃脲质量分数为20%时,当分散剂质量分数≤3.0%时,流动行为指数n≤1.0,悬浮体系表现为假塑性流体,当分散剂质量分数≥3.5%时,流动行为指数n≥1.0,悬浮体系具有胀塑性流体特征。 氟铃脲水悬浮剂的流变参数屈服值τH与分散剂MOTAS和氟铃脲的加入量有关。 分散剂MOTAS质量分数≤2.5%时,分散剂在氟铃脲颗粒界面吸附很少,裸露的氟铃脲颗粒界面间相互搭接,具有较大的屈服值τH;当分散剂加入质量分数为3.0%时,分散剂可在氟铃脲颗粒界面形成饱和吸附,若再增加分散剂用量,多余分散剂在悬浮的氟铃脲颗粒间形成搭接,使其屈服值τH增大。 在MOTAS分散剂的分子量在10 000~30 000范围内时,MOTAS分子量愈大,所制得的氟铃脲水悬浮剂的表观粘度和屈服值τH愈小,流变行为指数n虽略有增加,但均小于1,没有改变“剪切变稀”的假塑性特征。     

疏水链长对聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯界面扩张流变性质的影响

利用悬挂滴方法研究了系列聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(TweenX)在正癸烷-水界面的扩张流变性质. 实验结果表明, 疏水烷基链长较短的Tween20 分子在界面上吸附量较大, 分子排列更紧密, Tween40 和Tween60具有大致相同的“有效截面积”, 导致饱和吸附时界面张力(γ_cmc)比较接近. TweenX浓度大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, 由于Tween20 分子排列的更加紧密, 模量和弹性大于Tween40 和Tween60. 当TweenX的疏水烷基链长达到一定长度时, TweenX的界面膜性质受疏水链长的影响减弱, Tween40和Tween60的扩张参数相差不大.     

蔗糖对MO/水立方液晶体系流变性质的影响

主要研究了蔗糖对甘油单油酸脂(monoolein, MO)/水立方液晶体系的流变学性质及其相行为的影响. 根据体系流变性质的变化和偏光显微镜照片, 得出随着蔗糖含量的增加, MO/水体系发生了由反相立方液晶到反相六角状液晶的相转变. 蔗糖与MO分子通过氢键相互作用, 减弱了两亲分子间的静电斥力. 当蔗糖含量增加到一临界值时, 体系的立方结构被破坏, 继续增加蔗糖的含量, 体系就会形成新的反相六角状液晶.     

Effect of End‐capping Functional Groups on the Optoelectronic Properties of Oligothiophene Derivatives

Five novel oligothiophene derivatives end‐capped by different functional groups (R=ethoxyl ( EtOP3T ), methylsulfanyl ( MSP3T ), acetyl ( AcP3T ), methylsulfonyl ( MSO₂P3T ) and biphenyl ( BP3T ) groups) were synthesized. They were characterized by Hnuclear magnetic resonanceH (P¹PH NMR), Hmass spectrometryH (MS) and Fourier transform Infra‐red spectra (IR). The relationship between end‐capping functional groups and optoelectronic properties of them was investigated. It was found that the compound with sulfonyl group in the molecular structure ( MSO R ₂ R P3T ) shows the highest oxidation stability (also supported by theoretical calculations) and best thermal stability among the five compounds. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) interpret that MSO R ₂ R P3T displays excellent ability of self‐film forming. This reveals that it could be a potential candidate for thin film material. The liquid crystal property of MSO R ₂ R P3T was characterized by polarized optical microscopy analysis (POM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results of this paper provide useful information for the design of tailored oligothiophene derivatives for devices.     

Effect of Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Block Ratio and Temperature on the Surface and Associative Properties of Oxyethylene and Oxybutylene Diblock Copolymers in Aqueous Media

Recent development in dispersion science and technology demands block copolymers with a variable block length and composition. To highlight that purpose, the surface active, associative, colloidal, and thermodynamic behavior of three diblock copolymers having different hydrophilic to hydrophobic ratio is reported here. Using surface tension and light scattering measurements, the micellization and adsorption behavior of polyoxyethylene and polyoxybutylene diblock copolymers of the type E_mB_n have been analyzed. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) and related thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG_mic), enthalpy (ΔH_mic), and entropy (ΔS_mic) of micellization were calculated from CMC value using the closed association model. Likewise, the surface active parameters, like surface excess concentration (Γ₂), area per molecule (A₂), and thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG_ads), enthalpy (ΔH_ads), and entropy (ΔS_ads) of adsorption of polymer at the air/water interface, were also calculated at various temperatures. Static and dynamic light scattering techniques were employed for the determination of the weight-average molar (M_w), association number (N_w), polymer–water interaction (A₂), and micellar size in terms of hydrodynamic radii (R_h) of copolymer micelles. The effect of block length and solution temperature on the surface and micellar properties of these copolymers was also investigated.