A Thermodynamic Analysis of Ion Adsorption in the Metal Oxide/Electrolyte Systems in which PZC and CIP do not Coincide

A theoretical-numerical analysis of two adsorption systems composed of the same kind of oxide- TiO₂, and of two different electrolytes, NaCl and CsCl is presented. For one kind of the electrolyte (NaCl), PZC and CIP coincide, whereas they are different for the other (CsCl) electrolyte. The analysis is carried out by applying the popular TLM model, and by drawing formal-mathematical consequences of CIP existence in both kinds of adsorption systems. The values of the adsorption parameters are found by fitting simultaneously the obtained theoretical expressions to both experimental titration isotherms, and to the individual isotherms of cation adsorption measured using radiometric methods. That theoretical-numerical analysis suggests, that the inequality PZC (pK ^int _a1 + pK ^int _a2) may be a general feature of the oxide/electrolyte systems including the systems in which PZC and CIP coincide.     

Effect of the Supporting Electrolyte on the Adsorption of Octanoic Acid at the Mercury/Electrolyte Interface

The adsorption and the changes in the interfacial composition of octanoic acid at the mercury/electrolyte interface was studied by measuring the differential capacitance at different concentrations of the supporting electrolyte, at various supporting electrolyte systems and at various temperatures. The adsorption was followed by means of capacity-potential curves in the short-term region and capacity-time transients in the long-term region at selected potentials, in all the potential ranges. A decrease of the capacitance with time was observed in most cases, followed either by a constant capacitance value or by its increase. In the short-term region, anion-surfactant complexes are formed, where the anions act as bridges between the perpendicularly oriented surfactant molecules. The larger is the negative charge of the anion, the more negative will be the charge of the anion-surfactant complex leading to a shift of the potential of maximal adsorption to more positive values. The formation of metastable condensed films is best when the hydration of the anion and its size are not too large. In the long-term region the observed increase of the capacity with time can be explained as an exchange of the metastable condensed film by a hemimicellar surface state. Here, the anions act as cores of the hemimicelles, and the hydrophilic acid groups of the amphiphiles contact the solution. Two contrary effects determine the formation of the hemimicelles. The greater is the specific adsorption of the anions, the larger is the formation of hemimicelles and the increase of the capacity. With an increase in the ability of the anions to break the water structure (lyotropic or Hofmeister series), the formation of hemimicelles will be decreased. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

表面电荷及外电场对液固界面热阻的影响

采用非平衡分子动力学方法模拟了外电场及固体表面电荷对水与固体间界面热阻的影响. 结果表明,外加电场平行于界面时, 其对界面热阻几乎没有影响, 而垂直于界面时, 界面热阻将随着电场强度的增大而减小. 壁面带正电荷或负电荷都将使得界面热阻减小. 界面热阻与表面电荷密度及电场强度均满足二次函数关系. 模拟结果表明施加外电场和表面电荷是控制液固界面热阻的有效方法.     

Adsorption of Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromides at the Various Interfaces

The adsorption of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide homologues has been studied at oil/water and air/water interfaces. Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and hexadecyltrimethylammomium bromide were used. As an oil phase the aliphatic hydrocarbons of the same chain length as that of surfactants molecules were used. The interfacial tension was measured by the drop volume method and the equilibrium values were received. The surface tension was measured by the drop weight method. The values of surface excess Gamma were calculated from the Gibbs equation. The experimental results were tested by the Langmuir isotherm as well as by the isotherm developed by E. Blomgren and J. O'M. Bockris (J. Phys. Chem. 63, 1475 (1959)). Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

甲醇在氧化锌表面吸附的研究

摘要用原位红外和脉冲实验研究了甲醇在氧化锌表面的吸附行为. FTIR结果表明, 甲醇吸附于氧化锌上易生成甲氧基, 且其生成量随着吸附温度的提高而增加. 进一步的研究结果表明, 甲氧基是由甲醇同氧化锌表面的羟基反应生成的, 将其暴露于水蒸汽中后很快消失. 脉冲实验发现, 氧化锌上脉冲甲醇时产生水, 再脉冲水则产生甲醇. 因此甲醇在氧化锌表面吸附生成甲氧基和水的反应是可逆的.     

Formal Mathematical Analysis of the Existence of the Common Intersection Point in Relation to Determining the Parameters Describing Ion Adsorption at the Oxide/Electrolyte Interface: Comparison of the Triple and Four-Layer Models

For most oxide/electrolyte systems potentiometric titration curves measured for different ionic strengths have a Common Intersection Point (CIP) which corresponds to the Point of Zero Charge (PZC). However, there are systems where a CIP exists but the surface charge at this point does not equal zero (PZC CIP). In this paper theoretical analysis of the systems in which the PZC and CIP do not coincide is presented. It is based on the well-known 2-pK surface charging approach and Triple Layer Model (TLM) as well as the Four Layer Model (FLM) of the electric double layer. The appropriate mathematical criterion for CIP existence was applied with detailed derivations, both for TLM and FLM. Having determined in this manner the parameter values, one can draw proper conclusions about the features of oxide/electrolyte adsorption systems, in which PZC and CIP do not coincide. The values of adsorption parameters are found by fitting simultaneously the obtained theoretical expressions to both of the experimental titration isotherms, and to the individual isotherms of electrolyte cation adsorption measured using radiometric methods.     

How Water Accelerates Bivalent Ion Diffusion at the Electrolyte/Electrode Interface

The effect of H₂O in electrolytes and in electrode lattices on the thermodynamics and kinetics of reversible multivalent‐ion intercalation chemistry based on a model platform of layered VOPO₄ has been investigated. The presence of H₂O at the electrolyte/electrode interface plays a key role in assisting Zn²⁺ diffusion from electrolyte to the surface, while H₂O in the lattice structure alters the working potential. More importantly, a dynamic equilibrium between bulk electrode and electrolyte is eventually reached for H₂O transport during the charge/discharge cycles, with the water activity serving as the key parameter determining the direction of water movement and the cycling stability.     

Influence of Surfactants Synergism on the Adsorption Behavior at Air/Water and Solid/Water Interfaces

The influence of synergistic interaction between sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide (DDAO) on their adsorption at air/water and solid/water interfaces at 20°C is investigated. The critical micelle concentration values obtained from surface tension measurements indicated strong synergism between SDS and DDAO, according to regular solution model. The excess surface concentration (Γ) and the minimum occupied area by single and mixed surfactant monomers (A_min) at liquid/air interface were also calculated. The adsorption onto the activated charcoal and silica was then measured to find out the correlation between surfactant synergism and their adsorption at solid/water interface. The amounts of surfactant adsorbed onto 1 wt% activated charcoal follow the trend: SDS/DDAO > DDAO > SDS. SDS molecules do not adsorb onto 5 wt% silica substrate, while SDS/DDAO mixed system was found to have the highest adsorption behavior. The obtained indicate that SDS can be removed from water by mixing it with amphoteric surfactant.     

Studies on the Anode/Electrolyte Interfacein Lithium Ion Batteries

Summary.  Rechargeable lithium ion cells operate at voltages of 3.5–4.5 V, which is far beyond the thermodynamic stability window of the battery electrolyte. Strong electrolyte reduction and anode corrosion has to be anticipated, leading to irreversible loss of electroactive material and electrolyte and thus strongly deteriorating cell performance. To minimize these reactions, anode and electrolyte components have to be combined that induce the electrolyte reduction products to form an effectively protecting film at the anode/electrolyte interface, which hinders further electrolyte decomposition reactions, but acts as membrane for the lithium cations, i.e. behaving as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This paper focuses on important aspects of the SEI. By using key examples, the effects of film forming electrolyte additives and the change of the active anode material from carbons to lithium storage alloys are highlighted. Received May 30, 2000. Accepted June 14, 2000     

聚苯胺修饰超微盘电极上镉(Ⅱ)的表面络合吸附波

用直径7 μm的碳纤维组合成超微圆盘电极,以聚苯胺修饰电级.以阶梯扫描法、循环伏安法、双阶跃计时电量法和交流阻抗法等,研究了Cd2＋在该电极上的表面络合吸附特性和电极过程.在循环伏安图上出现两个还原峰,实验和理论都证明,由于电极表面的聚苯胺对Cd2＋的特性吸附,形成电活性的表面吸附态络合物.因此,这种表面络合物首先被还原,形成峰电位－0.90 V处的表面络合吸附波,还原峰电位比Cd2＋直接还原电位（－0.98 V）正移,循环反扫时,氧化波无峰形.根据实验数据推测了电极过程的反应机理,证实该还原波具有扩散和表面反应同时控制的表面络合吸附波的特性.理论计算与实验基本一致,并求得了表面吸附态配合物的形成常数、吸附量和表面络合反应的动力学参数.实验还证实,在峰电位－1.06 V 处的还原波,是Cd2＋的表面吸附还原态诱导而产生的催化氢波.     

Gibbs吸附公式在固-气和固-液界面吸附中的应用

Gibbs吸附公式本适用于各种界面的吸附研究 ,但由于有固体参与形成的界面界面能测定困难 ,至今Gibbs公式多只用于气 液界面的研究。本文讨论了Gibbs吸附公式在固 气和固 液界面吸附研究中的应用 ,主要是介绍将Gibbs公式与二维气体状态方程结合导出吸附等温式 ,因吸附而引起的固 气和固 液界面能变化规律 ,以及吸附过程中分子状态变化的有关信息     

表面增强红外光谱电化学揭示电极-电解质界面处的抗衡离子效应

选用4种中性电化学反应体系中常用的电解质,利用表面增强红外吸收光谱电化学技术结合振动斯塔克效应对电极-电解质溶液界面处特殊的抗衡离子效应进行谱学-电化学表征.应用不同分子长度的振动斯塔克探针,揭示了阴离子作为抗衡离子,因与电极表面相互作用强度的差异而在双电层中具有不同的浓度分布,进而对界面局域电场产生不同的屏蔽效应.与...     

Sorption of Cations and Anions from a Binary Electrolyte at Uncharged Electrode Surface: Comparing the Monolayer and Two-Layer Adsorption Models

Equations for calculating coverage and decrease in the surface tension during co-adsorption of cations and anions (CA) on an uncharged interface from a binary electrolyte with concentration c are derived. The equations are valid if electric centers of CA are localized in two parallel layers. The vs. lnc curves, computed within this model and a model for co-adsorption in a common layer are compared. The vs. lnc curves, calculated within either model to an accuracy substantially exceeding experimental accuracy, may be formally described with an equation of the Frumkin isotherm for neutral molecules and a corresponding equation for . The link of effective parameters of the Frumkin isotherm with the adsorption parameters of mixed adsorption isotherms of CA depends on the model.     

Theoretical Study on the Aggregation and Adsorption Behaviors of Anticancer Drug Molecules on Graphene/Graphene Oxide Surface

Graphene and its derivatives are frequently used in cancer therapy, and there has been widespread interest in improving the therapeutic efficiency of targeted drugs. In this paper, the geometrical structure and electronic effects of anastrozole(Anas), camptothecin(CPT), gefitinib (Gefi), and resveratrol (Res) on graphene and graphene oxide(GO) were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Meanwhile, we explored and compared the adsorption process between graphene/GO and four drug molecules, as well as the adsorption sites between carriers and payloads. In addition, we calculated the interaction forces between four drug molecules and graphene. We believe that this work will contribute to deepening the understanding of the loading behaviors of anticancer drugs onto nanomaterials and their interaction.     

Sulfate/Bisulfate Adsorption at the Pt(111) Surface

The cyclic voltammograms of Pt(111) electrode in sulfuric acid solutions display an anomalous wave and a unique butterfly peak. Extensive studies have been made to investigate these unique features since the advent of the flame annealing technique in 1980^[1]. Yet, the assignment of these features to sulfate^[2] or bisulfate^[3] adsorption is still full of controversy and no conclusive evidence has been reported in the literature.     

Adsorption of Ions on the Surface of Tin Dioxide and Its Electrokinetic Characteristics in 1 : 1 Electrolyte Solutions

Adsorption and electrokinetic characteristics of tin dioxide (cassiterite) are studied as a function of pH in aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions. The dissociation constants of surface groups, formation constants of ion pairs, and the adsorption potentials of ions are calculated in terms of the 2-pK model; capacities and potentials of the electrical double layer are determined; the dissociation degree of surface groups in the point of zero charge and in the isoelectric point are also estimated. It is shown that the 2-pK model in combination with the Graham model can be applied in the studied systems for describing the experimental results.     

钾离子影响下凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面吸附行为的研究

FAM荧光基团标记的凝血酶适配子通过π-π相互作用、疏水作用等分子间相互作用力与氧化石墨烯(GO)结合;通过向反应体系中加入0~50mmol/L K~+,使用荧光分光光度计记录FAM基团的荧光变化,研究凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面的吸附行为。不存在K~+时,凝血酶适配子以单链形式吸附在氧化石墨烯表面;随着K~+的加入,凝血酶适配子形成G-四聚体结构,脱离氧化石墨烯表面;当K~+浓度从0mmol/L增加到50mmol/L,K~+屏蔽G-四聚体与氧化石墨烯之间的静电斥力,凝血酶适配子重新吸附到氧化石墨烯表面。研究结果证实,K~+影响下,凝血酶适配子在氧化石墨烯表面存在吸附-解吸-再吸附过程。