Radiochemical determination of uranium and radium isotope in natural water using liquid scintillation counter

²³⁴U, ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra were analyzed in 14 Korean hot spring waters. Uranium was extracted with mixture of extractive scintillation cocktail containing HDEHP and ²³⁴U, ²³⁸U were analyzed with LSC. Radium isotopes were separated using Ba coprecipitation method and counted with LSC and ²²⁸Ra was also analyzed its daughter ²²⁸Ac with HPGe γ-detector. Among them ²²⁶Ra was ranged <0.01–0.155 Bq/L and ²²⁸Ra is below detection limit <0.1 Bq/L. And also, uranium content was ranged <0.01–49.7 μg/L and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratio was ranged 0.69–1.17.     

Determination of228Ra in drinking water

A procedure for the analysis of²²⁸Ra in drinking water has been developed. The procedure involves separation of radium by an initial coprecipitation with lead sulfate. The isolated Pb(Ra)SO₄ is then dissolved in sodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA). Radium-228 is co-precipitated from this solution with barium sulfate while the DTPA supernate which contains pre-existing²²⁸Ac is discarded. The purified Ba(Ra)SO₄ precipitate is then allowed to ingrow, generating²²⁸Ac, which is then dissolved in DTPA, isolating both²²⁶Ra and²²⁸Ra in the precipitate while²²⁸ Ac remains in the aqueous supernate. The supernate is partitioned against di-(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid), HDEHP, dissolved in n-heptane, which retains the²²⁸Ac. Actinium-228 is then stripped from the organic phase by partitioning against 1M HNO₃. Finally, the²²⁸Ac is coprecipitated onto cerium oxalate. The precipitate is collected on a filter and counted in a low-background beta counter. Radium-228 standards with concentrations ranging from 0.044 to 1.6 Bq were used to establish the detector counting efficiency for²²⁸Ac in cerium oxalate samples, as well as monitoring the chemical yield and absorption factors. The resultant average value of 30.3±2.1 cpm/Bq (uncertainty given at 95% level of confidence) was obtained. Various²²⁸Ra cross checks from U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with concentrations of 0.063–0.52 Bq/l were analyzed in order to assess the performance of the procedure. The minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of²²⁸Ra in water with this procedure is 0.015 Bq/l. This is based on a one liter aliquot of sample, a 100 min couting period, and a 3 hour decay interval between the end of²²⁸Ac ingrowth and midpoint of counting. Decontamination factor studies were performed to determine the extent of the carry-over of²³⁸U,²²⁶Ra,²¹⁰Po, and⁹⁰Sr into the final fraction.     

Determination of226Ra and uranium in fish samples from waters of the Grand Canyon by alpha spectroscopy without electrodeposition

A previous paper reported the application of a method for determining²²⁶Ra by -spectroscopy. This paper presents important improvements which permit the determination of²²⁶Ra in the presence of large amounts of Ca. The method was applied to the analysis of²²⁶Ra and U isotopes in fish samples from the waters of the Grand Canyon.²²⁶Ra ranged from 0.05 Bq kg^–1 /1.4 pCi kg^–1/ to 0.17 Bq k^–1 /4.7 pCi kg^–1/.²³⁸U values ranged from 0.13 Bq kg^–1 /3.5 pCi kg^–1/ to 0.52 Bq kg^–1 /14 pCi kg^–1/ and²³⁴U values were between 0.23 Bq kg^–1 /6.2 pCi kg^–1/ and 12 Bq kg^–1/ /326. pCi kg^–1/.     

226Ra and 222Rn concentrations of spring waters in Balaton Upland of Hungary and the assessment of resulting doses

²²²Rn and ²²⁶Ra concentration of 18 frequently visited and regularly used, consumed spring waters on the Balaton Uplands have been measured by radon emanation method and alpha-spectrometry. ²²²Rn concentration varied between 1.5-55 Bq/l while ²²⁶Ra concentration between -601 mBq/l. The expected dose, between 14.1-119 mSv/y, has been assessed from the value of concentration supposing a daily consumption of 1 liter.     

Background levels of238U and226Ra in atmospheric aerosols

The²³⁸U and²²⁶Ra contents of small-volume aerosols are determined by a chemical analysis technique. Mean activity concentrations of²³⁸U and²²⁶Ra in aerosols over approximately ten years are 0.29·10^–5 and 0.93·10^–5 Bq/m³, respectively. The yearly variation of²³⁸U and²²⁶Ra in aerosols is small. The concentrations of²²⁶Ra are always larger than those of²³⁸U in the same sampling time. The correlation of²³⁸U and²²⁶Ra cannot be recogonized (r=0.18). The concentrations of summer samples are greater than those of winter samples for²³⁸U. One of the causes of seasonal difference may be due to the fact that the components of aerosols are different according to soil size, soil components, weathering states, etc.     

Non-destructive determination of low-level210Pb and226Ra with an ordinary high-purity Ge-detector

A convenient non-destructive method for the determination of low level²¹⁰Pb and²²⁶Ra with an ordinary high-purity Ge-detector is presented. The ordinary Ge-detectors used in this work were available to measure 46.5 keV -rays of²¹⁰Pb. These detectors were also useful for the non-destructive analysis of low-level²²⁶Ra in lime-stone and calcium chemicals when a stream of nitrogen gas was maintained around the detectors. By this method, measurements could be carried out not only for²¹⁰Pb and²²⁶Ra but also for other -emitting radionuclides simultaneously, using the same detector. The detection limits of about 1 Bq per sample for²¹⁰Pb and about 0.05 Bq per sample for²²⁶Ra, respectively, were estimated, when the samples were counted for 1–2 days.     

Measurement of 222Rn and 226Ra in municipal supply tap water to evaluate their radiological impacts

ABSTRACT

Radon (²²²Rn) and its parent radionuclide Radium (²²⁶Ra) are classified as carcinogen. Human exposes to radon in water via inhalation and ingestion, although ingestion is the only way for radium to enter the human body. In this research, tap water collected from Bornova distinct was studied to determine the concentration of radon (²²²Rn) and radium (²²⁶Ra) for evaluating their radiological impact. For this reason, the annual effective doses for ingestion and inhalation were estimated. The measurements were performed using a collector chamber method. The mean concentrations of ²²²Rn and ²²⁶Ra were determined as 0.85 and 0.76 Bq/L, respectively. It can be stated that the ²²²Rn and ²²⁶Ra concentrations of tap waters here are lower than the international reference levels. Obtained concentration levels were applied to estimate annual effective dose due to the inhalation and ingestion. The dose values are also found to be lower than the recommended maximum values. On the other hand, it should be considered that consumption of these waters (2 L) and average radon and radium concentrations of water are the significant factors for estimating doses.     

Contribution to the simultaneous determination of228Ra and226Ra by using 3M's EMPORETM radium rad disks

New method for simultaneous determination of²²⁸Ra and²²⁶Ra by using 3M's EMPORE^TM Radium Rad Disks in water has been developed. Both radionuclides²²⁶Ra and²²⁸Ra were counted through their daughter products,²²⁶Ra by conventional radon emanation techniques and²²⁸Ra through its daughter²²⁸Ac by using a proportional counter. Different molarity of diammonium hydrogen citrate were used for elution of²²⁸Ac and²²⁶Ra from EMPORE^TM Radium Rad Disks. 79% of²²⁸Ac was eluted in 10 ml of 0.0003M diammonium hydrogen citrate. The recovery of²²⁶Ra was 99% by using 40 ml of 0.2M diammonium hydrogen citrate adjusted by ammonium to pH 7.8.     

Application of a Liquid Scintillation Technique to the Measurement of 226Ra and 224Ra in Samples Affected by Non-Nuclear Industry Wastes

Experiment procedures have been developed for the determination of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁴Ra activity concentration in solid and liquid samples collected around a non-nuclear industrial area, by liquid scintillation counting. The different radiochemical procedures developed in this work, have been adaptations of a radiochemical procedure previously used, for ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁴Ra determinations by LSC in drinking water, which was improved, refined up and adapted to the type of sample to be applied. These improved radiochemical methods have been applied to waste samples (phosphogypsum) produced by two factories which are engaged in phosphoric acid production, and to waters collected from the Odiel river, where during the sampling period a fraction of these wastes were released. ²²⁶Ra activity concentrations in the phosphogypsum ranged from 673 to 1178 Bq/kg dry weight, indicating that the wastes are particularly enriched in this radionuclide. Consequently, high ²²⁶Ra levels were easily found in the river waters analysed, especially in the neighbouring zones of the waste discharges.     

Disturbing effect of CaCl2 used for drying in the measurement of 226Ra in water

A frequently used method in determining the radium concentration of water is the radon emanation method. When radon gas is transferred to the Lucas-cell usually CaCl₂ is used to remove the water traces. When we measured the background of the system using ultra clear distilled water the results were astonishing. The detailed investigation has shown that the unwanted radon originated from the CaCl₂, contained about 1000 Bq/kg of ²²⁶Ra. Depending on the time interval between two measurement, the radon deriving from the CaCl₂ disturbed the measurements.     

Rapid determination of radium isotopes by alpha spectrometry

An efficient analytical method for the determination of low-levels of²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra by alpha spectrometry is described. A cation exchange column was used to separate the analyte from other constituents in the sample (1–50 mL). After preconcentration and separation, the radium was electrodeposited onto a stainless steel disc from a solution of ammonium oxalate and hydrochloric acid. The electrodeposition was accomplished by the addition of platinum in microgram amounts. Linear responses were greater than two orders of magnitude. Detection limits of the procedure, taken as three times the standard deviation of several reagent blank analyses, were (1.8±0.3)×10^–4 Bq and (2.9±0.3)×10^–4 Bq for²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra, respectively. Recoveries of²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra ranged from 90% to 100% when samples of drinking water, well water, and dissolved bones were analyzed. Precision was calculated to be less than 5% for the determination of²²⁶Ra. Matrix effects were studied for salts of barium, magnesium, iron, and calcium.     

Natural radiactivity of fresh waters in Serbia

Statistical tests were performed on the -spectrometry measurement data obtained during the last decade for the natural radionuclides⁴⁰K,²²⁶Ra and²³²Th, in water samples collected from the Danube River, the Sava River and its tributaries, ground waters and artificial lakes. The lognormal radiopotassium distribution indicates a single statistical population. The presence of break points in the frequency distribution plots indicates that data for²²⁶Ra and²³²Th do not come from a single statistical population. The annual iongestion of⁴⁰K,²²⁶Ra and²³²Th was calculated and expressed in Bq y^–1.     

Development of a sequential method for the determination of238U,234U,232Th,230Th,228Th,228Ra,226Ra,and210Pb. in environmental samples

A sequential analytical method for the determination of²³⁸U,²³⁴U,²³²Th,²³⁰Th,²²⁸Th,²²⁸Ra,²²⁶Ra and²¹⁰Pb in environmental samples was developed. Uranium and thorium isotopes are first chromatographically sepaaated using tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) supported on silica gel. The uranium isotopes are determined by alpha-spectrometry following extraction with TOPO onto a polymeric membrane. Thorium isotopes are co-precipitated with lanthanum fluoride before counting in an alpha spectrometer. Radium isotopes and²¹⁰Pb are separated by co-precipitation/precipitation with mixed barium/lead sulphate. Radium-226 is determined by gross alpha counting of the final BaSO₄ precipitate and²²⁸Ra by gross beta counting of the same source. Lead-210 is determined through beta counting of its daughter product²¹⁰Bi.     

A device for uranium series leaching from glass fiber in HEPA filter

For the disposal of a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) glass filter into the environment, the glass fiber should be leached to lower its radioactive concentration to the clearance level. To derive an optimum method for the removal of uranium series from a HEPA glass fiber, five methods were applied in this study. That is, chemical leaching by a 4.0?M HNO₃?C0.1?M Ce(IV) solution, chemical leaching by a 5 wt% NaOH solution, chemical leaching by a 0.5?M H₂O₂?C1.0?M Na₂CO₃ solution, chemical consecutive chemical leaching by a 4.0?M HNO₃ solution, and repeated chemical leaching by a 4.0?M HNO₃ solution were used to remove the uranium series. The residual radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th in glass after leaching for 5?h by the 4.0?M HNO₃?C0.1?M Ce(IV) solution were 2.1, 0.3, 1.1, and 1.2?Bq/g. The residual radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th in glass after leaching for 36?h by 4.0?M HNO₃?C0.1?M Ce(IV) solution were 76.9, 3.4, 63.7, and 71.9?Bq/g. The residual radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th in glass after leaching for 8?h by a 0.5?M H₂O₂?C1.0?M Na₂CO₃ solution were 8.9, 0.0, 1.91, and 6.4?Bq/g. The residual radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th in glass after consecutive leaching for 8?h by the 4.0?M HNO₃ solution were 2.08, 0.12, 1.55, and 2.0?Bq/g. The residual radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th in glass after three repetitions of leaching for 3?h by the 4.0?M HNO₃ solution were 0.02, 0.02, 0.29, and 0.26?Bq/g. Meanwhile, the removal efficiencies of ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³⁴Th from the waste solution after its precipitation?Cfiltration treatment with NaOH and alum for reuse of the 4.0?M HNO₃ waste solution were 100, 100, 93.3, and 100%.     

Natural and Artificial Radionuclides in Selected Lignites from Istanbul

The radioactivity levels of Istanbul environs lignites were determined. The gamma-spectrometric technique has been used for the determination of activity levels of naturally occurring radionuclides ^235+238U, ^228+232Th, ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and fallout radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs in lignites taken from 7 different parts of Istanbul. Concentration of ²³⁸U, ^228+232Th, ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra ¹³⁷Cs and ²³⁵U were found up to 1.6 ppm, 1.7 ppm, 4.9 ppm, 56.8 Bq/kg, 34 Bq/kg, 1.8 Bq/kg, 1.6 Bq/kg, respectively. In addition total alpha- and beta-activity levels in lignite samples were found to be 7.6 and 15 eps, respectively.     

Radiological characterization and environmental impact in northwestern coast of Egypt

A study of environmental radioactivity along the northwestern coast of Egypt was performed by the Central Laboratory for Environmental Radioactivity Measurements Inter-comparison and Training within the framework of the research project: Radiological Studies/Measurements of Natural and Man-made Radionuclides in the Environment. The present paper contains important conclusions, correlations and interpretations of the environmental measurements. The samples collection and measurements were conducted according to the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority monitoring plan for locations along the northwestern coast of Egypt and its main tributaries of interest. The specific activities of ²²⁶Ra (²³⁸U series), ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th series), ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs (Bq/kg dry weight) were measured using gamma-ray spectrometers based on hyper-pure germanium detectors. The absorbed radiation dose rates in air (nGy/h) due to natural radionuclides in shore sediment and radium equivalent activity index (Bq/kg) were calculated. The specific activity ratios of ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra were calculated for evaluation of the geo-chemical behavior of these radionuclides. Samples textures and CaCO₃ and total organic matter contents of sediments were also determined while the pH, major cations and anions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺and Cl^?, SO₄ ^– and HCO₃, respectively were also determined in water samples.     

Measurement of the radioactivity of238U,232Th,226Ra,137Cs and40K in soil using direct Ge(Li) γ-ray spectrometry

Radioactivity of the nuclides²³⁸U(²³⁵U),²³²Th,²²⁶Ra,¹³⁷Cs and⁴⁰K was measured in soil by direct -ray spectrometry using Ge(Li) detector. Relative laboratory method was used. Soil was dired, powdered, sieved and put into hemetically sealed container. CCRMP certified reference materials and compounds of the above nuclides mixed with fine quartz sand were used as references. Five and four -lines were used for the determination of²³²Th and²²⁶Ra, respectively, to obtain more accurate results. The most significant interferences, caused by the limited energy resolution of the detector, were resolved. In the case of ordinary soils, using one day duration of measurement and 1 kg mass of soil,²³²Th,²²⁶Ra and⁴⁰K can be determined with less than 10% relative random error. Elevated concentrations of²³⁸U(²³⁵U) and²²⁶Ra were observed in soil samples collected around a coal-fired power plant in Ajka town, Hungary.     

Distribution and environmental impact of radionuclides in marine sediments along the Venezuelan coast

The activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in Bq/kg from 42 marine sediment samples collected at nine sampling sites were determined in order to establish a radiological baseline along the Venezuelan coast. The radioactivity levels were determined by means of a gamma-ray spectroscopy system using a hyper-pure germanium detector in a low-background configuration. Particle size distribution and total organic matter content were also determined. Activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were lower than the detection limit of the analytical technique (0.9 Bq/kg) in all studied sites. The results suggest that the variation of grain-size distribution is one of the most important factors influencing the spatial variations of ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in sediments along the Venezuelan coasts. In all sampling sites, average concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th were lower than the world average values. Activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in coastal marine sediments along the Venezuelan coast could be considered to be low when compared with global average values, indicating that they are not apparently above of the range that might be considered normal or background. These results suggest that the studied sites do not pose any significant radiological threat to the population. The results attained in this study should be of considerable value as baseline data and background reference levels for Venezuelan coastlines.     

Determination of226Ra in environmental samples using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A time-saving and accurate technique for determining²²⁶Ra in groundwater and soil was examined, using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). The technique was applied to the determination of²²⁶Ra in groundwater and soil samples and compared with the conventional liquid scintillation counting method. This technique was capable of completing²²⁶Ra counting within 3 minutes, without the in-growth period to allow radon and its progeny to achieve secular equilibrium with the parent²²⁶Ra. The detection limits of HR-ICP-MS for²²⁶Ra in groundwater and soil were 0.19 mBq·1⁻¹ and 0.75 Bq·kg⁻¹, respectively, which were about 10 times lower than that of the liquid scintillation counter. The results obtained from HR-ICP-MS in groundwater and soil were in accordance with those of LSC within a relative error of about 13%.     

Determination of radium isotopes in mine waters through alpha- and beta-activities measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry

This paper presents a method for the determination of radium isotopes in mineralised mine waters, based on the separation of alpha- and beta-intensities measured in the precipitate by a liquid scintillation spectrometer in two time intervals (1 day and 7 days) after radium precipitation. The count rates of -particles give not only the concentration of alpha emitters (²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra), but also make possible to find the -counting efficiency of the system and through that-to determine the concentration of the -emitting radium isotope (²²⁸Ra) with higher accuracy. An improved chemical procedure was elaborated. By this method radium isotopes in different water samples were determined, in wide range of concentrations, from about 0.06 Bq/dm³ in potable water to more than 100 Bq/dm³ in some mine brines. As an example some analytical results are given. The detection limit, defined as three standard deviations, is-for both radium isotopes –0.03 Bq/dm³ (for intial volume of water sample equal to about 1 dm³ and for counting time of each measurement not longer than 1 hour).