Water-in-Oil Emulsions Stabilized by Asphaltenes Obtained from Venezuelan Crude Oils

W/O emulsions were studied using asphaltenes as surfactants. Asphaltenes were obtained from three Venezuelan crude oils: “Lago Cinco,” “Rosa Mediano,” and “Ayacucho.” They were extracted using n-heptane as a precipitanting agent. The following variables were studied: concentration of asphaltenes in the oleic phase and pH of the aqueous phase. An increase in asphaltene concentration in the oleic phase increases emulsion stability. On the other hand, the most stable emulsions correspond to an alkaline aqueous phase. Likewise, emulsion stability was higher for asphaltenes obtained from “Lago Cinco” crude oil and lowest from Rosa Mediano asphaltenes.     

Composition Ripening in Mixed Water-in-Oil Emulsions Stabilized with Solid Particles

Water and oil transport in emulsified systems is far from being elucidated. Calorimetric analysis has proved to be an appropriate technique to study composition ripening in mixed water in oil emulsions. In this article, the role of the stabilizing agent is studied and particular attention is given to emulsions stabilized solely with solid particles. Mixed emulsions are prepared by mixing two simple water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, one with pure water droplets and one with droplets containing an aqueous urea solution. At different time intervals, a sample is introduced in a calorimeter cell and submitted to successive cooling and heating cycles. During the cooling phase, the aqueous internal phase solidifies at a temperature which depends on its composition. Just after the mixed emulsion was prepared, the calorimetric experiment identified two solidification peaks, one corresponding to pure water droplets, and the other one to urea solutions. After a long enough stabilization time, just one peak was observed, showing that the systems evolved toward one type of droplets characterized by a unique composition, due to water transfer between the two aqueous phases. The effect of emulsion stabilizing agent (particles or nonionic emulsifier) on the kinetics of water transfer was investigated.     

疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的研究*

本文综述了近年来疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的研究进展。论述了疏水缔合聚合物水溶液的性质,由于其较复杂的分子结构以及其分子主链上疏水基团的缔合作用,使其水溶液增稠的能力比小分子表面活性剂的增稠能力强的多。另外,对疏水缔合聚合物单独稳定乳状液的研究现状进行了介绍,其稳定乳状液的机理与小分子表面活性剂不同。同时讨论了疏水缔合聚合物与表面活性剂的相互作用,此类聚合物可与小分子表面活性剂通过静电和疏水缔合发生强烈的相互作用形成复合体系,并评述了其复配体系稳定乳状液的情况。最后总结了疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的机理。     

差示扫描量热法测定除草剂绿麦隆的纯度

研究了用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定绿麦隆的纯度。该法测定最佳条件为升温速率0.5 K.min-1,样品量2~3 mg,保护气流速20 mL.min-1。用本法测得绿麦隆原药的纯度为98.35%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.034%,测定结果与已知纯度相符。并将测定结果与高效液相色谱(HPLC)法进行了比较。该法具有操作简便,样品用量少,准确度和精密度均较高等优点。     

甘露醇纯度的差示扫描量热法测定

使用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对甘露醇纯度进行测定。密封式铝坩埚封装样品,最佳实验条件为升温速率约0.7℃·min-1,样品量约2.5mg,氮气流速为20～40mL·min-1;纯度测定的RSD为0.016,纯度准确测定的下限为98%,通过F检验及t检验,该方法与药典法无显著差异。该方法简便、快速、准确,适合甘露醇等高纯度药品的纯度测定。     

用DSC研究稀土顺式聚丁二烯的低温结晶与熔融行为

采用示差扫描量热仪研究了稀土顺式聚丁二烯(PB)等温过程的结晶及其熔融行为. 结果表明,在等温结晶的后期存在晶型完善的过程,而且随着等温结晶温度的提高,结晶速率均下降. PB的熔融总是在比等温结晶温度高约2 ℃处开始,而且在10 ℃/min的升温速率下,DSC曲线不仅显示出很宽的熔融温度范围,而且在低温处还出现了小肩峰,说明等温结晶后体系中具有在该升温速率下不同稳定性的晶体. 通过不同温度下的等温结晶曲线,分别采用结晶度趋于零(Xc=0)时的熔点和结晶时间无限长(t-1c＝0)时的熔点,用Hoffman-Weeks方法得到顺式聚丁二烯的平衡熔点T∞m位于9～17.6 ℃之间.     

Thermal Denaturation of Bacterial Cells Examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Thermal stability of vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum was studied by counting viable fractions and determining DSC curves of their suspensions. DSC curves in the 5–99°C range showed a series of endothermic transitions between 50 and 60°C, where the heat destruction of cells occurred. Heat denaturation of DNA required a higher temperature than cell killing. Thermal death was strongly influenced by the pH, composition and NaCl content of the suspending buffer. A mathematical model developed by us enabled comparison of DSC peak temperatures and temperatures required for loss of viability.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Physical Aging of Maltose Glasses as Measured by Standard and Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The physical aging characteristics of maltose glasses aged at two temperatures below the glass transition temperature, T_g, (T_g-10°C and T_g-20°C) from 5 to 10 000 min were measured by standard differential scanning calorimetry (SDSC) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The experimentally measured instrumental T_g, the calculated T_g, and the excess enthalpy values were obtained for aged glasses using both DSC methods. The development of excess enthalpy as a function of aging time, as measured by both SDSC and MDSC, was fit using the Cowie and Ferguson and Tool-Narayanswamy-Moynihan models. The change in the T_g values and the development of the excess enthalpy resulting from physical aging measured by the two DSC methods are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal Properties of Standard and Reference Humic Substances by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential Scanning Calorimetry combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, was applied to the study of a number of fulvic and humic acids extracted from soils, peat, river and seawater. The thermal patterns obtained were related to the nature and origin of samples. The low-temperature endotherms were attributed to dehydration and loss of peripheral polysaccharide chains. The endotherm at 250°C observed for soil FA was ascribed to partial decarboxylation of more labile surface COOH groups, whereas the high-temperature exotherms at about 500°C were related to the degree of polycondensation of the aromatic network of the humic molecules.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study on the Stability of GaF3-based Glasses by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The glass formation and devitrification of GaF₃-based glasses were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison of various simple quantitative methods to assess the level of stability of multicomponent fluoride glass systems is presented. Most of these methods are based on critical temperatures. In this paper a new parameter k _b(T) is added to the stability criteria. The stability of several GaF₃-based glasses were experimentally evaluated and correlated with the activation energies of crystallization via this new kinetic criterion and compared with those evaluated by other criteria. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

差示扫描量热法(DSC)定量测试阿德福韦酯晶型的研究

红外光谱（FTIR）和x-射线衍射（XRD）测试表明阿德福韦酯药物具有A、E2种晶型．利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）对阿德福韦酯药物的不同晶型进行了定量测试方法的研究,该方法的依据是药物的不同晶型具有不同的熔点和熔融热焓,根据熔融热焓的量可以定量测试药物中某种晶型的含量,为指导生产工艺研究和产品品质的判断提供快速准确及有效的测试方法。     

差示扫描量热法确定L-脯氨酸的热动力学参数

利用差动热分析仪测得L 脯氨酸的差示扫描量热分析(DSC)曲线,采用普适积分法和微分方程法通过逻辑选择确定了L 脯氨酸相变和热解过程的最可几机理函数,并计算出相应的指前因子和活化能.     

Primary Transformation Rate Measurements Through Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Summary. The primary crystallization of molten alloy systems at high undercooling is studied by a precise quantitative analysis of the calorimetric signal obtained during the transformation in terms of the reaction rate under isothermal and continuous heating regimes. It is shown that, under specific conditions, namely, stoechiometric primary precipitates, generalized relationships for the crystallization enthalpy and the reaction rate may be obtained.     

差示扫描量热法中相变潜热公式的推导

通过考虑热分析过程中存在于试样内的温度梯度,就相变前后试样的比热容发生变化、并且是温度的函数这一普遍情况,推导得到了普遍的用差示扫描量热法求相变潜热的公式     

Surfactant-Free Multiple Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Combining Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Nanoparticles

A series of W/O/W or O/W/O emulsion stabilized solely by two different types of solid nanoparticles were prepared by a two-step method. We explored the option of particular emulsifiers for the multiple Pickering emulsions, and a variety of nanoparticles (silica, iron oxide, and clay) only differing in their wettability was used. The primary W/O emulsion was obtained by the hydrophobic nanoparticles, and then the hydrophilic nanoparticles were used as emulsifier in the secondary emulsification to prepare the W/O/W emulsion. In a similar way, the primary O/W emulsion of the O/W/O emulsion was stabilized by the hydrophilic nanoparticles, while the secondary emulsification to prepare the O/W/O emulsion was effected with the hydrophobic nanoparticles. The resultant multiple Pickering emulsion was stable to coalescence for more than 3 months, except the W/O/W emulsions of which the secondary emulsion stabilized by clay nanoparticles became a simple O/W emulsion in a day after preparation. Moreover, the temperature and pH sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) (P(NIPAm-co-MAA)) microgels were introduced as an emulsifier for the secondary emulsification to obtain the stimulus-responsive multiple W/O/W emulsion. Such microgel-stabilized multiple emulsions could realize the efficient controlled release of water-soluble dye, Rhodamine B (RB) on demand in a multiple-emulsion delivery system.      

Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry Observation of Physical Ageing in Polymers

Modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (M-TDSC) is becoming a useful tool in the characterisation of thermal behaviour of polymers. In this paper, we discuss whether the non-reversing M-TDSC signal can be used, quantitatively and directly, to study the process of physical ageing in polymers. Difference exists between the values of relaxation enthalpy determined by using average heat capacity, <C _p>, signal as for conventional DSC and non-reversing heat capacity, C ⁿ _p, signal. When the signal of reversing heat capacity of unaged sample is considered as baseline for <C _p> and C ⁿ _p signals, the difference disappears. It is concluded that non-reversing M-TDSC signal can be used to observe the process of physical ageing semi-qualitatively and directly. With increasing annealing time, the peak of the imaginary part, C″_p, of the complex heat capacity becomes narrow, but peak area changes little. This indicated that C″_p is not correlated with relaxation enthalpy. It may be related to entropy change during the modulation. However, the entropy change is quite small. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

调制式差示扫描量热法在高分子研究中的应用

介绍了调制式差示扫描量热法(MDSC)的工作原理及其作为一种新的热分析手段的优点。并通过一些实例介绍了MDSC法在高分子研究中的应用。     

差示扫描量热仪对物质相变潜热的精确量度

差示扫描量热仪(DSC)在测量物质相变潜热方面有着十分广泛的应用。当相变前后试样的比热发生较大的变化,亦即相变前后DSC的基线不在同一直线上时,导致在实际测量样品的相变潜热过程中,出现各种经验处理方法共存的局面[1-3]。对于同一实验曲线,不同的经验处理方法会得到不同的潜