Progress in the synthesis and applications of hierarchical flower-like TiO2 nanostructures

Flower-like TiO₂ materials, with their advantages of high specific surface area, developed pore structure, and high photocatalytic activity, have been widely used in environmental management and air purification, sterilization, and surface self-cleaning, among other areas. This paper summarizes several methods used to fabricate the flower-like TiO₂ nanostructures, such as the hydrothermal, solvothermal, microemulsion, sol–gel, hydrolysis, and electrodeposition oxidation methods. In addition, the morphologies, properties, and performance of different flower-like TiO₂ structures are discussed. Meanwhile, the application progresses of different flower-like TiO₂ structures are also analyzed.     

Hollow spherical titanium dioxide nanoparticles for energy and environmental applications

Hollow spherical titanium dioxide(TiO_2) nanoparticles possess unique properties toward energy and environmental applications,because of the intrinsic properties of TiO_2 and benefits induced by their hollow structure.A detailed understanding of TiO_2 hollow spheres will promote their use in sustainable energy and environmental applications.This perspective details current methods for synthesizing hollow spherical TiO_2 nanoparticles,and their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells,photocatalysts,and batteries.This perspective will promote the design and innovative thinking on the application of hollow spherical metal oxide nanoparticles.     

TiO2-loaded activated carbon fiber： Hydrothermal synthesis,adsorption properties and photo catalytic activity under visible light irradiation

TiO2-loaded activated carbon fibers （ACF） were prepared by a hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrometry and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）. SEM images showed that the TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of ACF, and the particle size and loading amount of TiO2 were varied by changing the initial concentration of tetrabutyl titanate （TBOT）. The results of an ash experiment showed that the loading amounts of TiO2 were 18.4%, 43.3%, 52.5%, 75.1%, and 91.1% for initial concentrations of TBOT of 0.07,014, 0.21,0.28, and 0.35 tool/L, respectively, Physical interactions played an important role in the formation of TiO2/ACF composite fibers that absorb UV and visible light. Compared with those of ACF, improved adsorption and photocatalytic activity toward Rhodamine B （RhB） were observed for TiO2/ACF composite fiber. The Rhodamine B could be removed efficiently by TiO2/ACF composite fibers, and the TiO2 loading amount had a significant effect on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2/ACF composite fibers.     

Comparison of the effects of different protocols on the particle size distribution of TiO_2 dispersions

There is a need to standardize methods associated with the dispersion of nanomaterials in nano(eco)toxicological investigations.The first step toward this goal is to understand the degree of variability that exists in nanomaterial dispersions prepared by using different protocols.Using two case studies,the degree of variability in TiO_2 nanomaterial dispersions was assessed by differential centrifugal sedimentation(DCS) methods.Case study 1 addresses the variability that arises from variations within one protocol,investigating the effects of dispersion aging,sonication exposure time,sonication in the presence/absence of an ice bath,material subsampling,particle concentration and having a pre-wetting step.Case study 2 addresses the variability between four different protocols developed through past research activities and projects.The results indicate that there is a large degree of variability(relative standard deviation(RSD) of mean particle diameter = 26%) in the dispersion of TiO_2 nanomaterials between the four different protocols studied and that several steps in a dispersion protocol are potential sources of variation,with final particle concentration being the most significant.The implication of this study is clear:for the purpose of data comparability,there is a need to provide the exact details of all steps involved in a dispersion protocol.     

空间薄膜结构褶皱的数值模拟最新研究进展

褶皱问题是高精度空间薄膜结构最关心的问题之一, 它是影响薄膜结构形面精度的关键因素. 由于薄膜结构褶皱机理的复杂性, 该问题一直没能得到很好的解决, 人们对褶皱的认识, 目前主要是通过试验观察和数值模拟等方法. 本文综述了空间薄膜结构褶皱数值研究的发展和现状, 并对其中重要的和被广泛采纳的方法进行了重点介绍和评述. 最后对褶皱数值分析方法所面临的问题及其发展趋势作了初步展望.      

Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of NiS flower-like architectures

Under the influence of thiocyanate anions (SCN^?) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), NiS flower-like architectures were successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The synthesized flower-like architectures, with a multilayered and highly ordered texture, have diameters of several micrometers. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that the NiS flower-like architectures are rhombohedral crystalline. On the basis of condition-dependent experiments, the diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model and cage effect were used to explain the growth process of rhombohedral crystalline NiS flower-like architectures. Magnetic measurements showed that the coercivity (H_c) of the as-obtained NiS flower-like architectures was 102.14 Oe.     

Al-TiO2-B2O3反应体系中B2O3/TiO2摩尔比对热扩散反应合成铝基复合材料磨损性能的影响

利用Al-TiO2-B2O3体系热扩散反应合成(XD)法制备了铝基复合材料;采用销-盘摩擦磨损试验机考察了所制备的铝基复合材料在干摩擦条件下同GCr15钢配副时的磨损性能;采用扫描电子显微镜和光学金相显微镜观察分析了复合材料微观组织结构及其磨损表面和剖面形貌,探讨了其磨损机理.结果表明:所制备的铝基复合材料的磨损性能随Al-TiO2-B2O3反应体系中B2O3/TiO2摩尔比的增加而提高;复合材料的磨损质量损失随着滑动速度的增加而增加,当滑动速度为0.9 m/s左右时最大,随后开始减小;磨损质量损失与滑动距离基本呈线性关系.当B2O3/TiO2摩尔比为0.0时,增强相由Al2O3和Al3Ti组成,相应的复合材料的抗磨性能较差,其磨损主要表现为Al3Ti的犁沟切削、亚表层剥落、塑性基体流失导致Al2O3颗粒裸露脱落以及Al3Ti棒断裂导致的磨粒磨损;加入B2O3后,棒状Al3Ti的数量减少,有利于基体晶粒细化,提高复合材料强度和塑性,故抗磨性能提高.当B2O3/TiO2摩尔比为1.0时,复合材料中的Al3Ti基本消失,抗磨性能显著改善,主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和轻微磨粒磨损.     

基于边界位移的复合材料力学参数无损反演方法

非均质材料参数识别在工程学、医学以及生物力学等众多领域具有重要意义.目前求解材料参数识别这类反问题主要采用优化方法,通常需要已知结构的全场位移信息,使含有位移的目标函数最小化,从而获得材料参数分布.然而在实际工程中,结构内部的位移较难测量且测量精度低.因此,本文拟提出一类仅利用边界位移就能进行非均质材料参数分布反演的方...     

石墨烯/二硫化钼复合纳米添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究

采用水热法制备了两种不同形貌结构的石墨烯/二硫化钼纳米复合物(RGO/MoS₂-1和RGO/MoS₂-2). 通过电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对所制备材料的形貌、成分和晶格结构进行表征;利用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机考察了RGO/MoS₂-1和RGO/MoS₂-2作为PAO-4添加剂的摩擦学性能. 结果显示具有花状结构的RGO/MoS₂-2与RGO/MoS₂-1相比具有更大的层间距,且因其较大的层间距使得RGO/MoS₂-2表现出较好的摩擦学性能. Raman和XPS对润滑机理的表征结果证实了RGO/MoS₂复合纳米添加剂优异的摩擦学性能归因于吸附和摩擦化学反应的协同作用.      

Capture of phosphates in surface water by TiO2 nanoparticles under UV irradiation

The capture of orthophosphates and total phosphorus from the Pudong Canal river in the Pudong District of Shanghai by TiO2 nanoparticles is studied using a rotating photoreactor and the nano-TiO2 photocatalyst Degussa P25. The effects of UV irradiation intensity in a range of 20-74 mW/cm^2, the loading of the TiO2 nanoparticles in a range of 0.05-0.1 g/L, irradiation time up to 4 h, and pH values in a range of 2-10.5 on the capture efficiency are investigated. The results show that the capture of orthophosphates and total P are significantly enhanced by UV irradiation; at a loading of 0.1 g/L and an irradiation intensity above 36 mW/cm^2, orthophosphates and total phosphorus are rapidly captured by TiO2 nanoparticles, causing an observed reduction from 0.4 mg/L down to 0.02 mg/L. pH values in a range of 2-10.5 have little effect on the capture efficiency of orthophosphates and total phosphorus.     

任意空间曲面近似展开成平面的增量有限元算法

提出了任意空间曲面近似展成平面的准则,证明了这一准则与有限单元法中节点残余力向量等于零的等效性,推导了空间曲面展成平面的增量有限单元计算方法。对于可展曲面,本文方法给出的是精确的展开平面;对于不可展曲面,本文方法给出的是最接近的展开平面。本文方法具有计算快速、收敛稳定、易于实现等特点。本文理论可用于工程中的各类曲面展开问题,特别适用于膜结构的裁剪设计。     

Surface structuring of case hardened chain pins by cold-sprayed microparticles to modify friction and wear properties

This paper presents the results of the application of a cold spray technique for structuring metallic surfaces with microparticles.The resulting changes in surface properties were characterized to observe their influences on the tribological behavior of the structured surface.The spray technique was applied to a technical component,a 16MnCr5 steel chain pin,designed to be mounted in a linear reciprocating tribometer.TiO_2 microparticles were used to structure the surface with a homogeneous distribution of singly dispersed particles,rather than a homogeneous closed coating on the surface.Tribometer tests were performed to directly compare structured and unstructured chain pins,and a significantly reduced sliding friction coefficient was observed for the structured pin.The pins were characterized in detail by surface analysis prior to and after application of the tribological load to set the surface parameters and surface chemistry,even on the microscale.It was confirmed that the particle structuring induced changes in the surface properties,and the durability of the changes after tribological loading was evaluated.     

Adsorption and photo-catalytic properties of layered lepidocrocite-like quasi-amorphous compounds based on modified potassium polytitanates

TiO2 compounds possess relatively high adsorption abilities and exhibit high photocatalytic activities that exhibit potential for the destruction of organic pollutants in natural and waste waters.Nanostructured potassium polytitanates modified using transition metals and their oxides/hydroxides generate new nanomaterials that operate in the visible spectral range.This study presents the synthesis and investigation of the structure,composition and photocatalytic activity of powdered nanoscale quasi-amorphous potassium polytitanates particles modified with iron,zinc,copper,cobalt and nickel sulfate in aqueous solutions.All of the powders investigated in this work exhibit a high adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye（15-20mg/g） related to the welldeveloped surface of the layered potassium polytitanate particles.Introducing transition metals and their oxides/hydroxides influences the electronic structure of the obtained systems.A high photocatalytic activity was observed for systems containing iron,zinc,nickel and their oxides/hydroxides in the ultraviolet and visible ranges.     

Strength properties and fracture of boron and silicon carbide fibres with yttrium oxide coatings

Discussed is the influence of refractory oxide coating on failure characteristics of fibers such as boron and silicon carbide continuous fibers. Weibull statistics are used for analyzing the experimental data. Fractographic and morphologic studies revealed two different mechanisms of failure; they correspond to fracture surface structures with different thermodynamic stability. Mechanical properties of composites are improved when fibers are coated with protective Y₂O₃ and embedded in a metal or ceramic matrix.     

Surface integral analogy approaches for predicting noise from 3D high-lift low-noise wings

Three surface integral approaches of the acoustic analogies are studied to predict the noise from three concep- tual configurations of three-dimensional high-lift low-noise wings. The approaches refer to the Kirchhoff method, the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings （FW-H） method of the permeable integral surface and the Curle method that is known as a special case of the FW-H method. The first two approaches are used to compute the noise generated by the core flow region where the energetic structures exist. The last approach is adopted to predict the noise specially from the pressure perturbation on the wall. A new way to con- struct the integral surface that encloses the core region is proposed for the first two methods. Considering the local properties of the flow around the complex object-the actual wing with high-lift devices-the integral surface based on the vorticity is constructed to follow the flow structures. The surface location is discussed for the Kirchhoff method and the FW-H method because a common surface is used for them. The noise from the core flow region is studied on the basis of the dependent integral quantities, which are indicated by the Kirchhoff formulation and by the FW-H formulation. The role of each wall component on noise contribution is analyzed using the Curle formulation. Effects of the volume integral terms of Lighthill＇s stress tensors on the noise pre-diction are then evaluated by comparing the results of the Curle method with the other two methods.     

TiO_2-water nanofluid in a porous channel under the effects of an inclined magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity

The TiO_2-water based nanofluid flow in a channel bounded by two porous plates under an oblique magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity is formulated as a boundary-value problem(BVP). The BVP is analytically solved with the homotopy analysis method(HAM). The result shows that the concentration of the nanoparticles is independent of the volume fraction of TiO_2 nanoparticles, the magnetic field intensity, and the angle. It is inversely proportional to the mass diffusivity. The fluid speed decreases whereas the temperature increases when the volume fraction of the TiO_2 nanoparticles increases. This confirms the fact that the occurrence of the TiO_2 nanoparticles results in the increase in the thermal transfer rate. The fluid speed decreases and the temperature increases for both the pure water and the nanofluid when the magnetic field intensity and angle increase. The maximum velocity does not exist at the middle of the symmetric channel, which is in contrast to the plane-Poiseuille flow, but it deviates a little bit towards the lower plate, which absorbs the fluid with a very low suction velocity. If this suction velocity is increased, the temperature in the vicinity of the lower plate will be increased.An explicit expression for the friction factor-Reynolds number is then developed. It is shown that the Hartmann number of the nanofluid is smaller than that of pure water,while the Nusselt number of the nanofluid is larger than that of pure water. However,both the parameters increase if the magnetic field intensity increases.     

轻质金属泡沫夹芯曲板的抗爆炸冲击响应研究

夹芯结构具有高比强度、高比刚度和优异的吸能能力,已经被广泛应用于工程结构用来抵御高强度的爆炸冲击载荷。本文采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了爆炸载荷作用下四边固支夹芯曲板的动力响应。比较了同等质量下夹芯曲板、夹芯平板、实体曲板和实体平板四种结构的抗爆炸冲击性能,讨论了不同曲率和非对称因子对结构动力响应的影响,得到了使得夹芯曲板抗爆炸性能最佳的非对称因子。研究结果表明：夹芯曲板的抗爆炸冲击性能优于等质量的夹芯平板、实体曲板和实体平板结构,增大夹芯曲板的曲率能够提高结构的抗爆炸冲击性能。     

软体智能机器人的系统设计与力学建模

机器人或机电装备通常由电机模组、液压元件、齿轮和铰链等硬质部件构成,具有动力足、精度高等优点,但在实现低噪声、高安全系数与亲和性等方面存在挑战.受自然界生物体的柔软特性与高环境适应性的启发,设计制造软体机器人是近年来机器人领域的研究热点.作为软体机器人的核心构成部分,智能软材料可在外界不同刺激下产生不同响应,具有材料柔韧、生物相容性好、易于制备、价格低廉等优点,可广泛应用于机器人的设计与制造.几类典型的具备驱动功能的智能软材料与结构获得广泛的研究,包括气动软体肌肉、形状记忆合金/聚合物、离子交换聚合物、介电高弹体、响应水凝胶等.本文介绍了多种驱动类型的软体智能机器人研究成果,并从软体智能机器人的系统设计与力学建模两个方面进行了归纳分析与讨论.      

Development of Patterns for Digital Image Correlation Measurements at Reduced Length Scales

Methods for patterning metal thin films at the microscale and nanoscale by applying the patterns to metallic and polymeric materials for use in shape and deformation measurements in a scanning electron microsope (SEM) or other high magnification imaging system are described. In one approach, thin films of metallic materials (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, and Cr) are applied to a variety of substrates. The coated samples are then placed into a reaction vessel, where the specimens are heated and exposed to a nitrogen atmosphere saturated with selected volatile chemicals. This process results in nano-scale remodeling of the metallic films, thereby affording high contrast random patterns with different morphologies. In a second approach, thin films of metallic materials, including gold and silver, also have been applied using a simplified UV photolithographic method requiring a minimum amount of laboratory preparation. Using selected substrates, both methods have been used successfully to transfer patterns onto polymeric and metallic materials ranging from 50–500 nanometers with chemical vapor rearrangement and 2 to 20 microns with UV photolithography, providing a pattern that can be used with digital image correlation to quantify both the surface profile and also surface deformations at reduced length scales.     

格栅结构力学性能研究进展

格栅复合材料是一种新型轻质高强材料. 综述了格栅复合材料的周期构型特征和格栅结构的制备工艺. 归纳了二维周期格栅材料的等效刚度矩阵计算方法, 比较了不同构型格栅的基本力学性能, 介绍了胞元材料的微极弹性理论和格栅的强度与屈服面计算方法. 探讨了格栅的缺陷及其力学响应, 包括格栅的尺度效应、夹杂缺陷以及裂纹扩展特征, 介绍了波在格栅材料中传播机理的最新研究成果. 根据格栅材料在工程中的应用形式, 分类介绍了格栅板壳结构、格栅加筋板壳结构和格栅夹层结构的结构特点和破坏方式、设计优化准则和实验研究成果. 还归纳了作者所在研究小组近期在碳纤维格栅复合材料的制备、实验研究和理论分析等方面的最新工作进展.