Cogeneration versus industrial waste heat

The National Energy Administration has, by direction from the Swedish Government, made a study of the conditions for future small scale cogeneration of electricity and heat in Sweden. Small scale cogeneration is there defined as cogeneration plants not larger than 25 MW_e. The analysis in this paper deals with anenergy system where small scale cogeneration is one of several ways to provide electricity and heat in an industrial area in Avesta, Sweden. The cogeneration heat has to compete with the waste heat from industrial processes and low temperature heat from the river and ambient air. There is also the municipal district heating system to take into consideration for the supply of heat to the area. In this competitive situation one is motivated to make an analysis of the system in order to find out how best to use the different possibilities for energy supply. The time period covered by the analysis is 10 years, from 1988 to 1977.     

Maximum obtainable specific power of high-temperature waste heat engines

An endoreversible Carnot cycle is presented in this paper for a heat engine using higt-temperature waste heat. The endoreversible Carnot cycle is a modified Carnot cycle, where the heat-transferred between the heat engine and its surroundings is the only irreversible process. Since the energy input (waste heat) to the heat engine is free, the cost of the output power of the heat engine depends mainly on the size of the heat exchangers. A specific power, power per unit area of heat exchanger surface area, is adopted as the objective function for the performance analysis of the heat engine. The relation between the maximum obtainable specific power and the temperature range in which the high-temperature waste heat engine operates is found.     

Loop thermosiphon thermal collector for waste heat recovery power generation

A loop thermosiphon thermal collector was developed for the waste heat recovery power generation with electric capacity of 500 W. The heat collector with heat transfer area of 0.159 m² (500 mm width and 300 mm depth) was connected to the condenser with a shrunken heat transfer area by a loop. The thermal performance of the apparatus was declined when increasing the water filling rate to 90% as the working fluid occupied the internal volume. In the range of water filling rate between 30% and 60%, the effective thermal conductivity was around100 times of the conductivity of copper.     

废热溴化锂吸收式动力、冷、热量梯阶转换系统分析

介绍了一种利用溴化锂溶液的热力学特性,合理安排废热回收的废热溴化锂吸收式动力、冷、热量梯阶转换系统。该系统将其中一部分高品位的能量进行动力转换,其余转换成热量和冷量,实现能量梯阶转换,提高废热能源中可用能的合理利用率。利用自编的计算程序对系统的废热回收量以及能量利用与转换做了详细分析,得出烟气进出口温度对系统的能量转换的影响。     

低品位余热驱动制冷问题的探讨

低品位余热的回收应用于制冷是节能减排、保护环境的有效方法之一。文中介绍了目前常用的两种余热驱动制冷的方式,并重点介绍了各种热源应用于溴化锂制冷的情况,最后比较了不同温度热水应用于溴冷机的区别,为余热回收应用于制冷提供理论参考。     

Recovery and utilization of waste heat

A review of waste heat recovery and utilization is presented. The potential for re-using the otherwise wasted heat in different branches of industry is discussed. Traditional and new ways to recover the discharged heat from industrial equipment are illustrated. It is concluded that there exist numerous opportunities for recuperating and using waste heat.     

Hot particles in industrial waste and mining tailings

Industrial waste was studied concerning its radioactive pollution. Using known properties of the solid state nuclear track detector CR-39 we found among a high concentration of more or less homogeneously distributed single α-tracks discrete spots of very high enrichments of α-particles created by so called hot particles. We will report about the α-activity, the concentration of hot particles and about their ability to be air borne.     

两级烟气废热热管溴化锂制冷机稳态仿真

利用热管废热溴化锂制冷机不仅能够回收工业过程的大量废热、余热,而且可以提高整个工业系统的能源利用效率。针对两级烟气废热热管溴化锂吸收式制冷机,编写了溴化锂制冷机的设计计算程序和变工况的仿真计算程序,主要研究外界参数变化对系统性能的影响,其结果与理论分析能较好得吻合。对溴化锂制冷机的设计及操作运行、控制调节等具有一定的指导意义。     

High power lasers- their industrial and fusion applications

Industrial and research uses of high power lasers are discussed, stressing the use of solid state and gas lasers for material processing, measuring magnetically confined plasma and creating localized plasmas     

Environmental and industrial applications of pulsed power systems

The technology base formed by the development of high peak power simulators, laser drivers, free electron lasers, and inertial confinement fusion drivers from the early 60's through the late 80's is being extended to high average power short-pulse machines with the capabilities of performing new roles in environmental cleanup applications and in supporting new types of industrial manufacturing processes. In this paper we briefly discuss a new class of short-pulse high average power accelerators, now operating in laboratory environments, using semiconductor and magnetic switches to achieve megavolt electron and ion beams with 10's of kiloamperes of current and average power levels in excess of 100 kW. The technology is modular, robust in concept, and appears to be suitable for extension to the megawatt power level. The modularity allows the same technology to accelerate electron and ion beams with pulses a few 10's of nanoseconds wide with potentials of one to 10's of MeV's and, by using fewer compression stages, also to drive applications requiring pulse widths of 100 nanoseconds to microseconds at accelerating potentials of 250 keV or more. The longer pulse applications, such as drivers for pulsed corona reactors for flue gas cleanup, require high average power and also benefit from the long life, high efficiency pulse compression technology. After a brief introduction to the technology, the paper then concentrates on specific application areas that are being explored because of the availability of the high specific energies and high average powers attainable with this new family of short-pulse machines     

两级烟气废热热管溴化锂发生器的动态特性

利用热管废热溴化锂制冷机不仅能够回收工业过程的大量废热、余热,而且可以提高整个工业系统的能源利用效率。针对两级烟气废热热管溴化锂制冷机发生器的结构特征,建立了动态数学模型,进行了数值求解,得出了机组启动过程中发生器的各参数的变化规律。结果表明:蒸汽发生量与溶液出口温度基本同步稳定,烟气中间为250℃左右,出口温度为200℃左右。此研究对减短启动时间、节约能源具有一定的积极意义。     

烟气余热型溴化锂制冷系统的可视化设计

对于溴化锂吸收式制冷系统所采用的工质,建立了热物性数学模型和相应的自定义函数;对制冷系统原理进行分析,建立了系统控制方程和计算机程序设计流程,并以Borland C++ Builder6.0为平台,开发了可视化且人机互动良好的烟气余热型溴化锂吸收式制冷系统设计软件,为工程设计提供参考依据。     

Combined heat supply from heat and power plants with gas-net-heaters and thermo-transformers

The article considers the process scheme and the cycle of power unit of heat and power plant in the system of combined heat supply with gas-net-heaters and interblock Freon thermo-transformers. Methodology and indicators for evaluation of efficiency of the heating power unit at such heat supply are presented.     

热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计

冷库制冷机组配置存在的最大问题是设计冷量与热负荷不相匹配,制冷机组长期处于小于设计负荷运行状态下,造成冷库能耗增加。针对这一问题,提出热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计方案,以含有8个同温冷间的装配式冷库为例,设计制冷系统和控制系统。冷库各冷间采用分时进货方式,进货时间间隔取3小时,总共配置两套压缩冷凝机组,对于不进货、无操作人员工作的冷间使用一套压缩冷凝机组维持冷间温度,压缩冷凝机组按冷库总降温概率进行配置;对于正在进货、有操作人员工作的的冷间,使用另一套压缩冷凝机组快速降温,压缩冷凝机组按一个冷间所有的热负荷进行配置。结果表明:两套压缩冷凝机组配置的总制冷量比最大负荷法配置的制冷量减少1/4左右,同时缩短货物热量和开门热量冷却时间,提高了冷藏食品品质。     

LNG接收站利用低品位热源低温发电

LNG接收站需要大量的热能来加热气化LNG,降低燃气消耗可以减少操作费用。LNG接收站也要消耗大量的电能(2.83×107m3/天的气化量需要20～30MW)。利用LNG冷能低温发电能够显著减少操作成本,降低污染排放。采用中间流体Rankine循环的LNG低温发电流程,既可以生产电能,又可以输出指定温度下的产品天然气。该方案可以利用任何形式的低品位热源来气化LNG。模拟结果显示,气化容量为3.68×107m3/天的LNG接收站的低温发电系统,发电量为18MW,能带来每年0.7～1亿元的收益。     

X波段4单元微带天线阵辐照响应

采用时域有限差分法,并结合导体边缘奇异性处理技术,在不降低计算效率的情况下,保证了计算精度,得到了高功率电磁脉冲辐照下X波段4单元微带天线阵的响应。计算结果表明:馈电点最大响应电压峰值由天线阵各阵元接收的入射脉冲在馈电点叠加引起,且天线阵中主要存在与馈电点激励天线阵不同模式的波。响应电压峰值随着入射脉冲波矢量与正z轴夹角的减小而增大,随着入射脉冲波矢量xOy平面投影与正x轴夹角的增大而增大,频谱随着上述两个夹角的增大均向低频转移。     

两级烟气废热热管溴化锂制冷机的可视化设计

根据国内外有关资料与作者拟合的公式,采用Visual basic面向对象的编程技术,对两级烟气废热热管溴化锂制冷机进行了计算机辅助设计研究,并编制了可视化程序,适用于工程上对该系统的设计与计算,缩短设计时间,提高工作效率。