Study of Spontaneous Imbibition of Water by Oil-Wet Sandstone Cores Using Different Surfactants

The mechanism of spontaneous imbibition of water by sandstone cores and the relationship between reservoir wettability and imbibition recovery were studied by investigating factors influencing the spontaneous imbibition of different surfactants by oil-wet sandstone cores. Ultimate oil recovery of cores using the cationic surfactant CTAB was higher than that of the cores using the nonionic surfactant TX-100 and the anionic surfactant POE (1) at the same concentration. For CTAB and TX-100, the ultimate oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition increased with increase in surfactant concentration. In regard to imbibition recovery, TX-100 and POE(1) at high temperatures were superior to those at low temperatures. Ultimate oil recovery of the high-permeability core was higher than that of the low-permeability core at room temperature. According to changes in the driving force during the imbibition process, the imbibition curve could be divided into three regions: (1) mainly capillary force, (2) both capillary and gravity forces, and (3) mainly gravity force. The stronger the hydrophilicity of the rock surface, the higher the spontaneous imbibition recovery.     

Effect of annealing on hydrophobic stability of plasma deposited fluoropolymer coatings

Fluorinated amorphous carbon (a-C:F) films e.g. plasma polymerised perfluorocyclobutane have long attracted much consideration due to their low surface energy, hydrophobicity, low refractive index, good electrical and thermal insulation and good thermal stability. Although a-C:F films have many advantages, hydrophobic stability over time in air and water remains a major concern. In this study, the effects of weathering conditions on the hydrophobicity of fluorocarbon films prepared from perfluorocyclobutane precursors were examined using water contact angle measurements. It was found that the high initial hydrophobicity of as-deposited films degrades rapidly in humid conditions. The stability of hydrophobicity can be significantly improved when a suitable treatment such as annealing is employed. The mechanism of weathering was explained with the help of a number of morphological and chemical characterisation techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, XPS results demonstrated that a reduction in the overall amount of -CF₃ radical, oxygenation of surface fluorides and the formation of an overlayer all influence the degradation of fluorocarbon in aquatic environment.     

The Effect of Column and Eluent Fluorination on the Retention and Separation of non-Fluorinated Amino Acids and Proteins by HPLC

The effect of column and eluent fluorination on the retention and separation of non-fluorinated amino acids and proteins in HPLC is investigated. A side-by-side comparison of fluorocarbon column and eluents (F-column and F-eluents) with their hydrocarbon counterparts (H-column and H-eluents) in the separation of a group of 33 analytes, including 30 amino acids and 3 proteins, is conducted. The H-column and the F-column contain the n-C₈H₁₇ group and n-C₈F₁₇ group, respectively, in their stationary phases. The H-eluents include ethanol (EtOH) and isopropanol (ISP) while the F-eluents include trifluoroethanol (TFE) and hexafluorosopropanol (HFIP). The 2 columns and 4 eluents generated 8 (column, eluent) pairs that produce 264 retention time data points for the 33 analytes. A statistical analysis of the retention time data reveals that although the H-column is better than the F-column in analyte separation and H-eluents are better than F-eluents in analyte retention, the more critical factor is the proper pairing of column with eluent. Among the conditions explored in this project, optimal retention and separation is achieved when the fluorocarbon column is paired with ethanol, even though TFE is the most polar one among the 4 eluents. This result shows fluorocarbon columns have much potential in chromatographic analysis and separation of non-fluorinated amino acids and proteins.     

碳氟醇对全氟辛酸钠表面活性及胶团反离子结合度的影响

The surface and micelle property of C_7F_(15)COONa/C_3F_7CH_2OH aqueous solution are investigated by surface tension, conductance, electromotive force methods. The results show that when adding C_3F_7CH_2OH into C_7F_(15)COONa solution the surface activity of C_7F_(15)COONa and the counterion binding degree of micelle can be enhanced.     

温度效应对氟链封端聚醚酰亚胺改性环氧树脂相分离的影响

用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)和时间分辨光散射(TRLS)比较了全氟碳链封端和苯环封端聚醚酰亚胺改性环氧树脂在不同温度下的相分离.结果表明,与P-blend相比,F-blend的固化速度和相分离速度较慢,诱导期和相结构固定时间推迟,相间距较小.升高温度,相间距因相分离速度加快而增大,同时由于全氟碳链端基引起的差异减小.因此,通过改变固化温度和聚醚酰亚胺的端基来降低聚醚酰亚胺的表面能,可以在一定程度上调控反应诱导相分离体系的相结构,并获得相间距较小的双连续结构.     

高聚物气液固毛细管柱的制备及液相对柱性能的影响

以乙基乙烯苯为单体,二乙烯苯为交联剂,加入不同极性和不同量的固定液,在引发剂存在下可原位一步反应制备成高聚物气液固毛细管柱。通过对柱子等量吸附热（Ｑ＿（ｓｔ））等色谱参数的测定和计算,可以研究高聚物气液固毛细管柱制备过程中形成气液固分离机理所需的液相量。用制备的高聚物气液固柱,对某些异构体的分离进行了考察。     

Recovery of PET-quenched fluorescent conjugated polymers with aza-15-crown-5 as pendant groups on interaction with ions

Novel conjugated polymers with aza-15-crown-5 as pendant groups, P1 were synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling reaction. The polymer P1 was found to show fluorescence en-hancement response towards Ba2＋. The gradual recovery and turning-point of emission intensity of polymers appeared in the addition of Ba2＋, which provided good evidence for the fluorescence amplification mechanism of conjugated polymers.     

Study on the recovery of hydrogen from refinery (hydrogen + methane) gas mixtures using hydrate technology

A novel technique for separating hydrogen from (H2 CH4) gas mixtures through hydrate formation/dissociation was proposed. In this work, a systematic experimental study was performed on the separation of hydrogen from (H2 CH4) feed mixtures with various hydrogen contents (mole fraction x = 40%-90%). The experimental results showed that the hydrogen content could be enriched to as high as ~94% for various feed mixtures using the proposed hydrate technology under a temperature slightly above 0℃ and a pressure below 5.0 MPa. With the addition of a small amount of suitable additives, the rate of hydrate formation could be increased significantly. Anti-agglomeration was used to disperse hydrate particles into the condensate phase. Instead of preventing hydrate growth (as in the kinetic inhibitor tests), hydrates were allowed to form, but only as small dispersed particles. Anti-agglomeration could keep hydrate particles suspended in a range of condensate types at 1℃ and 5 MPa in the water-in-oil emulsion.     

碳氟醇对阳离子表面活性剂表面活性及胶团反离子结合度的影响

用表面张力及电动势法研究了C₁₀H₂₁N(CH₃)3Br、C₁₂H₂₅N(CH₃)3Br与C₃F₇CH₂OH混合水溶液的表面与胶团性质。结果表明,对于阳离子表面活性剂,C₃F₇CH₂OH的加入一方面增加表面活性,另一方面降低胶团反离子结合度。后者不同于阴离子表面活性剂/C₃F₇CH₂OH混合体系,可归因于C₃F₇CH₂OH略有酸性,因而具备一些类似阴离子表面活性剂的性质。     

链转移剂对ST-AA-AM吸水剂吸水性能的影响

分别以抗坏血酸、甲酸、亚硫酸氢钠、异丙醇为链转移剂,研究了不同的链转移剂对淀粉―丙烯酸―丙烯酰胺(ST-AA-AM)吸水剂吸水性能的影响。实验结果表明:异丙醇、甲酸、亚硫酸氢钠、抗坏血酸用量分别为单体总质量的0.0375%、0.045%、0.075%、0.01%时,吸水率分别为498.1 g/g、347.9 g/g、549.0 g/g、407.7 g/g。将链转移剂进行复配,亚硫酸氢钠与异丙醇复配的效果最佳,当复合链转移剂用量占单体总质量的0.08%,异丙醇/亚硫酸氢钠(质量比)=1∶2时,吸水剂的吸水率最高,为653.5 g/g。     

工作气氛和偏压对含铁聚合物杂混薄膜制备的影响

采用等离子体增强金属有机化合物化学气相沉积（ＰＥＭＯＣＶＤ）工艺，在氧化性气氛（Ｏ２）和非氧化性气氛（Ｈ２、Ａｒ）中制备了含铁聚合物杂混薄膜。探讨了工作气氛和偏压对膜密度、沉积速率及其分布的影响。     

Effect of Reaction Conditions and Catalyst Design on the Rheological Properties of Polyolefins Produced in Gas‐Phase Olefin Polymerization Reactors

A model is developed to predict the viscoelastic behavior of polyolefins produced in catalytic polymerization reactors. The approach is based on the solution of different sub‐models (e.g., a kinetic model, a single particle model, a macroscopic reactor model and a rheological model). From the calculated rheological curve, the polymer melt index is determined. The ability of the proposed model to predict the viscoelastic behavior of linear polymer melts quantitatively is examined for the operation of a catalytic olefin polymerization cascade‐loop reactor process. In addition, the transient rheological properties of polyolefins produced in a Ziegler‐Natta gas‐phase olefin polymerization fluidized‐bed reactor are calculated.

     

Molecular Insights into the Effect of Nitrogen Bubbles on the Formation of Tetrahydrofuran Hydrates

In this work, a molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to study the microscopic mechanism of how nitrogen bubbles affect the formation of THF hydrates at the molecular level. The results obtained reveal that the nitrogen bubble can promote the formation of THF hydrates. In the system with a nitrogen bubble, more THF-filled cages were generated, and the crystal structure was more orderly. The promotion of nitrogen bubbles on hydrate crystallization comes from the dissolution of nitrogen molecules. Some of dissolved nitrogen molecules can be enclosed in small hydrate cages near the nitrogen bubble, which can serve as stable sites for hydrate crystal growth, resulting in the fact that THF-filled cages connected with N₂-filled cages are much more stable and have a long lifetime. The results in this work can help to understand the promotion effect of micro- and nano-air bubbles on the crystallization of THF hydrates.     

Effect of Macromolecular Crowding on the Conformation of Confined Chain Polymers

Summary: The conformational behavior of flexible linear chain polymers confined in cylindrical pores and slab pores has been studied, employing a hard‐bead chain model and a modification of a recently proposed recoil‐growth bias Monte Carlo methodology, which improves the sampling efficiency in confined environments. It is found that the scaling law that correlates the unconstrained component of the radius of gyration of the polymer with the pore diameter in cylindrical pores is close but neatly different than the de Gennes mean‐field value. The results also indicate that the addition of spherical particles with sizes within the protein limit may be employed to tune the folding of the confined polymer, since in this case the depletion constraints work against the effective stretching forces induced by confinement. Remarkably, the presence of the depleting particles at sufficiently high concentration leads to appreciable changes in the exponents of the conformational scaling laws with respect to the uncrowded system.

Conformational behavior of flexible hard‐bead chain polymers confined in narrow pores.     

丙酮-环己烷溶液磁饱和与磁化效果的紫外光谱研究

作者研究了丙酮－ 环己烷溶液磁化前后、不同磁化时间以及磁化后放置不同时间的紫外光谱,发现有磁饱和现象与较长时间的磁化效果存在,这对于研究磁场影响化学反应的机理提供了实验依据     

Studies on the Selectivity of Porous Polymers Containing Different Functional Groups

Three types of porous polymers containing different functional groups were synthesized as stationary phases for gas chromatography. The influence of functional groups in the copolymer skeletons on their selectivities was studied. To determine the selectivities of these copolymers, two procedures were applied: the selectivity triangle and the general selectivity. As a reference phase Porapak Q which does not contain any functional groups was used.     

聚合物对锆钛酸铅纳米晶须形貌的影响

本工作以(C₄H₉O)₄Ti、Pb(NO₃)₂和ZrOCl₂·8H₂O为主要原料，采用改进的水热方法合成了锆钛酸铅(PZT)纳米晶须，并考察了聚合物对锆钛酸铅晶体形貌的影响。结果表明，聚合物对于控制晶体的取向生长起着关键性作用。另外还初步探讨了不同浓度以及不同聚合物对晶体形貌的影响机理，认为聚合物起着覆盖和螯合的作用，进而影响晶体的取向生长趋势，形成纳米线。     

Pore-Scale Studies on the Stability of Microfoam and the Effect of Parameters on Its Bubble Size

This paper presents a new method to prepare microfoam with excellent stability and high by using a sandpack foam generator. The micromorphology of microfoam were analyzed, and average bubble diameter and uniformity of microfoam were studied by microscope. The stability of xanthan gum-stabilized microfoam and common microfoam at the pore scale was also compared. The results showed that a highly uniform microfoam ranging in size from 10 to 100 µm in diameter with a variable coefficient less than 10% was successfully prepared. The bubble size of the microfoam could be controlled by solution viscosity, gas and liquid flow rate, temperature, and backpressure. The bubble size of microfoam decreased and became uniform with the increase of solution viscosity, total flow rate, and backpressure. The bubble size increased slightly and became non-uniform with the increase of temperature, while the concentration of foaming agent had little effect on the bubble size when above 5000 mg/L. The xanthan gum in the solution increased the viscosity and thickness of liquid membrane, so xanthan gum-stabilized microfoam maintained better stability within microconfined media than common microfoam under condition of 160 g/L salinity, 90°C, and 6 MPa backpressure.     

气相色谱法测定氯氟吡氧乙酸十二酯的含量

建立测定氯氟吡氧乙酸十二酯含量的气相色谱(外标法)检测方法。色谱柱为二甲基聚硅氧烷毛细管柱(0.53mm×30m×1μm);柱温:初始150℃,保持3min,30℃·min-1,程序升温至270℃,保持10min;气化室温度:280℃;检测器温度:280℃;载气为氮气。测定的RSD为0.60%,回收率在95.92%~103.72%之间,线性相关系数为0.9992。该本系操作方便、快速,结果有较好重现性,能达到含量测定目的。     

Fe的分散程度对煤焦催化加氢气化的影响

在加压固定床反应器上研究了Fe催化剂在不同比表面积煤焦中分散性对催化加氢气化性能的影响,利用XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、FT-IR、TEM、拉曼光谱对煤焦及催化剂进行了分析表征。结果表明,煤焦活性位点和石墨化程度并非影响催化气化反应的唯一因素,而催化剂的分散性对反应影响更大。煤焦的比表面积越大,Fe催化剂在煤焦表面的分散更均匀,催化剂活性组分平均晶粒粒径越小,并可以促进煤催化加氢气化中间相产物Fe₃C的生成,甲烷收率越高。对于比表面积较高的900-char,在氢气压力为2 MPa,温度为750 ℃,Fe负载量为5%（质量分数）时,催化加氢气化甲烷收率可达53%。在900-char上考察了Fe催化剂负载量对催化加氢气化的影响,甲烷收率呈先增加后降低的趋势,Fe负载量存在饱和点。