水泥砂浆在主动围压下的动态力学性能

水泥砂浆等脆性材料的力学性能与所受围压的大小密切相关。为了研究水泥砂浆在围压下的动态力学性能,研制了适于分立式Hopkinson压杆加载的主动围压装置,最大预加载主动围压大于30 MPa。实验得到了水泥砂浆在不同围压、不同应变率下的轴向应力应变曲线,发现材料在围压作用下抗压强度和韧性大大提高并且整体进入了伪塑性,而材料的应变率效应也是显著的。     

半无限空间重力隧洞洞室临塑状态分析

利用Mindlin给出的、半无限空间重力隧洞初始应力场下的完整应力解分析了洞室周边的应力分布规律,用数值方法计算出了最大压应力的位置;结合Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件,研究了洞室周边出现塑性点时洞室直径、围岩粘聚力、内摩擦角与相对埋深的关系,以便工程设计应用。     

玻璃态高聚物PMMA的非线性粘弹-塑性本构方程

对航空有机玻璃(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,PMMA)实验测定了不同应变率下单轴压缩加卸载循环的应力-应变曲线,讨论了应力促进热激活塑性变形的活化粘壶理论,提出由标准线性体或Maxwell体与考虑应变硬化效应的活化粘壶作串联耦合的粘弹-塑性本构模型,给出了完备的微分和积分形式的本构方程组,用于拟合实测加卸载循环的应力-应变曲线,获得良好吻合的结果。对应变软化效应提出一种新的起因于粘弹变形滞后效应的理论说明,并对屈服后加载应力-应变曲线的走向特征作了理论解释。     

基于图形测量技术的煤岩力学三轴试验研究

为研究初始围压对煤岩力学特性的影响,以王庄煤矿9105工作面煤体为研究对象,通过HC-SPT-100型高压三轴试验机、HC-U7型非金属超声波探测仪、4K科研相机等仪器,利用数字图像测量技术开展不同初始围压下原煤试件加载试验,探究不同围压对煤体弹性模量、峰值应变、残余应力和破坏裂隙的影响规律,研究结果表明：弹性模量、峰值应变和残余应力随围压的增大而增大;随围压的增大各峰值应变增长速率不同,轴向峰值应变增长速率最快,体峰值应变增长速率次之,径向峰值应变增长速率最慢;不同围压加载破坏下煤体裂隙特征明显,主要以斜交裂隙为主;采用Jaeger法求得不同围压下煤岩体破坏临界强度值与试验值比较误差较小,符合Jaeger单结构面理论．     

不同围压下C60混凝土三轴压缩过程能量分析

针对复杂应力状态下高强混凝土受压变形破坏过程中的能量演化机制问题,开展不同围压下C60高强混凝土试样三轴压缩试验,分析其在受力全过程中的变形与破坏特征。根据试验结果,探究了不同围压下高强混凝土三轴压缩过程能量演化机制。研究结果表明:围压越大,混凝土试样破坏时,其峰值应力与峰值应力对应的轴向应变越大,破坏形式由张拉破坏向剪切破坏过渡;峰值应力前,混凝土试样主要以弹性应变能储存为主,峰值应力对应的输入能密度和耗散能密度均随围压的增大而增大,且均与围压满足指数函数关系,其形状改变系数FX与轴向应力呈正比关系,体积改变系数FV与轴向应力呈反比关系;达到峰值应力时,体积改变系数FV小于形状改变系数FX;峰值应力后,主要以弹性应变能释放为主,并随着混凝土试样的破坏转化为各种形式的能量耗散。研究结果可为今后从能量角度研究高强混凝土本构关系提供有益参考。     

三种红层岩石常规三轴压缩下的强度与变形特性研究

利用MTS815Teststar程控伺服岩石力学试验系统研究了川东地区一红层边坡中的砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩围压为0³MPa的应力-应变全过程曲线,建立了峰值强度、峰值强度前弹性模量以及峰值强度后的弹性模量和围压的关系。将低围压下红层的全应力-应变曲线概化成5个阶段,分别为压密段、弹性段、屈服段、应变软化段和塑性流动阶段。试验结果得出,红层弹性模量随围压的增加而提高且变化明显,砂岩和粉砂岩在此围压内为脆性破坏,泥岩为塑性破坏的规律。     

砂质泥岩各向异性特征试验研究

为研究砂质泥岩各向异性特征,取长轴与层面不同夹角的圆柱试样,在岩石试验机上做了三轴剪切试验,得到应力-应变曲线,分析了围压和夹角对砂质泥岩强度及破坏模式的影响。结果表明,砂质泥岩在相同围压下,峰值强度及残余强度的关系随夹角呈U型曲线,且其各向异性程度随着围压的增加而降低。根据莫尔-库伦强度准则,砂质泥岩的内摩擦角与粘聚力随夹角呈凹型曲线。其破坏模式表现出明显的各向异性,可分为三类,即张拉剪切复合破坏、沿层面剪切破坏和贯穿层面剪切破坏。其中90°为张拉剪切复合破坏,60°和45°为沿层面剪切破坏,30°和0°为贯穿层面剪切破坏。试验结果可为砂质泥岩地区相关工程稳定性分析提供参考。     

粉砂岩峰后破坏区应力脆性跌落的试验和本构方程研究

对粉砂岩试样进行常规三轴压缩试验,得到了其在不同围压下的应力-应变全程曲线.结果表明,岩样应力-应变曲线峰前(破坏前区)部分的力学性质较为稳定,其力学行为可用经典强度理论进行描述;应力-应变曲线峰后(破坏后区)部分,岩样处于非稳定状态,其力学行为难以用经典强度理论来描述,而脆塑性模型恰好可以描述试验岩样的应力非连续变化特征.岩石的应力脆性跌落是有条件发生的,应力脆性跌落系数是围压的函数,并给出应力脆性跌落系数与围压的关系.对完整岩样而言,使用弹性-线性软化-残余塑性三线性非理想脆塑性模型可以描述岩样的本构特征,而对含有节理岩样而言,采用双线性弹性-线性软化-残余塑性四线型非理想脆塑性模型与试验更为相符.     

关联Drucker-Prager条件下等效塑性应变系数

针对岩石类材料,试图在关联Drucker-Prager条件下建立更一般化的等效塑性应变定义方法,并研究等效塑性应变系数在塑性变形过程中的变化。首先列举了国内外常用的等效塑性应变定义方法,并分析了它们的不合理性。然后从等效应力和等效塑性应变的定义出发,推导出关联Drucker-Prager条件下等效塑性应变系数。结合室内致密砂岩三轴压缩试验,以塑性体应变为内变量,研究了致密砂岩峰后内摩擦角和粘聚力随内变量的变化,进而研究了等效塑性应变系数随塑性变形的变化。研究发现:等效塑性应变系数依赖于屈服准则的选取,等效塑性应变系数为(2/3)~(1/2)是Mises屈服准则下的特例;关联Drucker-Prager条件下等效塑性应变系数C(2/3)~(1/2),并且随着塑性变形的发展而减小最终趋于稳定值;对于岩石类材料,很多有限元软件中不区分具体情况而直接选用C=(2/3)~(1/2)计算等效塑性应变存在较大的误差。     

钢管砂轻混凝土轴压短柱力学性能研究

为了研究钢管砂轻混凝土短柱的轴压性能,以砂轻混凝土中河砂与陶砂的体积比例为变化参数,制作了3个圆钢管砂轻混凝土短柱试件和3个方钢管砂轻混凝土短柱试件,进行了静力单调轴压性能试验。观察了试件的受力过程和破坏形态,获取并分析了试件的应力-应变全过程曲线,基于统一强度理论、极限平衡理论和叠加理论分别计算了钢管砂轻混凝土短柱试件的轴压极限承载力。结果表明:钢管砂轻混凝土轴压短柱的外部钢管均向外屈曲,核心砂轻混凝土被压碎,方钢管砂轻混凝土短柱上部破坏程度较圆钢管砂轻混凝土短柱严重;钢管砂轻混凝土短柱的应力-应变曲线存在弹性、弹塑性和塑性三个受力阶段;建议采用基于叠加理论的AIJ-1997(CECS 159:2004或AIJ-1997)进行圆(方)钢管砂轻混凝土短柱轴压极限承载力的设计计算。     

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃?=?30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

Erratum to: Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃ = 30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

地下隧道开挖中饱水围岩的力学特性研究

为探究不同开挖方式对应的卸荷速率对饱水围岩的影响,对饱水砂岩开展了常规三轴压缩试验和轴向位移不变的卸围压（速率为0.1~5 MPa/s）试验。结果表明：在卸围压试验中环向变形是破坏的主要原因;随着卸围压速率的增加,破坏点的围压和轴向主应力增加且位于常规三轴压缩包络线外,环向能、总能和耗散能的变化量呈V形变化,试样的破坏模式由共轭剪切破坏转化为张应变 + 共轭剪切混合破坏,试样的剪胀角随着塑性剪切应变的增加先降低后增加。

     

加筋土强度的理论研究及试验验证

将加筋材料对土体强度提高的贡献等效成一种附加围压, 通过莫尔圆法, 求得小主应力增量, 并认为土体在破坏时处于极限平衡状态, 得到了黏聚力和内摩擦角同时变化时的加筋土强度表达式, 对该式作了详细讨论, 用该式计算了6 例典型加筋土在轴对称荷载下的大主应力, 结果表明计算所得大主应力值与三轴试验值比较吻合.     

三轴试验土样剪切破坏过程的判别

本文在土工三轴试验中应用土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,通过跟踪包裹土样的橡皮膜表面的标记点,得到加载过程中其全表面的变形和应变分布。根据土样表面的应变分布和实测的应力应变关系曲线,可以得到每一时刻土样表面的应力分布。于是,土样表面剪切破坏开始出现的时刻和剪切破坏带贯穿的时刻可分别依据应变和应力判定。依据应变,将橡皮膜上各点的轴向应变的拐点最晚出现的时刻作为剪切带完全贯穿的时刻;依据应力,将全部点中某一个或几个点最早达到峰值应力的时刻作为剪切带开始出现的时刻;土样各点相继达到应力峰值的过程就是剪切破坏的过程。以剪切破坏的起始点和剪切带贯穿的点为分界,土样剪切破坏过程可以划分成三个阶段:破坏前阶段、破坏阶段和破坏后阶段,在不同阶段土样具有不同的变形特点和变形机理。     

轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

本文以实际岩体工程为背景,利用WDT-1500 仪器开展了轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下砂岩的三轴试验. 结果表明:轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有出现应力峰值,为了定义试样的破坏强度,将最大与最小主应力差随最小主应力的变化关系曲线上应力跌落的拐点处的应力值定义为破坏强度. 砂岩变形初始段发生应力跌落和轴向应变回弹,破坏前无明显的弹性和屈服阶段;试验的过程中,砂岩的侧向变形明显大于轴向变形,其体积应变一直处于膨胀状态;相对于砂岩的常规三轴试验结果,试样破坏时的强度在轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下有所降低. 初始轴压和初始围压对试样的力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著. 砂岩的破坏特征主要是以张-拉为主的混合张剪的破坏.      

Mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments during hydrate dissociation

The changes in the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments(GHBS) induced by gas hydrate(GH) dissociation are essential to the evaluation of GH exploration and stratum instabilities. Previous studies present substantial mechanical data and constitutive models for GHBS at a given GH saturation under the non-dissociated condition. In this paper, GHBS was formed by the gas saturated method, GH was dissociated by depressurization until the GH saturation reached different dissociation degrees. The stress–strain curves were measured using triaxial tests at a same pore gas pressure and different confining pressures. The results show that the shear strength decreases progressively by 30%–90% of the initial value with GH dissociation, and the modulus decreases by 50% –75%. Simplified relationships for the modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle with GH dissociated saturation were presented.     

分级加载条件下紫色泥岩三轴蠕变特性研究

流变性质是岩石材料的重要力学特性,以紫色泥岩为例,在分级加载条件下研究了其三轴蠕变特性。采用自行研制的重力杠杆式岩石蠕变实验机,并配备三轴压力室,对紫色泥岩实施分级加载三轴蠕变实验。实验结果表明,紫色泥岩在相同轴压条件下,围压越大,瞬时弹性变形和蠕变变形越小;在相同围压条件下,轴压越大,二者变形越大。紫色泥岩的蠕变速率具有相同的变化趋势,且在相同轴压条件下,围压越大,稳定蠕变阶段的蠕变速率越不明显。另外,应力与瞬时应变线性拟合结果表明,瞬时轴向应变与轴向荷载近似成比例增长。通过分析紫色泥岩蠕变曲线变化趋势,认为采用H/M模型进行模拟较为合理。并且采用MATLAB软件非线性回归分析进行模型参数拟合,最后得到实验曲线与理论曲线的最大误差在2e-5左右。证明采用的H/M模型能较好地描述紫色泥岩的蠕变特性。     

浙东大运河非饱和粉质黏土抗剪强度特性的试验研究

浙东大运河绍兴段的土体整体上受河流相和海相沉积的影响,地质条件非常复杂.其中粉质黏土作为浅表层土体,受雨水影响较大,其状态经常处于饱和状态与非饱和状态之间.为了进一步探究绍兴段典型非饱和粉质黏土的稳定性差异,以及本构关系和强度指标的变化规律,通过全自动非饱和土应力路径三轴仪,对试验土样进行了三轴剪切试验.试验结果表明,初始干密度从1.4 g/cm³增加到1.6 g/cm³时,土体的抗剪强度、总黏聚力、有效内摩擦角和吸附内摩擦角均增大,应力-应变关系曲线由应变硬化型向应变软化型转变,并且基质吸力和净围压越大,区别越明显;基质吸力从0增加到300 kPa时,土体的抵抗变形能力提高,抗剪强度和总黏聚力增大,有效内摩擦角基本无明显变化,吸附内摩擦角逐渐减小.研究结果揭示了浙东大运河绍兴段非饱和粉质黏土的抗剪强度特性的变化规律,为该地域土质边坡、基坑等工程提供理论依据.