共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Summary Computer-assisted procedures for the one-parameter optimization of the surfactant concentration and the concentration of urea or D-glucose as modifiers in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography have been developed. These procedures permit a rapid optimization of one parameter on the basis of only two experiments. Predicted values are compared to empirically obtained optimum values. The influence of the modifier concentration on the critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was experimentally determined in buffers commonly employed in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The alteration of retention factors of solutes caused by the influence of urea addition on the critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was calculated under the assumption of constant distribution coefficients and compared to experimentally obtained values. It was demonstrated that the addition of urea or of D-glucose does not alter the phase ratio substantially. 相似文献
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Ma JH Guo C Tang YL Chen L Bahadur P Liu HZ 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2007,111(19):5155-5161
Solution 1H NMR techniques were used to characterize the interaction of urea with poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymers. The urea was established to interact selectively with the PEO blocks of the block copolymer, and the interaction sites were found not to change with increasing temperature. Such interactions influence the self-assembly properties of the block copolymer in solution by increasing the hydration of the block copolymers and stabilizing the gauche conformation of the PPO chain. Therefore, urea increases the critical micellization temperature (CMT) values of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers, and the effect of urea on the CMT is more pronounced for copolymers with higher PEO contents and lower for those with increased contents of PPO segments. 相似文献
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The interaction between poly(methymethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied indilute urea solutions of dimethylformamide (DMF) at 28℃ using a dilute solution viscometry method. The results show thatthe polymer mixtures are compatible in DMF solution in the absence of urea. The influence of urea addition on the degree ofcompatibility of the polymer mixtures has been studied in terms of the compatibility parameters (△b_m and △[η]_m). It wasfound that the compatibility of the polymer mixtures is decreased with increasing urea addition, passing through a minimumat 0.5 M urea. 相似文献
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The influence of osmolytes urea and trimethylamine- N-oxide (TMAO) on hydrophobic interactions is investigated employing molecular dynamics simulations. These osmolytes are of interest because of their opposing influence on proteins in solution; the denaturing effect of urea can be countered with TMAO. A neopentane pair is used to model typical nonpolar entities. Binary water-urea and water-TMAO as well as ternary water-urea-TMAO systems are considered. Neopentane-neopentane potentials of mean force, neopentane-water, and neopentane-osmolyte distribution functions are reported. Urea is found to have only modest influence on the neopentane-neopentane potential of mean force, but the hydrophobic attraction is completely destroyed by the presence of TMAO. It is shown that TMAO tends to act as a simple "surfactant" displacing water and urea (if it is present) from the first solvation shell of neopentane. It is likely the surfactant-like influence of TMAO that accounts for the elimination of the hydrophobic attraction. The implications of our results for explanations of the action of TMAO in protein solutions are discussed. 相似文献
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溶剂法合成对甲苯甲腈 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对甲苯甲腈是很重要的有机合成中间体,被广泛地应用在药物、染料及其它精细化工产品的合成上。它的主要合成方法有重氮盐的Sandmeyer 反应法^[1],醛肟脱水法^[2]和羧酸脱水法^[3,4]等。从工艺的可行性和经济角度来考虑,由对甲苯甲酸脱水(熔融法)直接制备对甲苯甲腈较为合理,但该法反应物升华严重,升华物易造成管道堵塞,给实际操作带来极大的不便。近年来廖道华等^[5]提出了溶剂法由羧酸直接合成腈的方法,该法与熔融法相比,产品收率高,工艺条件也得到了改善。本文研究对甲苯甲酸在溶剂中同尿素反应制备对甲苯甲腈的工艺条件,与熔融法相比,该方法所得产品收率高,工艺条件也得到了改善,易于工业化生产,值得推广。 相似文献
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A convenient and fast method for quantifying urea in biofluids is demonstrated using NMR analysis and the solvent water signal as a concentration reference. The urea concentration can be accurately determined with errors less than 3% between 1 mM and 50 mM, and less than 2% above 50 mM in urine and serum. The method is promising for various applications with advantages of simplicity, high accuracy, and fast non-destructive detection. With an ability to measure other metabolites simultaneously, this NMR method is also likely to find applications in metabolic profiling and system biology. 相似文献
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Wieboldt R Ramesh D Jabri E Karplus PA Carpenter BK Hess GP 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(25):8827-8831
We present here the synthesis and characterization of four photolabile derivatives of urea in which alpha-substituted 2-nitrobenzyl groups are covalently attached to the urea nitrogen. These derivatives photolyze readily in aqueous solution to release free urea. The alpha-substituents of the 2-nitrobenzyl group strongly influence the rate of the photolysis reaction measured with transient absorption spectroscopy. Rates of photolysis at pH 7.5 and room temperature (approximately 22 degrees C) for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-carboxymethyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea are, respectively, 1.7 x 10(4), 8.5 x 10(4), 4.0 x 10(4), and 1.1 x 10(5) s(-)(1). The quantum yields determined by measurement of free urea following irradiation by a single laser pulse at 308 nm were 0.81 for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, 0.64 for N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and 0.56 for N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea. The caged N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea is not a substrate of the enzyme urease, while the photolytically released urea is. Also, neither this caged urea nor its photolytic side products inhibit hydrolysis of free urea by urease. Thus, the alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl derivative of urea is suitable for mechanistic investigations of the enzyme urease. 相似文献
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尿素/H2O2溶液同时脱硫脱硝机理研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在填料塔上对尿素/H2O2溶液同时脱硫脱硝进行了实验研究。结果表明,尿素溶液对SO2具有很高的去除效率,但对NOx的去除受到多种因素的影响。实验主要研究了H2O2浓度、吸收反应温度、溶液pH值等因素对脱硝效率的影响,并确定了最佳实验条件,在此条件下脱硫脱硝效率分别达到100%和52.6%。同时,采用化学分析法和气相色谱法对尿素溶液同时脱硫脱硝的反应产物进行分析,推导出尿素/H2O2溶液同时脱硫脱硝的反应机理和总化学反应方程式。该技术可用于对现有湿法脱硫技术的改造,使其同时具有脱硫脱硝功能。 相似文献
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Yingying Liu Xiaojin Tu Xiaoxiao Wei Dongdong Wang Xiaoran Zhang Wei Chen Chen Chen Shuangyin Wang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(19):e202300387
The electrocatalytic C−N coupling from carbon dioxide and nitrate under ambient conditions is kind of sustainable and promising alternative method for urea synthesis. To date, the influence of catalyst surface properties on molecular adsorption configuration and electrocatalytic urea synthesis activity is unclear. In this work, we proposed that the urea synthesis activity is closely linked with the localized surface charge on bimetallic electrocatalysts, it is found that a negatively charged surface induces C-bound path and boosts urea synthesis. The urea yield rate can reach 13.1 mmol g−1 h−1 on negatively charged Cu97In3-C, which is about 13 times that of positively charged Cu30In70-C counterpart with O-bound surface. This conclusion also applies to Cu−Bi and Cu−Sn systems. The molecular modification shifts the surface of Cu97In3-C to positively charged state, which leads to a sharp decline in urea synthesis performance. We demonstrated that the C-bound surface is more favorable than O-bound one to boost electrocatalytic urea synthesis. 相似文献
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The authors have shown that capillary columns are perfectly adequate for the separation of s-triazine herbicides and urea herbicides. The method presented remains adequate when the initial molecules are accompanied by some of their metabolites. 相似文献
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采用浸渍法制备负载KF固体碱催化剂,应用于苯脲和甲醇制备苯氨基甲酸甲酯的反应,考察了氧化物载体、卤化钾种类对催化剂性能的影响,KF/Al2O3催化剂显示出良好的催化活性和苯氨基甲酸甲酯的选择性。通过对KF/Al2O3催化剂中KF的负载量和催化剂焙烧温度的研究发现,在500 ℃焙烧4 h、负载质量分数50%KF的催化剂能够更好地促进MPC生成,苯脲转化率和苯氨基甲酸甲酯选择性分别达到96.5%和86.3%。XRD分析表明,KF与Al2O3之间存在较强的相互作用,部分转化为K3AlF6。KF与K3AlF6分别对甲醇的活化和苯脲的选择性起促进作用,两者的协同效应共同促进了目标产物苯氨基甲酸甲酯的生成。 相似文献
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精密密度法详细测定甘氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-丝氨酸在尿素水溶液中的表观摩尔体积,计算了三种氨基酸从水到尿素水溶液的迁移偏摩尔体积,结合前期的氨基酸从水到尿素水溶液的迁移焓,探讨尿素水溶液的结构特点及其对氨基酸与尿素在水溶液中相互作用的影响。结果表明,尿素分子在水溶液中自缔合,引起溶剂结构的变化并削弱其与氨基酸分子的结构相互作用,造成氨基酸从水到尿素水溶液的迁移偏摩尔体积和迁移焓随尿素浓度的增加而出现多个变化点,这一效应随着氨基酸疏水性的增强而增大,表明氨基酸的疏水性越强,其与尿素相互作用引起的去水化作用越明显。 相似文献
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Y. Kondo 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1999,242(2):515-526
The influence of urea on initiation and termination of the reaction between nitric and formic acids was experimentally examined.
The urea injection can terminate the denitration reaction in 2 to 10M salt-free nitric acid solutions and the simulated high
level liquid wastes (HLLWs) with a nitric acid concentration of 2 to 6M. An excess of urea can interrupt the initiation of
denitration in both simulated HLLW and salt-free nitric acid solutions. The initiation and termination of denitration are
in relation with nitrous acid formation and decomposition. Urea reacts with nitrous acid easily in the denitrating solution
and decomposes nitrous acid. As the urea concentration increases in the solution, the continuance of denitration become impossible
because the decomposition rate of nitrous acid exceeds the generation rate. In addition, the nitrous acid concentration can
not be high enough to initiate the denitration in the solution with an excess of urea because nitrous acid is decomposed by
urea. 相似文献
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Effects of organic solvents on the partitioning of enzymes in aqueous two-phase systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Organic solvents (ethylene glycol, glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane, methanol and propanol-2, as well as sucrose and urea) have been included in aqueous two-phase (liquid-liquid) systems comprised of water, dextran and poly(ethylene glycol). The concentration of the organic solvent was in most cases 20% (w/w). The influence of these solvents on the phase-forming properties, the volume ratio, the freezing point and the partitioning of a polymer-bound ligand, Procion Red HE-3B poly(ethylene glycol), has been studied. The partition coefficients for alkaline phosphatase decrease with ethylene glycol, glycerol, sucrose and urea (factors of 0.25-0.5), but increase with the other substances (factors of 1.2-1.6). The temperature effects on the partitioning of alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine as well as of phosphofructokinase from yeast in systems containing ethylene glycol have been studied and compared with partitioning in standard systems, not containing solvents. The possible uses of the above systems for partitioning studies of enzymes are discussed. 相似文献
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First-principles calculations of the second-order optical response functions and the dielectric functions of urea [CO(NH(2))(2)] and some of its derivatives such as monomethylurea (H(2)NCONHCH(3), MMU), and N,N'-dimethylurea (H(3)CHNCONHCH(3), DMU) crystals are performed. On the basis of the density functional theory (DFT) in the local-density approximation (LDA), the highly accurate full-potential projected augmented wave (FP-PAW) method was used to obtain the electronic structure. Over a wide frequency range (0.0-10.0 eV), the dielectric constants and second-harmonic generation (SHG) susceptibilities of the urea crystal family have been obtained, and the results are in good agreement with the experimental values. The origin of the linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the urea crystal family has been analyzed by coupling the calculated electronic structure and optical spectrum. The prominent spectra of χ((2)) are successfully correlated with the dielectric function ε(ω) in terms of single-photon and double-photon resonances. The virtual electron (VE) and virtual hole (VH) processes have also been performed for the urea crystal family. From the research into the electron deformation density, crystal configuration, substitutional group, and so forth, it is found that the origin of the SHG of the urea crystal family is the charge transfer due to the strong "(?)push-pull" effect along the hydrogen bond, which favors a head-to-tail arrangement of the molecules and enhances the SHG response. The electron-donating substitutional group supplies more electrons to the electron-accepting group, and helps to form large dipoles in molecules. The influence on the NLO properties of the local symmetry of the substitutional group is also discussed in detail. 相似文献
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A. D. Karpyuk N. S. Kolyada A. E. Klyugin 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1990,143(1):61-66
The results of studies on urea and urotropine product distribution in solutions formed in microspherical nuclear fuel preparation by internal gelation are presented. It is shown that urea, urotropine and formaldehyde, the urotropine hydrolysis product, undergo various conversions in solutions, resulting in methylolurea and urea-formaldehyde resins formation. Results on the influence of acidity on the process as a function of time are presented. The organic content in the resulting solutions and microspheres has been determined. 相似文献