巯基棉富集分离-氢化物原子吸收法分别测定水中痕量砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)

砷是一种工业上广为应用的有毒元素,是环境监测的重要项目之一,其生物效应及地球化学特征均与它的存在价态密切相关。近年来用分光光度、原子收吸、极谱、气相色谱等多种方法分别测定水中砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)已有报导。我们在用巯基棉富集多种重金属、分离有机汞和无机汞的基础上,利用巯基棉对砷(Ⅲ)、砷(Ⅴ)有截然不同的吸附性能,建立了巯基棉富集分离-氢化物原子吸收分别测     

伊敏褐煤中微量元素的地球化学特征及其无机-有机亲和性分析

采用脱矿物质、提取腐殖酸等方法结合ICP-MS对伊敏15_上、16_下煤中的32种微量元素的含量及其赋存特征进行了分析。与地壳克拉克值及中国侏罗-白垩纪煤和世界褐煤中微量元素含量相比,伊敏褐煤中微量元素没有明显富集。脱矿物质处理后,Ni明显富集,As略比原煤高,其他微量元素都低于原煤。原煤提取腐殖酸和脱矿物煤提取腐殖酸中Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、W明显富集,这表明Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、W和腐殖酸形成了稳定的有机态化合物。原煤提取腐殖酸残煤和脱矿物煤提取腐殖酸残煤中V、Ni、As富集,表明V、Ni、As与煤的大分子结构形成了稳定的有机态化合物。根据微量元素和灰分的相关性系数,把微量元素分为以下几类:无机富集元素Cr、U;亲无机元素Cu、Cd、In、Sn、Ga、Y、Zr、Hf、Bi、Th;偏无机元素Be、Sc、Rb、Sr、Nb、Cs、Ta、Pb;偏有机元素V、As、Tl、Ba、Se;亲有机元素Li、Co、W;有机富集元素Ni、Zn、Mo、Sb。     

巯基棉富集分离-氢化物原子吸收法分别测定水中痕量锑(Ⅲ)和锑(Ⅴ)

水中痕量锑可以三、五价两种氧化物存在,同铬、砷、硒等变价元素一样,锑在环境中的迁移、转化规律及生物毒性效应随其赋存价态而异。近年来,用溶剂萃取、泡沫吸附、氢化物发生等方法分离测定水中微量锑(Ⅲ)和总锑已有报导。我们在用巯基棉富集多种微量元素、分离有机汞与无机汞、砷(Ⅲ)与砷(Ⅴ)的基础上,利用它对锑(Ⅲ)与锑(Ⅴ)吸附性能的明显差异,建立了巯基棉分离、富集-氢     

太湖水体中稀土元素地球化学特征

以中国第三大淡水湖泊太湖为研究对象,通过液-液萃取、连续提取法以及ICP-MS测试技术对太湖水体中溶解态和悬浮物中的稀土进行分析.结果表明:太湖水体中溶解态稀土含量较低.由于湖水的混合作用整个西太湖水体中稀土元素含量比较相近,东太湖水体由于自净化作用含量低于西太湖.由于颗粒物表层胶体的吸附作用,溶解态稀土呈现出重稀土富集现象.悬浮物AEC态可能由于富含铁的有机胶体、磷酸根络合和富含铁锰次生矿物相等的作用,呈现出中稀土富集.水体中溶解态稀土几乎全部是以有机络合物的形式存在;悬浮物是稀土元素的主要载体,且残渣态＞AEC态＞溶解态.     

中成药口服液中铜、锌、铁、锰形态分析研究

本文对四种中成药口服液中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的形态分析进行了研究。用0．45μm滤膜将四种口服液分成可溶态和悬浮态。对于可溶态,用LSA-10树脂分成有机态和无机态。用火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)测定各形态微量元素含量,样品的加标回收率在90％～110％之间。     

富集微量元素的食品

目前被大多数人认可的14种人体必需微量元素是人体生命的必需微量营养素,如果不足或缺乏,人体就会发育迟缓或不良,机能减弱甚至生病。人们都很清楚若要保持身体必需微量元素的相对平衡,就要保证正常的饮食平衡,甚至要吃一些富集必需微量元素食品,这些富集必需微量元素的食品原来是自然生长或野生的,但现在有一部份是科学技术人员种植和培育的。一、种芽食品:黄豆芽、绿豆芽、红豆芽等的萌芽至发芽期间,可以很快富集必需微量元素,大约3~5 d即可完成富集。铬元素是具有降血糖降血脂作用的必需微量元素,但日常一般食品中含铬极少,开发富铬食品是解决食品缺铬的一个方向。豆类营养价值高,发芽时营养成分发生变化,很快就能转化为被人体吸收利用的营养成分,通过生物转化可将不容易吸收的无机元素铬变成容易吸收的有机结合的元素铬。二、茸菌食品:灵芝、香菇、平菇、木耳等类已较多用于富集必需微量元素,尤其利用灵芝的抗癌功能与硒抗肿瘤功效,将两者结合起来发挥协同作用是再理想不过了。还有香菇、平菇及木耳富集必需微量元素的产品,已有许多地方面市,以上茸菌类食品都具有提高身体免疫力,抗肿瘤等诸多功能,是今后富集必需微量元素食品生产发展的重点。三、禽蛋产品:在家禽饲料...     

烟草及香烟中锌的溶出特性及其形态探讨

为探讨烟草和香烟中微量元素锌的存在形态，采用不同极性溶剂做萃取剂，分别萃取了白肋烟叶和两种品牌香烟中的锌，并用火焰原子吸收分光光度法（FAAS）测定了萃取液中的锌含量。结果表明，烟草和香烟丝中锌主要是以水溶态的无机Zn^2＋或水溶态的低相对分子质量有机态结合锌形式存在；烟草对锌的利用率高。     

柱层析分离—原子吸收法测定麻叶千里光有机态和无机态中微量元素硒

通过柱层析分离,首先采用氯仿分离麻叶千里光有机态和无机态;然后选择正己烷等3种不同极性溶剂作洗脱剂,以硅胶柱进行洗脱;最后用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定了麻叶千里光各洗脱液中硒的含量。结果表明,麻叶千里光有机态和无机态经过正己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇3种不同极性溶剂洗脱,测得硒元素含量存在显著差异,其中有机态洗脱后,硒元素含量分别为:正己烷5.142μg/g,乙酸乙酯3.329μg/g,甲醇2.011μg/g;而无机态洗脱后,测得硒元素含量分别为:正己烷1.956μg/g,乙酸乙酯2.505μg/g,甲醇4.109μg/g;RSD(%)分别为:有机态-正己烷0.66,有机态-乙酸乙酯1.04,有机态-甲醇0.38,无机态-正己烷0.42,无机态-乙酸乙酯0.80,无机态-甲醇0.58;加标回收率分别为:98.79%,99.76%,91.42%,82.99%,102.2%,94.50%。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法分析香菇中微量元素的形态

对香菇中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca和Mg进行了微量元素的含量和形态分析.分别用0.45μm滤膜,D101型大孔吸附树脂,将香菇水煎掖中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca和Mg分为悬浮态和可溶态、有机态和无机态,用HCl和CCl4处理煎渣,得煎渣无机态和有机态,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定香菇各形态含量.方法的回收率在95.0%～101.7%范围内,相对标准偏差均在2%以下.     

全蝎中4种微量元素的形态分析

对中药全蝎中铜、锌、铁和镁4种微量元素存在的形态及含量进行了研究。文中叙述了全蝎样品中元素的各种形态(可溶态、悬浮态、无机态、有机态)的提取方法和分离,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了各试液中4种微量元素的含量。结果显示,全蝎中4种元素的总提取率在39.9%~63.2%之间,浸留比在73.6%~126.0%之间,悬浮态颗粒吸附率在10%左右,铜、锌、铁、镁的有机态与无机态的比例在250.0%~550.0%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。