相移干涉术及广义相移数字全息干涉术

在基础光学框架内说明了传统的相移干涉术及近年来发展的广义相移数字全息干涉术的基本原理;前者要求特殊值等步长相移,而后者则可以采用任意未知相移值.着重介绍了广义相移干涉术中的物波恢复算法,以及基于衍射场统计特性的未知相移提取算法.从一个侧面沟通了基础光学与近代光学之间的关系.     

Simple direct extraction of unknown phase shift and wavefront reconstruction in generalized phase-shifting interferometry: algorithm and experiments

An algorithm to extract the arbitrary unknown phase shift and then reconstruct the complex object wave in generalized phase-shifting interferometry (GPSI) without the iteration process and measurement of object wave intensity is proposed. This method can be used for GPSI of any frame number >or=2. Both computer simulations with smooth and diffusing object surfaces and optical experiments have verified the effectiveness of this method over a wide range of phase shifts with very satisfactory results.     

Two-step phase-shifting interferometry and its application in image encryption

Conventional phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) needs at least three interferograms. A novel algorithm of two-step PSI, with an arbitrary known phase step, by which a complex object field can be reconstructed with only two interferograms is proposed. This algorithm is then applied to an information security system based on double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain. The feasibility of this method and its robustness against occlusion and additional noise attacks are verified by computer simulations. This approach can considerably improve the efficiency of data transmission and is very suitable for Internet use.     

Generalized linear prediction method in phase-shifting interferometry in the presence of noise

The effectiveness of phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) techniques employing piezoelectric device PZT in the estimation of phase depends largely on the accuracy with which the phase shifts are imparted to the device and the noise influencing the measurement. Several effective algorithms have been proposed to compute the phase shifts imparted to the device and subsequently obtain the phase using least-squares estimation technique. In this paper, we propose a generalized approach, which accurately estimates the phase shifts in the presence of noise. The method is based on the idea of linear prediction and explores the fact that sampling more data frames yields a reliable phase step estimate in a least-squares sense. We also compare our method with a commonly used generalized phase-shifting method based on histogram analysis and show that our proposed approach is highly effective. We also present simulation and experimental validations of our proposed method.     

Theory of mirrored time domain sampling for NMR spectroscopy

A generalized theory is presented for novel mirrored hypercomplex time domain sampling (MHS) of NMR spectra. It is the salient new feature of MHS that two interferograms are acquired with different directionality of time evolution, that is, one is sampled forward from time t=0 to the maximal evolution time tmax, while the second is sampled backward from t=0 to -tmax. The sampling can be accomplished in a (semi) constant time or non constant-time manner. Subsequently, the two interferograms are linearly combined to yield a complex time domain signal. The manifold of MHS schemes considered here is defined by arbitrary settings of sampling phases ('primary phase shifts') and amplitudes of the two interferograms. It is shown that, for any two given primary phase shifts, the addition theorems of trigonometric functions yield the unique linear combination required to form the complex signal. In the framework of clean absorption mode (CAM) acquisition of NMR spectra being devoid of residual dispersive signal components, 'secondary phase shifts' represent time domain phase errors which are to be eliminated. In contrast, such secondary phase shifts may be introduced by experimental design in order to encode additional NMR parameters, a new class of NMR experiments proposed here. For generalization, it is further considered that secondary phase shifts may depend on primary phase shifts and/or sampling directionality. In order to compare with MHS theory, a correspondingly generalized theory is derived for widely used hypercomplex ('States') sampling (HS). With generalized theory it is shown, first, that previously introduced 'canonical' schemes, characterized by primary phases being multiples of π/4, afford maximal intensity of the desired absorptive signals in the absence of secondary phase shifts, and second, how primary phases can be adjusted to maximize the signal intensity provided that the secondary phase shifts are known. Third, it is demonstrated that theory enables one to accurately measure secondary phase shifts and amplitude imbalances. Application to constant time 2D [13C, 1H]-HSQC spectra recorded for a protein sample with canonical MHS/HS schemes showed that accurate CAM data acquisition can be readily implemented on modern spectrometers for experiments based on through-bond polarization transfer. Fourth, when moderate variations of secondary phase shifts with primary phase shift and/or sampling directionality are encountered, generalized theory allowed comparison of the robustness of different MHS/HS schemes for CAM data acquisition, and thus to identify the scheme best suited to suppress dispersive peak components and quadrature image peaks. Moreover, it is shown that for spectra acquired with several indirect evolution periods, the best suited scheme can be identified independently for each of the periods.     

Blind phase shift extraction and wavefront retrieval by two-frame phase-shifting interferometry with an unknown phase shift

An iterative algorithm to extract the arbitrary unknown phase shift in two-frame phase-shifting interferometry and then reconstruct the complex object wave is proposed. In combination with the least square principle and some calculation formulae we developed, this algorithm allows us to find the value of unknown phase shift by using only two interferograms without additional knowledge or measurement. Computer simulations have shown that this algorithm works well for both the smooth and diffusing objects to a very high accuracy over a wide range of the phase shift from 0.4 to 2.5 rad.     

阴影叠栅相移非线性误差补偿算法研究

相移阴影叠栅干涉场的相位(高度)存在非线性关系,而传统的相移阴影叠栅技术往往忽略了相位与高度的非线性关系,从而在测量系统中引入测量误差。对此提出了一种基于迭代相位解调自调算法相移阴影叠栅技术,该方法利用最小二乘技术获得相移量估算值,利用该估算值通过迭代算法消除相移阴影叠栅的全场相位误差,从而得到正确的相位分布。模拟计算表明该方法可以有效解决相移不均产生的相位测量误差问题,且可实现光栅移动量的精确估算,其误差不超过3.4%。对比实验进一步说明了所提出方法的正确性和优越性。     

Angular spectrum approach for the computation of group and phase velocity surfaces of acoustic waves in anisotropic materials

The decomposition of an acoustic wave into its angular spectrum representation creates an effective base for the calculation of wave propagation effects in anisotropic media. In this method, the distribution of acoustic fields is calculated in arbitrary planes from the superposition of the planar components with proper phase shifts. These phase shifts depend on the ratio of the distance between the planes to the normal component of the phase slowness vector. In anisotropic media, the phase shifts depend additionally on the changes of the slowness with respect to the direction of the propagation vector and the polarization. Those relations are obtained from the Christoffel equation. The method employing the fast Fourier transformation algorithm is especially suited for volume imaging in anisotropic media, based on holographic detection in transmission of acoustic waves generated by a point source. This technique is compared with measurements on crystals performed by phase-sensitive scanning acoustic microscopy.     

Phase-shift extraction and wave-front reconstruction in phase-shifting interferometry with arbitrary phase steps

A new approach to reconstructing the object wave front in phase-shifting interferometry with arbitrary unknown phase steps is proposed. With this method the actual phase steps are first determined from measured intensities with an algorithm based on the statistic property of the object phase distribution in the recording plane. Then the original object field is calculated digitally with a derived formula. This method is simple, accurate, and capable of retrieving the original object field, including its amplitude and phase distributions simultaneously, with arbitrary and unequal phase steps in a three- or four-frame method. The effectiveness and correctness of this approach are verified by a series of computer simulations for both smooth and diffusing surfaces.     

Controlled teleportation of high-dimension quantum-states with generalized Bell-state measurement

In this paper a scheme for controlled teleportation of arbitrary high-dimensional unknown quantum states is proposed by using the generalized Bell-basis measurement and the generalized Hadamard transformation. As two special cases, two schemes of controlled teleportation of an unknown single-qutrit state and an unknown two-qutrit state are investigated in detail. In the first scheme, a maximally entangled three-qutrit state is used as the quantum channel, while in the second scheme, an entangled two-qutrit state and an entangled three-qutrit state are employed as the quantum channels. In these schemes, an unknown qutrit state can be teleported to either one of two receivers, but only one of them can reconstruct the qutrit state with the help of the other. Based on the case of qutrits, a scheme of controlled teleportation of an unknown qudit state is presented.     

任意相移阴影叠栅相位解调技术的研究

结合时域和频域干涉图分析方法,提出一种任意相移阴影叠栅条纹图相位解调技术,降低了干涉图在采样过程中对相移量的严格标定要求,补偿了相移阴影叠栅技术固有的相移不匀误差。使用空域技术确定采样干涉图的正交信号,进而得到了采样干涉图的相移量,然后运用任意相移相位提取算法搜索测量相位信息。实验证明此方法简单方便、求解迅速,且优于典型的相移算法,其测量误差的标准差不超过3×10-3 mm,该方法为提高相移阴影叠栅技术的测量精度提供了有效手段。     

Aharonov-Anandan Phase and Superadiabatic Approximaton

In this paper, the exact evolving state for a two-level quantum system is found by making use of the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant theory. In principle, the correction to an arbitrary order in the adiabatic approximation parameter c can be obtained from this exact evolving state. To the n-th order in ∈, it is shown that the exact evolving state reduces to the superadiabatic basis introduced by Berry recently. The Aharonov-Anandan phase and its adiabatic limit (Berry phase for the system) are also calculated. e for the system) are also calculated.     

Improved Analytical Approximations to the Scattering Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation with a Hyperbolical Potential

Using an improved approximate formula to the centrifugal term, we present arbitrary l-state scattering solutions of the hyperbolic potential. The approximate analytical formula of scattering phase shifts and normalized wavefunctions are presented. All data calculated by the above approximate analytical formula are compared with those obtained by using the numerical integration method in the scattering state cases. We find that this improved approximate formula is better than previous one since the calculated results are in good agreement with those exact ones.     

Improved Analytical Approximations to the Scattering Solutions of the Schrdinger Equation with a Hyperbolical Potential

Using an improved approximate formula to the centrifugal term, we present arbitrary l-state scattering solutions of the hyperbolic potential. The approximate analytical formula of scattering phase shifts and normalized wavefunctions are presented. All data calculated by the above approximate analytical formula are compared with those obtained by using the numerical integration method in the scattering state cases. We find that this improved approximate formula is better than previous one since the calculated results are in good agreement with those exact ones.     

Several teleportation schemes of an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state via different quantum channels

We first provide four new schemes for two-party quantum teleportation of an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state by using three-, four-, and five-particle states as the quantum channel, respectively. The successful probability and fidelity of the four schemes reach 1. In the first two schemes, the receiver can only apply one of the unitary transformations to reconstruct the original state, making it easier for these two schemes to be directly realized. In the third and fourth schemes, the sender can preform Bell-state measurements instead of multipartite entanglement measurements of the existing similar schemes, which makes real experiments more suitable. It is found that the last three schemes may become tripartite controlled teleportation schemes of teleporting an arbitrary multi-particle state after a simple modification. Finally, we present a new scheme for three-party sharing an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state. In this scheme, the sender first shares three three-particle GHZ states with two agents. After setting up the secure quantum channel, an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state can be perfectly teleported if the sender performs three Bell-state measurements, and either of two receivers operates an appropriate unitary transformation to obtain the original state with the help of other receiver's three single-particle measurements. The successful probability and fidelity of this scheme also reach 1. It is demonstrated that this scheme can be generalized easily to the case of sharing an arbitrary unknown multi-particle state among several agents.     

Exact analytical results for density profile in Fourier space and elastic scattering function of a rotating harmonically confined ultra-cold Fermi gas

In this paper, the system dealt with consisting of an ultra-cold neutral spin-polarized Fermi gas undergoing rotation (or in the so-called synthetic magnetic field) trapped by an anisotropic harmonic potential in a two and three-dimensional space at zero temperature. Using the so-called Bloch propagator as a tool, we derive exact closed-form expressions for particle density in Fourier space which are valid for an arbitrary particle number confined by a two and three-dimensional rotating anisotropic harmonic trap. Numerical illustrations and discussions are presented. The results can be easily generalized at finite temperatures. The crossover from two-dimensional to the one-dimensional regime is shown to be reflected in the shape of the density distribution in Fourier space at very fast rotating velocity (or at strong synthetic magnetic field). In addition, an exact analytical expression of the elastic scattering factor is found, a quantity of interest used to probe the spatial distribution of the quantum gases.     

Determination of Threshold Values of the Generalized Likelihood Ratio in the Problem of Detecting Partially Coherent Spatial Signals in the Case of Short Samples

In this paper, we solve the problem of detecting multidimensional Gaussian complex signals with an a priori unknown spatial covariance matrix against the background of spatially nonuniform Gaussian noise with unknown power in the case of a fixed false-alarm probability. For an arbitrary sample size, exact analytical expressions are obtained for the moments of a decision statistic represented in the form of a generalized likelihood ratio raised to power reciprocal of a positive integer. The series expansion of the probability density function of the decision statistic in terms of orthogonal Jacobi polynomials is obtained by the method of moments. We use numerical simulation to demonstrate the high accuracy of approximating the probability density and finding the threshold value of the decision statistic. The obtained results hold for the case of short samples whose sizes are comparable with the number of elements of a receiving antenna.     

Phase determination in holographic Moiré in presence of nonsinusoidal waveforms and random noise

This paper proposes a subspace parameter estimation method which besides allowing for accommodating multiple PZTs in an optical interferometer permits for extracting in real time values of phase shifts between data frames at each pixel point. The technique enables to freely choose values of phase shifts between 0 and π. A generalized phase measurement algorithm allows for computing multiple phase information present in the interferometer. The method facilitates the use of spherical beams, addresses errors arising from the miscalibration of the phase shifting devices, and is capable of handling nonsinusoidal waveforms in an effective manner. Numerical simulations demonstrate that phase distributions can be measured with high accuracy even in the presence of noise.     

An Approximate Approach for Systems of Singular Volterra Integral Equations Based on Taylor Expansion

In this article, an extended Taylor expansion method is proposed to estimate the solution of linear singular Volterra integral equations systems. The method is based on combining the m-th order Taylor polynomial of unknown functions at an arbitrary point and integration method, such that the given system of singular integral equations is converted into a system of linear equations with respect to unknown functions and their derivatives. The required solutions are obtained by solving the resulting linear system. The proposed method gives a very satisfactory solution, which can be performed by any symbolic mathematical packages such as Maple, Mathematica, etc. Our proposed approach provides a significant advantage that the m-th order approximate solutions are equal to exact solutions if the exact solutions are polynomial functions of degree less than or equal to m. We present an error analysis for the proposed method to emphasize its reliability. Six numerical examples are provided to show the accuracy and the efficiency of the suggested scheme for which the exact solutions are known in advance.     

An Approximate Approach for Systems of Singular Volterra Integral Equations Based on Taylor Expansion

In this article, an extended Taylor expansion method is proposed to estimate the solution of linear singular Volterra integral equations systems. The method is based on combining the m-th order Taylor polynomial of unknown functions at an arbitrary point and integration method, such that the given system of singular integral equations is converted into a system of linear equations with respect to unknown functions and their derivatives. The required solutions are obtained by solving the resulting linear system. The proposed method gives a very satisfactory solution,which can be performed by any symbolic mathematical packages such as Maple, Mathematica, etc. Our proposed approach provides a significant advantage that the m-th order approximate solutions are equal to exact solutions if the exact solutions are polynomial functions of degree less than or equal to m. We present an error analysis for the proposed method to emphasize its reliability. Six numerical examples are provided to show the accuracy and the efficiency of the suggested scheme for which the exact solutions are known in advance.