Bandwidth evaluation of dispersive transformation electromagnetics based devices

In this paper, the transient responses of some devices which are based on transformation electromagnetics are studied, such as invisible cloaks and concentrators, by using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical technique. In particular, effects of the inherent losses as well as the coating size of the ideal cylindrical cloak on its bandwidth and cloaking performance are examined. In addition, it is demonstrated that the performance of transformation electromagnetics based devices is affected by the material parameters in the design, although they may behave nicely under monochromatic plane wave illuminations. The obtained results are of interest for the future practical implementation of these structures.     

Plasma Induced Wiggler Magnetic Field in a Cavity: II-FDTD Method for a Switched Lossy Plasma

The transformation of an elliptically polarized standing source wave in a cavity by a lossy plasma created with arbitrary space and time profiles is numerically computed using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD equations derived are shown to be very robust and results are presented for several practical scenarios.     

Theoretical Reflection Coefficient of Metal Grid Reflectors at a Dielectric Interface

Reflection properties of square apertures metal mesh mirrors are studied theoretically with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method associated to Floquet Boundary Conditions. The reflector is illuminated by a normally incident plane wave and is located at an interface between two semi infinite low loss dielectric materials. Reflectivity and phase of the reflection coefficient are given in the non diffraction region for a wide range of square apertures, and for the four situations corresponding to an interface between free space and fused quartz.     

Beam focusing from double subwavelength metallic slits filled with nonlinear material surrounded by dielectric surface gratings

Based on the radiation properties of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be controlled by adjusting the refractive indexes of dielectric materials in the metallic slits, a novel plasmonic focusing structure formed by two subwavelength metal apertures filled with Kerr nonlinear material surrounded by surface dielectric gratings is proposed and demonstrated numerically. Directions of radiation fields are determined by the phase difference of the surface waves at the exit interface and resonance property of each surface grating. Numerical simulations using two-dimensional (2D) Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method verify that the deflection angle and focal length can be controlled easily by changing the intensity of incident light, dynamically tunable on-axis and off-axis focusing effects can be achieved.     

Validity and Accuracy of Equivalent Circuit Models of Passive Inductive Meshes. Definition of a Novel Model for 2D Grids

Accuracy of equivalent circuit models of periodic grids is investigated in amplitude and phase in the visible region. The grids studied here are one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) inductive thin metal meshes. They are located in free space and are illuminated by a plane wave under normal incidence. The range of validity and the accuracy of conventional circuit models are defined by comparison with rigorous results obtained with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. In particular, it is shown that electrical models of 1D grids are accurate, whereas equivalent circuits of 2D grids should be used very cautiously. Then, a new formulation is proposed to overcome this major drawback. In the non-diffraction region, the agreement between our model and the FDTD results is within 2% for the power reflectivity and 1° for the phase over a very wide range of strip widths.     

E-Plane Forked T-Junction Analyzed by FDTD Method

By using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method (FDTD), several E-plane Forked T-junctions are analyzed. Good agreement between the calculation and the experimental results given by [5][11] is found. The scattering parameters of these T-junctions are obtained by applying the Fast-Fourier Transform method (FFT).     

FDTD Simulation of Electromagnetic Wave Transformation in a Dynamic Magnetized Plasma

Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithms are applied to study the transformation of a pre-existing electromagnetic plane wave by prescribed time variation of a cold magnetoplasma with a magnetic field along the propagation direction. A one-dimensional FDTD code is used to verify the results obtained earlier using analytical approximations based on (a) WKB method for slow switching of the plasma medium and (b) Green's function technique for rapid switching of the plasma medium. A novel successive reduction method has been developed and applied to obtain the amplitudes and the frequencies of the new modes generated by the switching of the medium.     

Development of the Microstrip Circulator with a Magnetized Ferrite Sphere in Millimeter Wave Band

In this paper, a novel microstrip circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere is proposed for various millimeter wave communications. A three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach for the analysis of this ferrite sphere based microstrip circulator is first presented. The electromagnetic fields inside the ferrite junction are calculated using special updating equations derived from the equation of motion of the magnetization vector and Maxwell's curl equations in consistency. Frequency dependent insertion loss, isolation and reflection loss of circulator are calculated over a wide band of frequencies with a single FDTD run. Experimental results at Ka band are presented and compared with theoretical simulations. As a result, a good agreement is found between them.     

Application of FDTD Method to the Analysis and Design of Leaky-Wave Antennas at Microwaves and Millimeter Waves

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, though rather heavy from the computational point of view, allows a complete characterization of a radiating structure, permitting also the accuracy evaluation of the other available solutions. Numerical results have been derived for a broad class of leaky-wave antennas proposed in the literature, always revealing a very good agreement with the methods previously employed. By the FDTD technique it is possible to easily determine the propagation and radiation characteristics of such structures, to obtain the radiation pattern in the far field, and to simulate the longitudinal tapering, necessary to satisfy the design requirements usually imposed to reduce sidelobes in the radiation diagram.     

基于FDTD方法的光栅结构光谱特性研究

基于时域有限差分(FDTD)法,从麦克斯韦方程组出发,结合周期边界条件将完全匹配层SAC-PML吸收边界条件应用到所建立的光栅数值模型中.对光栅结构和光滑表面结构的光谱特性进行了数值计算,得到了TM波入射时结构的吸收率,讨论了金属光栅耦合的表面等离子极化(SPPs)和空腔谐振模(Microcavity Mode)现象....     

Simulation for light power distribution of 3D InGaN/GaN MQW LED with textured surface

In this paper, we introduce a full 3D simulation for light power distribution of an InGaN/GaN MQW LED with a textured surface. Device simulation was performed with the APSYS software to get power distribution of light sources inside the LED. Based on this, ray tracing simulation was carried out to get light power distribution outside the LED. During the process of ray tracing, the textured surface was treated as a special material interface whose reflectivity, transmittance and refraction angle are obtained with a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method instead of using the usual Fresnel formulas for normal material interfaces. By comparing the ray tracing results with and without the textured surface, we found that the textured surface yields a smoother transmitted power distribution and greatly improved power extraction efficiency, which are comparable to experiment. These effects may be further improved by optimizing the texture geometry.     

Modeling of regular gold nanostructures arrays for SERS applications using a 3D FDTD method

We study the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of arrays of gold cylindrical and ellipsoidal nanoparticles with different diameters or major axes. The LSPR and SERS gains are calculated with the three dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain method using the Drude–Lorentz dispersion model. We find that the maximum of the extinction spectrum and the average SERS gain of each investigated nanostructures are shifted whatever their size and their shape. PACS 42.25.Fx; 71.45.Gm; 78.30.-j     

Multi-channel biosensor based on photonic crystal waveguide and microcavities

An ultrasensitive two-dimensional photonic crystal biosensor is theoretically demonstrated in this paper. Such device consists of a waveguide and high Q-value microcavities which are realized by introducing line and point defects into the photonic crystal respectively. The band structures and the transmission spectra are obtained from the Finite-Difference –Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The simulation results showed that such device is strongly sensitive to the refractive index of the analyte injected into the point defect. The designed device can be applied for measurements of the refractive index and detection of protein-concentrations.     

静电放电火花产生的电磁场树枝模型

 静电放电火花产生的电磁脉冲会对电子系统的正常工作造成严重的干扰，甚至造成系统的损伤。利用时域有限差分法建立了静电放电火花产生的电磁场的数值模型，模型中充分考虑了放电电极上的静电荷对电场的影响。把由此模型放电计算的电磁场值与由此解析方法得到的场值进行了比较，结果吻合良好。由此可以用此模型来研究静电放电火花产生的电磁场与电子系统的能量耦合问题。     

CAD of Millimeter Wave Y-Junction Circulators with a Ferrite Sphere

A gradient optimization technique along with a definition of cost function is applied to the CAD of the circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere for millimeter wave communications. A three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach for the analysis of this ferrite sphere based microstrip circulator is presented. The topology of the structure is enforced at each step of optimization and its physical dimensions are used as optimization variables. The cost function is defined using location of zeros and poles of the circulator's transmission, isolation, and reflection functions. Numerical tests show that the optimization process converges from an arbitrarily selected starting point with the new definition of the cost function.     

Ultra-Wideband Wave Reactances of Capacitive Grids

The accuracy of transmission line models of two-dimensional freestanding capacitive grids is studied on a very wide frequency band. The grids are of infinite extent in the transverse directions and are illuminated by a linearly polarized normally incident plane wave. Comparison with reference results deduced from Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations allows determining the range of validity of commonly used equivalent circuits It is shown that their accuracy strongly depends on the dimensions of the grids and the operating wavelength. Although very convenient, their implementation for calculating the frequency response of multi-layer systems could lead to unreliable results. Two closed-form new models are thus proposed. The first one results from an optimized expression of the well-known Marcuvitz's impedance, and the second one involves a series resonant LC circuit shunted by an additional capacitance. Both formulations are very accurate for a wide range of grid geometries and over the whole visible region (wavelength > grid constant).     

BOR-FDTD analysis of nonlinear Fiber Bragg grating and distributed Bragg resonator

Recently, nonlinear materials have attracted a great deal of attention because of their importance in designing new devices to meet a need range of optical systems. An intense investigation of the possibility of using these materials for all optical ultrafast applications is achieved by allowing their dielectric characteristics to be varied in such a way that a periodic perturbation of their refractive index along the length of the waveguide will be formed. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, on the other hand, has been proven to be one of the most powerful numerical techniques that are usefully applied to a wide range of optical devices. In this paper, a FDTD technique, developed for nonlinear structures, is used to analyze a nonlinear waveguide and periodic nonlinear structures that exhibit attractive properties that make them suitable for novel devices with wavelength tunable characteristics. More specifically, the Bodies of Revolution (BOR) FDTD numerical simulation method will be used to model the fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and the direct integration method will be employed to include the effect of Self Phase Modulation (SPM) in this model. The combination of these techniques will result in a model that is used to analyze two different types of periodic nonlinear structure, FBG and Distributed Bragg Resonator (DBR). The nonlinear effect provides the designer an added degree of design flexibility for devices with wavelength tunable characteristics, for example, in the design of tunable filters, WDM systems and optical sensors.     

Beam focusing through a tapered subwavelength aperture surrounded by dielectric surface gratings

A novel plasmonic nanolens formed by a tapered subwavelength metal slit surrounded by surface dielectric gratings is proposed and demonstrated numerically. By patterning surface corrugations on the output surface, the beam can be focused, by regulating the aperture, the focal length can be controlled effectively. Numerical simulations using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method coupled with anisotropic perfectly matched layer (APML) boundary conditions verify that the proposed metallic lens can focus the radiation on the scale of a wavelength below the substrate and the method is effective for the design of nano-optical devices such as optical microprobes.     

On the relation between FDTD and Fibonacci polynomials

In this paper we show that the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method (FDTD method) follows the recurrence relation for Fibonacci polynomials. More precisely, we show that FDTD approximates the electromagnetic field by Fibonacci polynomials in ΔtA, where Δt is the time step and A is the first-order Maxwell system matrix. By exploiting the connection between Fibonacci polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind, we easily obtain the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability condition and we show that to match the spectral width of the system matrix, the time step should be chosen as large as possible, that is, as close to the CFL upper bound as possible.     

A flexible metamaterial with negative refractive index at visible wavelength

In this paper, we demonstrated a realization of a flexible metamaterial with negative refractive index operating at visible wavelength. With the help of Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, we could establish design rules for the metamaterial and analyze the characteristics of it. To this end, the fishnet structure with the unit cell size 185 nm by 240 nm was fabricated. Due to the polymer dielectric spacer between the metal-layers, the metamaterial is freestanding without base substrate and additional backside etching process.