粉煤灰在废水处理中的应用研究进展

粉煤灰的高附加值综合利用已成为循环经济和环境保护领域中亟待解决的重要课题之一,粉煤灰用于水处理是变废为宝、变害为利的一种尝试。粉煤灰因其形貌特征、比表面积、孔隙率和化学成分等方面的优势而在膜过滤、Fenton处理、光催化、吸附等方面均有显著应用价值。本文重点介绍粉煤灰在这几方面的应用,并对其在废水处理中的应用前景进行了展望。     

粉煤灰空心微珠沸石化制备复合空心球

采用晶种静电吸附-诱导转化技术，成功地将选自工业废弃物粉煤灰的空心微 球转化为具有沸石/莫来石双层复合球壳结构的空心球，用XRD和SEM等手段对产物 进行了表征，并对球壳的转化机理进行了讨论。     

C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料的制备及表征

以粉煤灰和蔗糖为原料,浓硫酸为炭化剂,制备了一种新型的C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料。 采用X光电子能谱、红外吸收光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及N2气吸附实验对所制备复合材料进行了表征。 结果表明,粉煤灰表面被类石墨态炭纳米颗粒所包裹,复合材料表面密集分布着大量的介孔,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积SBET=5.4 m2/g,并且在该复合材料表面含有丰富的-SO3H、-COOH和-OH等含氧官能团。 考察了所制备的复合材料对典型阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝及重金属离子的吸附能力,结果表明,该复合材料具有优异的吸附性能,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力达到活性炭的83.7%,对典型重金属离子的吸附能力优于市售活性炭。 所制备复合材料可作为活性炭的一种替代品,用于水中有机染料和重金属离子的吸附处理。     

Adsorption of Hazardous Azorhodanine Dye from an Aqueous Solution Using Rice Straw Fly Ash

The potential of using rice straw fly ash (RSFA) as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of hazardous azorhodanine (AR) dye from aqueous solution was investigated. The effects of different variables in the batch method as a function of solution pH, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent dosage, and temperature were investigated, and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained: 0.05 g for initial dye concentration of 20–100 mg/L at pH 2. The experimental equilibrium data were tested by the isotherm models, namely the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption and the isotherm constants were determined. The kinetic models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. The activation energy of adsorption was also evaluated and found to be +10.89 kJ.mol^?1, indicating that the adsorption is physisorption. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy of the ongoing adsorption process, have been calculated and found to be spontaneous and exothermic, respectively.     

Surface Behavior of Aminosulfonate Formaldehyde Condensates and Its Dispersion Effect on Cement Paste

The surface physicochemical properties of aminosulfonate formaldehyde condensates (ASP) and naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates (FDN) and the dispersion effect on cement paste were investigated. The results showed that these two superplastcizers could hardly reduce the surface tension of aqueous solution, and the surface activity and foam production was rather weak. The adsorption of ASP and FDN on the cement particles followed the Langmuir adsorption equation, characterized as monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorptive amount of ASP on the cement particles was 3.83 mg/g at 20°C, and the adsorption rate constant was 1.00 s^?1, which were less than those of FDN, respectively. The ζ potential of cement particles containing ASP was larger than that containing FDN, and the loss of ζ potential was much less. Study on the XPS spectrograms presented that, the thickness of adsorption layer of ASP on the cement particles was 7.26 nm, while that of FDN was 1.50 nm. It could be concluded that the electrostatic repulsion effect and steric repulsion effect of ASP were stronger than those of FDN, hence ASP had better dispersion effect and fluidity‐retaining ability on the cement paste. When the dosage of superplasticizer was 0.5 wt% of the cement, the fluidity of cement paste with adding ASP was 270 mm, while that with adding FDN was only 150 mm at a mass ratio of water to cement of 0.28. The residual fluidity of cement paste with adding ASP was 167 mm with 2.5 h elapsed at an initial fluidity of 200 mm, while that with adding FDN was only 101 mm.     

粉煤灰理化性质及改土增产效应研究

研究了粉煤灰的理化性质及改土增产效应。结果表明，粉煤灰颗粒以物理性砂粒为主，含有Ｓｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ、Ｂ等作物营养元素；施用粉煤灰能提高土壤物理性砂粒含量，增加土壤孔隙度，降低容量，对粘重土壤具有良好的改土效应。     

NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附行为研究

采用有序介孔硅为硬模板制备了具有不同孔径的有序介孔炭(OMCs). 氮气吸附测试表明, 有序介孔炭具有丰富的介孔表面和集中的介孔分布. 以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPE)为探针分子, 研究了大分子酚类在有序介孔炭上的吸附行为. 吸附研究表明, NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附满足Langmuir吸附模型. 孔结构分析表明, 大于1.5 nm的孔的表面积是决定NPE吸附量的关键因素, 而有序介孔炭的最可几孔径决定吸附速率的大小. 与吸附量相比, 吸附速率更容易受环境温度的影响. 动力学研究表明, NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附满足准二级动力学方程.     

Adsorption Behavior of Potassium Ion on Planting Materials

Characterization of planting materials used as adsorbent has been studied in order to compare potassium ion adsorption on two types of planting materials, which are a fired planting material （FPM） made from a mixture of 4 kinds of wastes （bottom ash, flue gas desulfurization （FGD） gypsum, paddy soil and sawdust） formed and fired at 850 ℃and the commercial planting material called ＂hydroball＂ （HDB） bought from Jatujak market, Bangkok. The physical characteristics of both types of planting materials indicate that the FPM has a larger specific surface area than the HDB. The factors affecting potassium adsorption on both the planting materials such as an equilibration time and some solid/solution ratios were investigated. The suitable equilibration time for the adsorption to reach an equilibrium on the FPM and HDB is one and two hours, respectively. The highest amounts of potassium ion adsorbed on both the planting materials were obtained when the solid/solution ratio was 1 ： 15. The adsorption behavior on both the planting materials tends to correspond with the Freundlich isotherm.     

NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附行为研究

采用有序介孔硅为硬模板制备了具有不同孔径的有序介孔炭(OMCs). 氮气吸附测试表明, 有序介孔炭具有丰富的介孔表面和集中的介孔分布. 以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPE)为探针分子, 研究了大分子酚类在有序介孔炭上的吸附行为. 吸附研究表明, NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附满足Langmuir吸附模型. 孔结构分析表明, 大于1.5 nm的孔的表面积是决定NPE吸附量的关键因素, 而有序介孔炭的最可几孔径决定吸附速率的大小. 与吸附量相比, 吸附速率更容易受环境温度的影响. 动力学研究表明, NPE在有序介孔炭上的吸附满足准二级动力学方程.     

Adsorption of Acid Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Calcined Alunite and Granular Activated Carbon

Dyestuff production units and dyeing units have always had a pressing need for techniques that allow economical pretreatment for color in the effluent. The effectiveness of adsorption for dye removal from wastewaters had made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. This paper deals with an investigation on alunite, existing wide reserves in Türkiye and in the world, for dye removal. Calcined alunite was utilized for this study and its performance evaluated against that of granular activated carbon (GAC). The use of calcined alunite for the removal of Acid Blue 40 and Acid Yellow 17 (AB 40 and AY 17) from aqueous solution at different calcination temperature and time, particle size, pH, agitation time and dye concentration has been investigated. The adsorption followed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The process follows first order adsorption rate expression and the rate constant was found to be 7.65 × 10^–2 and 5.74 × 10^–2 min^–1 for adsorption of AB 40 and AY 17 on calcined alunite, and 8.41 × 10^–2 and 10.04 × 10^–2 min^–1 for adsorption of AB 40 and AY 17 on GAC, respectively. The equilibrium saturation adsorption capacities were 212.8 mg dye/g calcined alunite and 151.5 mg dye/g calcined alunite for AB 40 and AY 17, respectively. The adsorption capacities were found to be 57.47 mg and 133.3 mg dye per g of GAC for AB 40 and AY 17, respectively. The results indicate that, for the removal of acid dye, calcined alunite was most effective adsorbent, although comparable dye removals were exhibited by GAC.     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution on High Lime Fly Ash: Kinetic,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies were performed for the batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on the high lime fly ash as a low cost adsorbent material. The studied operating variables were adsorbent amount, contact time, dye concentration, and temperature. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models and the adsorption kinetic was followed well by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms and the equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Freundlich and D–R isotherms. Based on these two isotherms MB is taken by chemical ion exchange and active sites on the high lime fly ash have different affinities to MB molecules. Various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH°), free energy change (ΔG°), and entropy change (ΔS°) were investigated. The positive value of ΔH° and negative value of ΔG° indicate that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS° shows the increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during the adsorption. A single-stage batch adsorber was also designed based on the Freundlich isotherm for the removal of MB by the high lime fly ash.     

Removal of Phenolic and Lignin Compounds from Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent by Fly Ash and Sepiolite

This study aimed to remove phenolic and lignin compounds from paper mill industry (4500 m³/h) wastewaters, which is discharged to sea from a plant located in the western Turkey. As adsorbent, fly ash, raw sepiolite and heat-activated sepiolite were used. The effect of factors such as, particle size, temperature and pH on adsorption process was investigated. From kinetic studies, equilibrium time was found as 1 h for both. The kinetic data supports pseudo-second order model but shows very poor fit for pseudo-first order model. Intraparticle model also shows that there are two separate stages in sorption process, namely, external diffusion and pore diffusion. Adsorption isotherms for fly ash and activated sepiolite were obtained at two different temperatures. From experiments carried out at different pHs, it was observed that pH plays an important role in the adsorption process in removing of both lignin and phenolic compounds, providing both ionizating the compounds and modifying sorbent surfaces. It was also observed that heat-activated sepiolite is more effective than raw sepiolite and fly ash to remove these compounds. Adsorption of lignin and phenolic compounds increases with decreasing particle size. In addition, the efficiency of adsorption decreases with increasing adsorption temperature for both fly ash and untreated sepiolite.     

催化光度法测定粉煤灰中微量钍

在pH2．0的HNO3介质中,痕量钍㈣对过氧化氢氧化苦胺酸偶氮变色酸(PAACA)的褪色反应有强的催化作用。加入乳化剂OP能提高其灵敏度,催化程度与钍（Ⅳ）量线性相关。借此建立了测定痕量钍（Ⅳ）的分光光度法。结果表明：有色溶液的最大吸收波长为545nm;方法检出限为0．80μg/L;线性范围为4.0～120μg／L,钍（Ⅳ）的标准加入回收率在98．5％～103．6％之间。结合PMBP-甲苯萃取分离,用于测定粉煤灰中的微量钍,结果满意。     

粉煤灰硫酸浸出液中钛和铁的萃取分离

将粉煤灰的硫酸浸出液,用氨水调节pH值后,用三正辛基氧膦-煤油、磷酸二异辛酯-煤油萃取分离溶液中的Ti4+和Fe3+。 考察了萃取剂、水相阳离子浓度、pH值及萃取温度和时间等实验条件对萃取率的影响;讨论了萃取剂再生条件对提取率及分离产物纯度的影响。 用XRD表征了反萃取煅烧产物的物相组成,用X射线荧光分析测定了煅烧产物TiO2和Fe2O3的纯度。 分析结果表明,钛的萃取率达到97%,提取率＞92%;铁的萃取率达到97%,提取率达到96%;TiO2 和Fe2O3的纯度分别为98%和97%,均可以用作涂料的颜料。     

空心微珠表面化学镀Ni-Co-P合金

以无机非金属粉煤灰空心微珠为芯材, 利用化学镀工艺对其表面进行金属化改性, 可以得到表面完整包覆的导电粉体, 该粉体具有中空, 质轻, 粒度细, 高强度, 耐高温, 导电性能好等多种优异性能, 可部分代替金属和铁氧体微粉作为电磁波吸收剂. 采用SnCl2和PdCl2进行敏化-活化处理后, 在空心微珠表面化学包覆Ni-Co-P合金层, 利用XRD、EDS、SEM和镶嵌金相等方法对样品进行形貌观察和分析表征, 结果表明, 使用PdCl2作活化剂可以得到优质均匀的Ni-Co-P合金镀层, 镀层光亮, 均匀, 包覆完整. 化学镀后镀层呈非晶态, 450 ℃氢气气氛下热处理后出现结晶相Ni3P和六方晶系的α-Co单质.     

催化-分光光度法测定粉煤灰中痕量镍(Ⅱ)

在pH 5 .0的醋酸 醋酸钠缓冲体系中 ,痕量镍 (Ⅱ )对过氧化氢氧化水杨醛肟 (SAO)的显色反应具有催化作用 ,显色程度与Ni(Ⅱ )量在一定范围内呈线性关系。借此建立了一种测定痕量Ni(Ⅱ )的催化光度法。结果表明 :有色溶液的最大吸收波长为 410nm ;方法检出限为 1.6× 10 - 8g/L ;线性范围为 0 .0～ 0 .0 2 5mg/L。本法结合 2 羟基 4 仲辛氧基二苯甲酮肟萃取分离 ,已用于粉煤灰中痕量镍的测定 ,获得满意结果     

活性炭的zeta电位对各种染料吸附的影响3．活性炭对阴离子染料洋红的吸附

测定了在不同pH下活性炭吸附阴离子染料洋红的变化规律,发现活性炭表面的电位(ζ对洋红吸附量的影响起着重要作用.当溶液pH小于活性炭的零电位pH(pHZPC=6.2)时,活性炭表面带正电,它对洋红阴离子具有静电引力,而当pH增大时活性炭的ζ电位下降,静电引力减弱,使得吸附量下降;另一方面由于洋红变色(pH3.5橙色,～pH6.8玫瑰红)后,洋红的溶解度增大,所以导致吸附量很快下降并趋于零.通过活性炭对洋红在不同pH下的吸附动力学和吸附热力学参数的估算,进一步揭示了活性炭在不同pH下对洋红的吸附机理.     

HG-AFS测定垃圾焚烧炉烟道气中锑的形态

以某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧炉产生的烟道气为研究对象,采用酒石酸提取,对烟道气中sb形态进行了分析,用HG-AFS分别测出样品中Sb（Ⅲ）和总Sb的量,差减法得到Sb（V）的量。结果表明,sb（Ⅲ）和总sb检出限分别为0．13μg／L和0．11μg/L,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=11）分别为5．8％和6．3％,加标回收率在84．8％-113％。     

An evaluation of coal fly ash as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Abstract

In this study the effect of the dose and particle size of the adsorbent, initial dye concentration, initial pH, contact time and temperature were investigated for the removal of by means of fly ash (FA) methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution. The FA dose was found to be 2.0?g and the under 270 mesh sized particles were found to be effective particles for adsorption. The adsorption process reached its maximum value at 0.5?mg/L dye concentration and attained equilibrium within 10?minutes. The adsorption isotherm was found to follow the Langmuir model. The estimated adsorption free energy (ΔG^o), enthalpy change (ΔH^o), and entropy change (ΔS^o) for the adsorption process were ?37.77?kJ mol^?1, ?13.44?kJ mol^?1 and 122 J mol^?1 K^?1 respectively at 298 K. The maximum adsorption capacity is 0,12?mg g^?1 at 298 K and 0,07?mg g^?1 at 398 K. The adsorption process was exothermic, feasible and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS^o shows the affinity of FA for MB while the low value of ΔG^o suggests a physical adsorption process.     

Characterization of Oil Fly Ash Particles by Electron Probe Microanalysis

Abstract

An automated electron microprobe was used to characterize more than 25000 fly ash particles with diameters between 1μm and 200μm, which were collected in two fractions from the stack of an oil fired power plant under two different burning conditions. Sample preparation procedures were developed to insure a quantitative particle transfer from the collection container to a Nuclepore filter and the automated localization of the carbonaceous particles in the backscattered electron image was optimized. Size distributions were measured and the results were interpreted in terms of the burning conditions of the power plant.