Graphene oxide amplified electrochemiluminescence of graphitic carbon nitride and its application in ultrasensitive sensing for Cu

Here for the first time, we present a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on graphitic carbon nitride/graphene oxide (g-C₃N₄/GO) hybrid for the ultrasensitive detection of Cu²⁺, which is a common pollutant in environmental system. The g-C₃N₄/GO shows stable ECL signal in the presence of the self-produced coreactant from oxygen reduction, and the ECL signal could be effectively quenched by Cu²⁺, the possible ECL detection mechanism has been proposed in detail. GO can not only significantly enhance the cathodic ECL signal of g-C₃N₄ (∼3.8 times), but also serve as immobilization platform for g-C₃N₄. After optimization of experimental conditions, the proposed protocol can offer an ultrasensitive, highly selective and recyclable method for the detection of Cu²⁺ with a low detection limit of 1.0 × 10⁻¹¹ M and a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10⁻¹¹ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ M. Moreover, the practicability of the ECL sensor in real wastewater samples is also tested, showing that the proposed ECL sensor could be a promising alternative method for the emergency and routine monitoring of Cu²⁺ in real sample.     

Palladium/graphitic carbon nitride catalyst for selective oxygen transfer in Wacker oxidation

Nanoscaled palladium particles supported on graphitic carbon nitride (Pd⁰/g-C₃N₄) is prepared to improve the oxygen transfer in Wacker oxidation via chemical reduction method. From the analysis of FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and ICP, Pd⁰ particles are firmly combined with g-C₃N₄ layers, and sub-surface ones occupy most of the components. It is worth mentioning that graphene oxide (GO), which is completely recyclable without further pollution, can be used as a ‘solid weak acid’ taking the place of H₂SO₄ and CF₃COOH. Under the optimization conditions, as many as 46 kinds of olefins are transferred into corresponding products with satisfactory yields, and o-methyl styrene gets the highest yield of 94%. After five times of recycling experiment, the yield of acetophenone only decreases by about 7.0% in the uniform reaction process. In virtue of former research results and molecular electrostatic potential, a possible mechanism is put forward to explain the catalytic process.     

简便方法合成含铁石墨相氮化碳材料及其催化苯直接羟基化制苯酚（英文）

苯酚是一种重要的基本有机化工原料.全球近90%的苯酚都是经"三步异丙苯法"工艺合成而得,但是该工艺存在单程苯酚收率低(5%)、酸污染严重等不足.同时由于联产丙酮,苯酚的产量也受丙酮市场所制约.由苯经氧化或羟基化一步法合成苯酚是催化化学领域中一项极具挑战的课题.由于苯分子较难活化,而苯酚易于深度氧化,因此研发和设计具有高活性和高选择性的催化剂是该课题的研究核心.因具有诸多特殊的理化性质,石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种新型碳质材料近年来在光催化、热催化、燃料电池和气体吸附等领域展示出广阔的应用前景.g-C_3N_4的类石墨层基本单元为大π共轭的三均三嗪环,对苯分子具有良好的吸附和活化能力.目前,g-C_3N_4(尤其是具有高比表面的介孔材料)在苯Friedel-Crafts烷基化和酰基化反应、苯的CO2氧化等反应中均显示了良好的催化活性.尽管如此,由于缺乏合适的氧化活性中心,纯的g-C_3N_4对苯直接羟基化几乎无催化活性.本课题组曾将乙酰丙酮氧钒和氧化钒负载至介孔g-C_3N_4,发现该类催化剂在H2O2参与的苯直接羟基化反应中,苯转化率高达18%,而苯酚选择性大于95%.然而,此类介孔g-C_3N_4均采用硬模板法合成,制备周期长且需要HF溶液蚀刻氧化硅模板.另外,钒基组分在介孔g-C_3N_4表面也存在着部分溶脱现象.本文以FeCl_3和二氰二胺为前驱体,通过一步热解法直接合成了含铁的g-C_3N_4材料(Fe-g-C_3N_4).采用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、TG、FT-IR、UV-vis、XPS光谱和TEM对材料的理化性质进行表征.结果显示,Fe的原位引入能显著提高g-C_3N_4的比表面积和孔体积,且使其依然保持石墨相结构.同时,富N的g-C_3N_4材料能有效地锚定Fe离子,使其均匀地分散在载体表面.作为多相催化剂,Fe-g-C_3N_4在H_2O_2环境下对苯羟基化合成苯酚的反应表现出较高的催化活性.当反应温度为60°C,其苯酚收率最高可达17.5%,且回收使用多次催化剂活性表现稳定.与之前报道的含铁和负载氧化钒或乙酰丙酮氧钒的g-C_3N_4催化剂材料相比,Fe-g-C_3N_4催化剂制备工艺更加简便.     

氰基修饰石墨相氮化碳构建高效的活性位点用于光催化还原CO2

作为影响光催化反应的关键因素,光催化剂的活性位点数量直接决定了光催化活性.传统石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)由于活性位点不足而表现出较弱的光催化活性.为了增加g-C3N4的活性位点数量,研究人员采取了各种策略,包括杂原子掺杂、表面改性和空位工程.其中,表面改性是增加催化剂活性位点的有效策略之一.氰基具有很强的吸电子能力,可在光催化反应中作为活性位点.然而,关于氰基作为CO2光还原活性位点的研究并不多,特别是对于氰基修饰增强g-C3N4活性的机理尚不清楚.构建多孔结构是暴露催化剂活性位点的有效措施之一.多孔结构可以有效改善纳米片的团聚,促进活性位点暴露,增大反应物与活性位点间的接触机会;并且相互连接的多孔网络可形成独特的传输通道,进一步促进载流子迁移.本文通过分子自组装和碱辅助策略合成了氰基改性的多孔g-C3N4纳米片(MCN-0.5).氰基由于具有良好的吸电子特性,促进了局部载流子分离,并充当了光催化反应的活性位点.受益于活性位点的影响,MCN-0.5表现出显著增强的光催化CO2还原活性.在不添加牺牲剂和助催化剂的条件下,MCN-0.5样品上CO和CH4产率达到13.7和0.6μmol·h–1·g–1,分别是传统煅烧法制备的g-C3N4(TCN)产生CO和CH4产率的2.5和2倍.通过盐酸处理MCN-0.5除去氰基,并没有破坏样品的形貌结构,但催化剂的光催化活性显著降低,证实了氰基活性位点的作用.光还原Pt纳米颗粒的实验结果表明,与对照样品相比,氰基修饰的样品上还原的Pt纳米颗粒更多,进一步证实了引入氰基为光还原反应提供了更多活性位点.CO2等温吸附测试结果表明,MCN-0.5对CO2的吸附能力不如对照样品,间接证明氰基能成为活性位点是由于其良好的吸电子能力促进了局部载流子分离.瞬态荧光光谱、光电化学表征结果表明,氰基修饰增强了载流子迁移和分离能力.根据理论计算和原位红外光谱提出了氰基修饰增强g-C3N4光催化还原CO2活性的作用机理.以三聚氰胺为前驱体接枝氰基的g-C3N4也表现出比体相g-C3N4明显增强的光催化还原CO2活性,这证明了氰基改性增强g-C3N4活性策略的通用性.本文通过在光催化剂材料中设计活性位点为太阳能高效转化提供了一个有效途径.     

石榴状单质铋(Bi)球与g-C3N4复合材料表现出超强可见光氧化NO性能

采用一种原位合成工艺制备了具有类石榴结构的金属铋(Bi)单质修饰的g-C3N4复合材料(Bi-CN),并用于可见光氧化NO反应中.金属Bi单质镶嵌在CN层间形成的复合物,由于金属Bi单质显著的表面等离子体共振(SPR)作用可将光吸收范围由紫外光延展至近红外,极大地提高了复合物的光吸收.此外,由于Bi单质存在于复合物界面可产生内建莫特-肖特基效应,从而加快光生载流子的分离与转移.由此,Bi-CN复合物光催化剂展现出超强的光催化去除NO性能.我们提出了类石榴结构的形成以及相应的Bi-CN复合物光催化活性的提高机理.这不仅为高效的金属铋单质改性的g-C3N4基光催化剂提供了一种新的设计方案,也对g-C3N4基光催化的机制理解提出了新的见解.通过X射线衍射、红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱结果发现Bi是以金属单质的形式存在于Bi-CN复合物中,这得益于我们采用了二水合铋酸钠(NaBiO3·2H2O)作为铋前驱体,从而成功避免了氧化态铋的形成.Bi-CN复合物中金属铋单质的存在有诸多优点.首先,金属铋单质具有显著的表面SPR效应,它的引入可大大提高复合物的光吸收能力和太阳光利用率.有研究表明,直径为150–200 nm的铋球能够在紫外-可见漫反射图谱(UV-vis)在λ=500 nm处呈现出典型的SPR峰,但本样品在λ=200–800 nm区间内并未发现该SPR峰.由于铋单质的共振受限于其尺寸大小、颗粒形状和构造环境.本文中球形铋单质的直径约为1μm,其可能发生共振效应的峰位置应超过800 nm,因此未发现相应的SPR峰.其次,金属铋单质分散在CN层表面上构建的肖特基垫垒能够高效地阻止光生电子与空穴的复合,促进了光生载流子的分离与转移,从而提高光氧化NO进程.再者,金属铋单质的介入成功构造了Bi-CN异质结,在可见光照射下NO氧化反应中,Bi-CN复合物活性显著高于CN(22.2%)、CN-EG(36.4%)和Bi(14.1%),其中以10%Bi-CN活性最佳,NO去除率到70.4%,远远超过K插层的g-C3N4、Ag掺杂的g-C3N4和氧化石墨烯修饰的g-C3N4.当复合物中金属铋单质含量超过10%时,其活性明显下降.这是因为大量的金属铋单质积聚在Bi-CN复合物表面上而造成物理堵塞,妨碍了CN吸收可见光,从而降低了其可见光吸收能力;同时导致只会吸收更多的紫外光(λ<280 nm)而不是可见光,因而其可见光催化氧化NO能力下降.     

氰基修饰石墨相氮化碳构建高效的活性位点用于光催化还原CO2

作为影响光催化反应的关键因素,光催化剂的活性位点数量直接决定了光催化活性.传统石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)由于活性位点不足而表现出较弱的光催化活性.为了增加g-C3N4的活性位点数量,研究人员采取了各种策略,包括杂原子掺杂、表面改性和空位工程.其中,表面改性是增加催化剂活性位点的有效策略之一.氰基具有很强的吸电子能力,可在光催化反应中作为活性位点.然而,关于氰基作为CO2光还原活性位点的研究并不多,特别是对于氰基修饰增强g-C3N4活性的机理尚不清楚.构建多孔结构是暴露催化剂活性位点的有效措施之一.多孔结构可以有效改善纳米片的团聚,促进活性位点暴露,增大反应物与活性位点间的接触机会;并且相互连接的多孔网络可形成独特的传输通道,进一步促进载流子迁移.本文通过分子自组装和碱辅助策略合成了氰基改性的多孔g-C3N4纳米片(MCN-0.5).氰基由于具有良好的吸电子特性,促进了局部载流子分离,并充当了光催化反应的活性位点.受益于活性位点的影响,MCN-0.5表现出显著增强的光催化CO2还原活性.在不添加牺牲剂和助催化剂的条件下,MCN-0.5样品上CO和CH4产率达到13.7和0.6μmol·h–1·g–1,分别是传统煅烧法制备的g-C3N4(TCN)产生CO和CH4产率的2.5和2倍.通过盐酸处理MCN-0.5除去氰基,并没有破坏样品的形貌结构,但催化剂的光催化活性显著降低,证实了氰基活性位点的作用.光还原Pt纳米颗粒的实验结果表明,与对照样品相比,氰基修饰的样品上还原的Pt纳米颗粒更多,进一步证实了引入氰基为光还原反应提供了更多活性位点.CO2等温吸附测试结果表明,MCN-0.5对CO2的吸附能力不如对照样品,间接证明氰基能成为活性位点是由于其良好的吸电子能力促进了局部载流子分离.瞬态荧光光谱、光电化学表征结果表明,氰基修饰增强了载流子迁移和分离能力.根据理论计算和原位红外光谱提出了氰基修饰增强g-C3N4光催化还原CO2活性的作用机理.以三聚氰胺为前驱体接枝氰基的g-C3N4也表现出比体相g-C3N4明显增强的光催化还原CO2活性,这证明了氰基改性增强g-C3N4活性策略的通用性.本文通过在光催化剂材料中设计活性位点为太阳能高效转化提供了一个有效途径.     

Z型复合催化剂g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO光催化活性的研究

随着科学技术的不断进步和经济的快速发展,人类对自然资源的需求量越来越大,在开发利用自然资源的同时,大量的有机污染物也随之进入自然环境.这些物质不仅污染环境、破坏生态,更对人类的生活和健康带来了巨大的威胁.研究证实,半导体光催化剂在光照条件下可以破坏有机污染物的分子结构,最终将其氧化降解成CO2、H2O或其它不会对环境产生二次污染的小分子,从而净化水质.近年来,有关光催化降解有机污染物的报道日益增多. ZnO作为一种广泛研究的光催化降解材料,因其无毒、低成本和高效等特点而具有一定的应用前景.但是ZnO较大的禁带宽度(3.24 eV)导致其只能吸收紫外光部分,而对可见光的吸收效率很小,极大地制约了其实际应用.除此之外, ZnO受光激发产生的电子-空穴分离效率较低、光催化过程中的光腐蚀严重也是制约其实际应用的重要因素.为了提高ZnO的光催化活性和稳定性,本文合成了用g-C3N4修饰的氧空位型ZnO(g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO)复合催化剂,在有效调控ZnO半导体能带结构的同时,通过负载一定量的g-C3N4以降低光生电子-空穴对的复合速率和反应过程中ZnO的光腐蚀,增强催化剂的光催化活性和稳定性.本文首先合成前驱体Zn(OH)F,然后焙烧三聚氰胺和Zn(OH)F的混合物得到g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合催化剂,并采用电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征了它们的结构及其性质. EPR结果表明,ZnO焙烧后具有一定浓度的氧空位,导致其禁带宽度由3.24 eV降至3.09 eV,因而提高了ZnO对可见光的吸收效率. UV-vis结果显示, Vo-ZnO复合g-C3N4后对可见光的吸收显著增强. HRTEM和FT-IR结果均表明, g-C3N4纳米片和Vo-ZnO颗粒之间通过共价键形成了强耦合,这对g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合催化剂中光生载流子的传送和光生电子-空穴对的有效分离起到重要作用.可见光催化降解甲基橙(MO)和腐殖酸(HA)的实验进一步证明, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合材料具有较好的光催化活性,优于单一的g-C3N4或Vo-ZnO材料.同时还发现, g-C3N4的负载量对光催化活性有显著影响,当氮化碳的负载量为1 wt%时,所制材料具有最高的光催化活性：可见光照射60 min后,MO降解率可达到93%, HA降解率为80%.复合材料光催化活性的增强一方面是因为氧空位的形成减小了ZnO的禁带宽度,使得ZnO对可见光的吸收能力大大增强;另一方面, g-C3N4和Vo-ZnO的能带符合了Z型催化机理所需的有效能带匹配,使得光生电子-空穴对得到了有效的分离,从而提高了光催化活性.降解MO的循环实验表明, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO催化剂具有很好的稳定性且不容易发生光腐蚀.与此同时,我们对比了用不同方法制备的g-C3N4/ZnO材料的催化性能.结果显示,本文制备的g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合材料具有更好的降解效率.总体而言,对于降解有机污染物, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO可能是一个更为有效可行的催化体系.此外,本文也为设计与制备其他新型光催化剂提供了一条新的思路.     

Efficient removal of partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide in polymer-flooding produced water using photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride nanofibres

In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) photocatalyst-incorporated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres (GCN/PAN nanofibres) were successfully prepared using electrospinning technique. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated GCN/PAN nanofibres were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analyser, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation by GCN/PAN nanofibres exhibited 90.2% photodegradation of partially hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile (HPAM) after 180 min under UV light irradiation in a suspension photocatalytic reactor. The results suggest that the photodegradation of HPAM contaminant by GCN/PAN nanofibres was due to the synergetic effects of HPAM adsorption by the PAN nanofibres and HPAM photodegradation by the GCN. This study provides an insight into the removal of HPAM from polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW) through photocatalytic degradation of liquid-permeable self-supporting nanofibre mats as a potentially promising material to be used in industrial applications.     

前驱体改性法制备薄层多孔富氨基的石墨相氮化碳用于光催化降解RhB和光催化制氢

半导体光催化是一种利用半导体将太阳能转换为高能化学能的绿色技术,在可再生清洁能源生产和污染物修复领域有着巨大的应用前景.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)作为一种环境友好的非金属半导体,因其制备工艺简单、来源丰富、热稳定性和化学稳定性好、可见光吸收范围及特殊的电子性能而受到广泛关注.但一般常用氮源前驱体如二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等...     

Exploitation of a photoelectrochemical sensing platform for bisphenol A quantitative determination using Cu/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites

The photoelectrochemical sensor basedon Cu/g-CN composites modified electrodeis firstly used to monitor bisphenol Awith high sensitivity. This work opens theway for the application of Cu/g-CN composites in photoelectrochemical field, and simultaneously contributed to broadening the application of graphitic carbon nitride-based materials. In addition, it can provide a convenient and rapid analysis method for the detection of other organic compounds in the future.     

g-C_3N_4修饰β-ZnMoO_4光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶:合成方法的影响、降解动力学及机理(英文)

在过去几十年中,钼酸盐在功能材料领域的应用备受关注.例如,半导体材料二价金属钼酸盐MMoO_4(M=Ca,Mg,Zn)在发光、催化、电容器、闪烁探测器等方面已有良好的应用.研究表明,钼酸锌在紫外或可见光照射下能够有效降解甲基橙、维多利亚蓝、苯酚等污染物.中国拥有丰富的钼资源,目前钼主要用于生产高强度钢.制备钼基高效除污除材料可作为钼资源的另一种高附加值利用模式.氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种低成本的光活性改性剂,可提高半导体材料的光催化性能.迄今为止,基于氮化碳复合材料的制备方法包括:原位水热合成、超声波复合、一步升温合成和沉淀法等.然而,很少讨论合成方法对复合材料性能的影响.本文以β-ZnMoO_4为主体材料,g-C_3N_4为修饰材料,首次制备了两者复合的新型光催化剂.采用不同的方法和条件制备了β-ZnMoO_4和β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料,探讨了合成方法对复合材料光催化性能的影响,并进一步研究了材料光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的动力学和降解途径.以钼酸钠和硝酸锌为原料,在不同温度和时间条件下,采用水热法合成得到了两种不同形貌的β-ZnMoO_4材料.光催化降解实验结果显示,水热合成条件对催化剂的光催化活性影响很大,280℃水热条件下维持24 h,得到表面光滑的不规则微米颗粒(β-ZnMoO_4-280),其光催化活性高于180℃条件下获得的片状形貌的钼酸锌材料(β-ZnMoO_4-180).β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料通过原位水热法和超声法合成,结果显示,原位水热合成条件下获得的β-ZnMoO_4-180/C_3N_4光催化剂对磺胺二甲嘧啶表现出显著增强的降解能力.相比之下,在280℃水热条件下,C_3N_4颗粒发生逐步分解,且反应开始时C_3N_4颗粒会扰乱β-ZnMoO_4-280晶体生长的连续性,使复合材料性能下降.对于超声法合成的β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4材料,两种β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料的光催化活性均提高,但提高程度不及水热法180℃条件下制备的材料.结果表明,对于光催化复合材料的制备,要选择适当的合成方法,才能得到高性能复合光催化材料,本文采用180℃的水热合成条件,添加3%g-C_3N_4,可得到性能最佳的β-ZnMoO_4-180/C_3N_4复合光催化剂.添加自由基抑制剂的光催化降解实验结果表明,超氧负离子(·O_2~–)和空穴(h~+)在降解中起主导作用.β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料光催化活性的增强归因于C_3N_4与β-ZnMoO_4之间形成异质结,该异质结提高了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率.通过液相-质谱联用手段,测定了磺胺二甲嘧啶降解的中间产物,结果表明,污染物的光催化降解途径主要包括脱氨基和脱甲基过程.     

Efficient strategies for boosting the performance of 2D graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials during photoreduction of carbon dioxide to energy-rich chemicals

Nowadays, the alarming growing interest in providing a solution to increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the associated pollution has attracted global attention. The consequential effects of CO₂ are detrimental to the environment owing to the continuous depletion of carbon-emitting fossil fuels. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction (CO₂R) to valuable chemicals and fuels is one the promising alternative option to mitigate the global menace instigated by CO₂ emissions. If the strategies for enhancing the CO₂R are unavailable, inefficient, or inappropriate, then efficiency conversion CO₂ to valuable products can become problematic. In that case, the emission of CO₂ results in synchronizing upsurge in the global-mean air surface temperature on the earth and sea levels from 1980 to 2100. This study presents different strategies for boosting the photocatalytic performance of 2D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for CO₂R reaction. The first part consists of the fundamental principles of photocatalysis. The second part presents some answers to the question: what governs the mechanism of photocatalytic CO₂R? The existing literature lack comprehensive information about the strategical influence of available reactor designs on the photoactivity of 2D g-C₃N₄ for CO₂ conversion to energy-rich chemicals and ways to improve them as discussed in this study. This was then followed by strategies about the synthetic methods for enhancing photocatalytic CO₂R over 2D g-C₃N₄ materials before the discussion of the strategies for enhancing the CO₂ photoreduction on the 2D g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. Some groups of g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials for photoreduction of CO₂R were also discussed. Unlike the previous reviews in the field, the present study presents some innovation to bridge the knowledge gaps of the previous reviews and corresponding insight thereof. For future breakthroughs, this study also explains some problems with the interpretation in the field. We also highlight insights into innovation on exclusion and inclusion criteria about the performance metrics and present some queries, concerns, and problems with the previous studies. The concluding part consists of research outlooks, including commonly overlooked challenges and future perspectives for ensuring highly efficient strategies, applications of 2D g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts, and CO₂ conversion to meet industrial scale expectations. The present study hypothesized that considering the current technological age, the experiment should go beyond presenting only illustration and analysis about the band energy, but the detailed explanation/information about the pathways of the various products formed using molecular dynamics system and artificial intelligence aspects should be combined in the future studies.     

Synergistic effect of flame retardants and graphitic carbon nitride on flame retardancy of polylactide composites

In order to improve the flame retardant of polylactide (PLA), the synergistic effect of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) with commercial‐available flame retardants melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) was investigated. The PLA composites containing 5 wt% g‐C₃N₄ and 10 wt% DOPO had a highest limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.5% and reached the V‐0 rating of UL‐94 test. The cone calorimeter tests exhibited that DOPO had a better synergistic effect with g‐C₃N₄ than MPP to improve flame retardancy of PLA. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PLA composites containing 10 wt% DOPO could be reduced by 25.2% and 23.6%, respectively, as compared with those of pure PLA. The presence of rich phosphorus element and aromatic groups in DOPO contributed to obtain continuous compact char layer and increase the graphitization level of char residues, thereby, resulting in improving the flame retardancy of PLA together with g‐C₃N₄. In addition, the incorporation of DOPO can serve as a plasticizer to reduce the complex viscosity, improving the processability of PLA composites.     

Interfacial engineering of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based metal sulfide heterojunction photocatalysts for energy conversion: A review

As one of the most appealing and attractive technologies, photocatalysis is widely used as a promising method to circumvent the environmental and energy problems. Due to its chemical stability and unique physicochemical, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has become research hotspots in the community. However, g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst still suffers from many problems, resulting in unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity such as low specific surface area, high charge recombination and insufficient visible light utilization. Since 2009, g-C₃N₄-based heterostructures have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide for their greatly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Overall, this review summarizes the recent advances of g-C₃N₄-based nanocomposites modified with transition metal sulfide (TMS), including (1) preparation of pristine g-C₃N₄, (2) modification strategies of g-C₃N₄, (3) design principles of TMS-modified g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalysts, and (4) applications in energy conversion. What is more, the characteristics and transfer mechanisms of each classification of the metal sulfide heterojunction system will be critically reviewed, spanning from the following categories: (1) Type I heterojunction, (2) Type II heterojunction, (3) p-n heterojunction, (4) Schottky junction and (5) Z-scheme heterojunction. Apart from that, the application of g-C₃N₄-based heterostructured photocatalysts in H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, N₂ fixation and pollutant degradation will also be systematically presented. Last but not least, this review will conclude with invigorating perspectives, limitations and prospects for further advancing g-C₃N₄-based heterostructured photocatalysts toward practical benefits for a sustainable future.     

Electrochemical detection of selenium using glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide

In this work, a simple experimental procedure was reported for the electroanalytical determination of selenium (IV) using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The rGO was obtained by reduction of graphene oxide obtained via Hummer’s method. The synthesised rGO was characterised using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy and transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). GCE was modified with rGO and the electrochemical properties of the bare and modified electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained showed that the modified electrode exhibited more excellent electrochemical properties than the bare GCE. The optimum conditions for detection of selenium in water using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry were as follows: deposition potential ?500 mV, pH 1, pre-concentration time of 240 s and 0.1 M nitric acid was used as supporting electrolyte. The linear regression equation obtained was I (µA) = 0.8432C + 9.2359 and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.85 μg L^?1. However, Cu(II) and Cd(II) are the two cations that interfered in the analysis of selenium in water.

The sensor was also applied for real sample water analysis and the result obtained was affirmed with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopic method. It is believed that our proposed sensor hold promise for practical application.     

铜铂双单原子负载晶化氮化碳及其增强光催化CO2还原性能

铂单原子作为一种新型催化剂,具有活性组分高度分散、配位未饱和以及原子利用率高等特点,在光催化还原CO₂方面表现出巨大潜力.但是由于成本高昂和负载量高等因素,极大地限制了其在实际生产中的广泛应用.合成具有低负载量贵金属铂,同时提高铂基单原子催化剂的催化活性仍然是一项巨大挑战.晶化石墨相氮化碳的二维结构,特别是其稳定晶化结构所形成的限域环境及其可扩展的π共轭单元,可以有效锚定金属单原子,因而可作为金属单原子的良好载体.已有的金属单原子载体氮化碳多为弱晶或非晶结构,基于晶化氮化碳的高结晶度和高结构稳定性,合理构建金属单原子沉积的结晶石墨相氮化碳体系仍十分困难.关于晶化氮化碳负载金属单原子催化剂应用于光催化还原CO₂的研究至今鲜有报道.本文开发了一种具有低负载量的铂基双单原子锚定晶化氮化碳的制备方法,通过设计氮化碳缺陷位点,在晶化石墨相氮化碳载体表面构筑氮缺陷位点,利用载体的丰富氮缺陷作为陷阱,有效捕获双单原子金属前驱体,成功制备了具有低负载量(铂为0.32wt%)的双金属铜铂单原子催化剂,并用于光催化CO₂还原反应中.结果表明,相比于单原子铂催化剂和单原子铜催化剂,该种双单原子铜铂体系在光催化还原CO₂-CO中表现了更好催化活性.在光照3.5 h后,铜铂双单原子体系的CO产量达到41.1μmolg^-1.除此之外,铜铂双单原子体系在光催化过程中有利于促进CH₄生成,在没有任何牺牲剂或共催化剂作用下其CH4的产量为9.8μmolg^-1,其产率分别是相同光照条件下单原子铂催化剂(3.2μmolg^-1)和单原子铜催化剂(2.0μmol g^-1)的三倍和五倍.高分辨透射电镜结果表明,制备的氮化碳呈现了高度晶化的结构.球差扫描透射电子显微镜结果表明,铂和铜物种分别以高度分散的单原子形式存在,且在双金属铜铂单原子体系并未发现铜颗粒和铂颗粒.电化学分析结果表明,通过双配位活性位点的桥梁作用提高光生电子的转移效率,使得铜铂双单原子体系具有更高的电流密度和更好的载流子传输能力.原位X射线光电子能谱结果表明,金属铂和铜单原子成功负载在晶化石墨相氮化碳上,且在光照过程中单原子铂和铜的结合能的电子密度有些许改变,证明了该双金属单原子体系在光催化过程中协同动态光电子的迁移转移;原位红外傅里叶变换光谱实验结果表明,这种稳定的铜铂双单原子体系有利于促进催化还原反应中中间体产物的加氢过程,对终产物的解离和释放有明显的促进作用,从而提高光催化还原CO₂反应的活性和选择性.     

Synthesizing a nano-composite of BSA-capped Au nanoclusters/graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as a new fluorescent probe for dopamine detection

A strong red fluorescent nanocomposite, consisting of graphite-like carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄ NSs) and serum albumin-capped Au nanoclusters (AuNCs), was synthesized. Dopamine (DA) can quench the red fluorescence of the nanocomposite, based on the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. In this quenching process, the energy is transferred from the fluorescent g-C₃N₄ NSs-AuNCs to the oxidized DA quinine molecules (DA is easily oxidated to form DA quinine in air). The red fluorescence emission at 420 nm decreases dramatically and the quenching ratio (F₀ – F)/F₀ is linearly related to the concentration of DA in the range of 0.05–8.0 μmol L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.018 μmol L⁻¹ (S/N = 3). Additionally, this sensor has a potential of application to assay the DA in the real samples, such as human serum and human urine.     

热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性

近年来,等离子体材料因具有独特的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)效应,可实现可见光到近红外范围内光利用,因此引起人们的广泛关注.利用等离子体材料(贵金属或重掺杂半导体材料)合理构建异质结构,可以同时拓宽光催化剂的光谱响应范围,抑制载流子的复合,从而提高光催化活性.在已报道的等离子体半导体中,WO3–x具有无毒、价廉以及...     

柔性复合织物电极Graphene/Cotton和MnO2/Graphene/Cotton的合成及在电化学电容器中的应用

通过热还原法成功地制备出了柔性复合织物电极石墨烯/棉布(graphene/cotton)。热还原条件对电极的导电性能具有较大的影响。导电柔性织物电极graphene/cotton特有的多级结构使其既有利于进一步负载膺电容材料,又有利于电子和电解质离子的传输与扩散。通过电化学沉积方法,利用导电柔性织物电极graphene/cotton进一步制备出了电极MnO₂/graphene/cotton。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱,四探针测试法等表征技术对电极的结构进行了较为详细的表征。结果表明电极MnO₂/graphene/cotton的比电容可以达到536 F·g^-1。良好的电化学性能和柔性使得此类电极在柔性储能材料应用中具有极大的应用前景。     

Au‐TiO2/Graphene Nanocomposite Film for Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH

We describe a simple method for preparing Au‐TiO₂/graphene (GR) nanocomposite by deposition of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on TiO₂/GR substrates. The as‐prepared Au‐TiO₂/GR was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of Au NPs on TiO₂/GR surface remarkably improves the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The Au‐TiO₂/GR modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibits good amperometric response to H₂O₂ and NADH, with linear range from 10 to 200 µM and 10 to 240 µM, and detection limit of 0.7 and 0.2 µM, respectively.