EVALUATION OF TEXTILE DETERGENT EFFICIENCY OF MICROEMULSIONS IN SYSTEMS OF WATER NONIONIC SURFACTANT AND HYDROCARBON AT LOW TEMPERATURE

Washing efficiency of microemulsions in water/nonionic surfactant/hydrocarbon systems has been evaluated. Such microemulsions have proved to have an excellent performance as cleaning systems in conditions of minimum mechanical energy and at low temperatures. Their behaviour in the presence of small amounts of an ionic surfactant as well as the modifications promoted by the presence of builders have also been investigated.     

氧化还原低温引发MMA/BA超浓乳液薄层共聚合的研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯(MMA-BA)作为混合单体、以乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和共乳化剂十六烷醇(CA)作为复合乳化剂体系、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为液膜增强剂,制备了稳定的超浓乳液.以过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)和N,N′-二甲基苯胺(DMA)为氧化还原引发体系,用一种新的超浓乳液薄层技术,在较低温度下引发共聚合.探讨了液膜增强剂种类和聚合环境对聚合稳定性影响;研究了薄层厚度,薄层面积,聚合温度和加热方式对体系(包括单体和水)挥发性和转化率的影响.比较了薄层和试管聚合的速率.用透射电子显微镜观察了水浴与烘箱加热方式下聚合物乳胶粒的形态,得到了在水浴中反应后的聚合物粒子平均粒径和分散度都减小的结果.     

STUDY ON ACTIVITY OF CATALYSTS FOR HYDROLYSIS OF CARBON DISULFIDE AT LOW TEMPERATURE

lntroductionCS2,oneoforganicsulfurcompounds,existsinClauseeffiuent,petroleum,nauralgas,andvariousrawgasesmadefromcoal.TraceofCS2cangreatlyreducethecatalghcactivityardlifetimeofsomecatalystsaPpliedindownstreamprocesses,suchasthesynthesesofmethanol,arYunoniaandurea.TherearemmpsmallandmediumsizechemicalplantsinChina.Usingcoalasthcmainrawmaterialtoproducesynthesisgashasbecomeabasicpointoflong4ermpolicyforthoseplants.TheelednationofsulfurcomPoundsfromthesynthesisgas,however,isoneofthemainproble…     

镉-氧化汞电池低温放电电压滞后现象的研究

镉-氧化汞扣式碱性电池在低温(如-40℃)放电时有较严重的电压滞后现象.此种滞后现象是由氧化汞电极所产生的.本工作应用恒电流和动态恒电位等极化方法研究氧化汞电极的电极反应.氧化汞电极的滞后电压随温度升高而减小,随放电率的增高而增大,且能达最大值.此最大滞后电压几与温度无关,但与电极中所含导电材料的性质有关.例如,使用银粉作为导电材料时所测得的最大滞后电压约为40毫伏,而镍粉则约为140毫伏.电池中的电毛细活性杂质会加重电压滞后现象.例如,若在电池中使用化学稳定性较差的隔膜,则其电压滞后现象会因电池搁置时间的增长而更为严重.上述电压滞后现象是由于氧化汞电极在阴极还原时的新相形成超电努所造成的,最大滞后电压即相当于形成最小生长核心时的新相形成超电势.     

PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE KINETICS IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS AT LOW TEMPERATURE

Abstract— At 77 K the fluorescence from spinach chloroplasts excited using picosecond mode-locked laser pulses at 620 nm is made up of 5 separate kinetic components. Three of these are predominant at short wavelengths. between 650 and 690 nm, and they appear to correspond to the 3 decay phases seen at room temperature. The 2 new components. a 100 ps rise and a 3000 ps decay, characterize the longer (730–770 nm) wavelength fluorescence. The temperature dependence of the kinetic components of the long wavelength fluorescence shows that the 3000 ps decay accounts for essentially all of the large increase in fluorescence yield observed at low temperature. Furthermore, it appears that this increase does not result entirely from an increase in the fluorescence lifetime, as has been proposed. The dependences of these 2 new components (the 100 ps rise and 3000 ps decay) on emission wavelength and temperature are similar enough to suggest they have a common origin, presumably the chlorophyll pigment component C705. The amplitudes (yield/lifetime) of these 2 phases are approximately equal, and they are opposite in sign. Thus. we see evidence of time-resolved excitation transfer from those pigment molecules that absorb the 620 nm radiation to those that give rise to the long wavelength fluorescence at low temperature.     

低煤化度煤低温热解脱氧后结构的变化

采用低温热解脱氧方法对低煤化度煤中含氧官能团化学活性进行了系列研究,测定了ＦＴＩＲ、１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ及比表面积和孔径分布。得出了煤中含氧官能团的化学活性顺序,并发现低温热解脱氧的同时,煤分子中的Ｏ重新分布,Ｈ分布、Ｃ分布及孔径分布的变化,是低温热解导致煤分子改性的原因所在     

甲烷在含有氧缺陷的钙钛矿型复合氧化物上的低温加压氧化偶联反应

用Ｍｇ＾２＋部分置换ＳｒＴｉＯ３中的Ｔｉ＾４＋，由于Ｍｇ＾２＋与Ｔｉ＾４＋的电荷差异而在晶格中生成了氧缺陷，通过氧缺陷上吸附的活性氧物种，在低于６００℃温度范围内甲烷可以进行氧化偶联反应。由于吸附的活性氧物种随着反应的进行被消耗掉的同时，生成的水吸附在氧缺陷中抑制了气相氧的吸附。当提高反应压力时，氧缺陷中吸附的氧物种不断补充，使甲烷的氧化偶联反应可以进行。     

低温辐射聚合制备聚合物药的慢释放研究

本文研究了低温辐射慢释放药的单体配比、药物含量及辐射刺量对药物释放速率的影响。结果表明,增加疏水性单体MMA,可以有效地控制大分子量药物消炎痛的释放速率;增加MMA及EDGMA,可以有效地控制小分子量药物5-Fu的释放速率;增加5-Fu的比例,可以降低5-Fu的释放速率;随辐照剂量的增加,聚合物药中5-Fu的释放量降低,二者之间成正比关系。     

X-射线衍射法研究稀土顺-1,4-聚丁二烯低温结晶动力学

本文用广角X-射线衍射法(WAXD)研究了稀土催化聚合顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(Ln-PB)低温下分子量和温度对结晶过程的影响.随着分子量的改变,结晶速度在M_η=8×10~5左右有一极小值;在M_η=29×10~5左右有一极大值.最大结晶速度发生在T_(c,max)=-60～-70℃之间.最大平衡结晶度值,在M_η大于10~6以上与分子量无关,而最大平衡结晶度值所对应的温度与M_η呈线性关系.随着温度上升,晶胞参数略有增大.Ln-PB主级结晶属于非均相成核,以原纤状和盘状混合生长.     

ON THE ORIGIN OF LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOLUMINESCENCE IN NUCLEIC ACID BASES: EXCITATION AND EMISSION SPECTRAL STUDIES

Abstract. Thermoluminescence excitation spectra of adenine, guanine, thymine and 1,3-dimethyluracil were observed to be similar to their phosphorescence excitation spectra. Intensity dependence studies of thermoluminescence induced by ultraviolet light suggest that thermoluminescence could not be due to biphotonic ionisation of the molecule by UV. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the fluorescence component observed in thermoluminescence of some compounds may not be due to triplet-triplet fusion. Further, phosphorescence and thermoluminescence measurements following excitation with monochromatic light at very low intensities and short durations have shown for both a linear dependence on excitation intensity. It thus appears that direct entry of the electrons from the traps into the singlet manifold is necessary for explaining the fluorescence component of thermoluminescence.     

LOW TEMPERATURE FTIR STUDIES OF THE PROTONATION OF A RETINYLIDENE SCHIFF BASE

Abstract— This note supplements the paper by Badilescu et al. (1989) [ Photochem. Photobiol. 49 , 313-318]. Low temperature solution spectra of 1: 2 and 2: 1 mixtures of trans -retinylidene-tertbutylamine and propanoic acid are presented. The results show that the degree of protonation is both temperature and concentration dependent.     

LOW TEMPERATURE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM STUDIES: LIGHT-INDUCED PIGMENT CHANGES IN PORPHYRIDIUM CULTURES

Abstract— A single-beam spectrophotometer with a low-temperature sample chamber has been built. An automatic mechanical device gives a suitable baseline and allows very reproducible absorption spectra to be obtained. The red alga Porphyridium grown, during a few days, under high-intensity monochromatic light, showed a decrease in the amount of chlorophyll a forms directly or indirectly excited. Furthermore, a 585 nm absorption band is observed in red algae such as Porphyridium, Rhodymenia and Calliblepharis. This 585 nm band is labile to many damaging agents.     

QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RHODOPSIN AND RELATED PIGMENTS

Abstract— Rhodopsin, the isomeric pigments formed from 9- cis - and 9, 13- dicis -retinal, and the synthetic pigments formed from 9- cis - and 11- cis -14-methylretinal were irradiated with 490 nm light at -196C. Absorption spectral changes indicate that a distinguishable bathorhodopsin type intermediate may be formed for each pigment. The bathorhodopsin intermediates of the 9- cis pigments have band maxima hypsochromically shifted by4–5 nm compared to their corresponding rhodopsins. The bathorhodopsin type intermediate formed upon irradiation of 9, 13- dicis -rhodopsin has an absorption that maximizes 6 nm shorter than that of rhodopsin. Band maxima of the bathorhodopsin intermediates of the 14-methylrhodopsins are bathochromatically shifted ca. 8 nm compared to their corresponding rhodopsins.     

耐高温室温硫化氟硅橡胶

采用原硅酸乙酯和硅氮聚合物（ＫＨ ＣＬ） 为交联剂制备了两种室温硫化氟硅橡胶,通过ＴＧ、ＩＧＡ 以及测定溶胶量等方法研究了两种氟硅橡胶在氮气下的降解动力学,并分别求出了降解速率和活化能．通过对比两种氟硅橡胶的热稳定性,阐述了硅氮交联剂对于提高氟硅橡胶热稳定性的作用机理．     

低温等离子体处理天然纤维的ESR研究

低温等离子体表面改质技术,近年来在纤维加工领域的应用引起广泛注目。纤维、高分子材料经低温等离子体处理,在纤维基质中生成自由基。这些自由基同活性原子团一样,其中不稳定的自由基迅速重新结合,而稳定的自由基就残留在纤维基质中。本文研究了天然纤维棉、麻、羊毛和蚕丝分别在O_2、N_2、Ar、CO及CF_4气体中的低温等离子体表面改质处理,用ESR光谱测定了纤维基质中生成的自由基的相对强度,并讨论了热处理对自由基稳定性的影响。     

低密度脂蛋白结构研究进展

本文对低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的形成、结构做了简单概述。LDL是由极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）演化而成,对于其结构,目前为人们普遍接受的是乳状液颗粒模型。作为LDL中的主要载脂蛋白apoB-100,其一级结构已经为人们所知,而高级结构的研究也得出了不少有益的结论。此外,本文还对LDL上受体结合部位和LDL受体上LDL结合部位等方面做了简单叙述。     

PHYTOCHROME INTERMEDIATES IN VIVO– III KINETIC ANALYSIS OF INTERMEDIATE REACTIONS AT LOW TEMPERATURE

Abstract— Kinetic experiments have provided evidence for a series of light and dark reactions of phytochrome intermediates at low temperature in Pisum epicotyl tissue. A photoequilibrium exists between P_r and P₆₉₈, and between P_fr and P₆₅₀. A dark reversion of P₆₉₈P_r and P₆₅₀p_fr at –70°C has been demonstrated. When cooled to 70°C under incandescent light, most of the phytochrome in the tissue is driven into photochemically unreactive intermediates. About 2% of the phytochrome remains as weakly absorbing intermediates that form P_r and P_fr in darkness. A scheme is presented for phytochrome phototransformation in vivo.     

CaCl2的高温稳定性试验研究

在燃煤造成的特殊污染物中，有关HCl等无机污染物的排放已经成为一个前沿的新热点研究领域。燃煤过程中钙基固氯剂燃烧固氯的最终产物CaCl2，其高温稳定特性对固氯效率有重要影响。本文在固定床反应器上采用气态氯化物直接吸收分析法，对CaCl2晶体粉末在干燥大气和饱和大气下的高温稳定性进行了实验研究。结果表明，在高温条件下CaCl2发生水解反应，水解反应起始温度在700 ℃左右，水解率随燃烧温度和停留时间的增加而增加，空气中水蒸气含量对水解率有显著影响。动力学计算表明在700℃～1300℃温度范围内CaCl2水解反应为二级反应，随温度变化反应机理有所不同，600℃～1000℃和1000℃～1300℃两个温度段的反应活化能分别为E=37.82 kJ/mol和E=18.13 kJ/mol。研究结果对燃煤过程中高温高效燃烧钙基固氯剂的开发有指导意义。